Katowice was founded as a village in the 16th century, whereas several modern districts of Katowice were founded as villages in theMiddle Ages. Throughout the mid-18th century, Katowice grew following the discovery of richcoal reserves in the area. In the first half of the 19th century, intensiveindustrialization transformed local mills and farms into industrialsteelworks, mines,foundries and artisan workshops. The city has since reshaped its economy from a heavy industry-based one to professional services, education and healthcare. The entire metropolitan area is the16th most economically powerful city by GDP in theEuropean Union with an output amounting to $114.5 billion.Katowice Special Economic Zone is ranked fourth on the list of the TOP10 Global Free Zones.[6]
A fragment from theBogucice Parish visitation report from 1598 that mentions the name Katowice for the first time
The area around Katowice, inUpper Silesia, has been inhabited byLechiticSilesian tribes from its earliest documented history.[9] While the name Katowice (Katowicze) is mentioned for the first time in 1598, other villages and settlements that would eventually become parts of modern Katowice have been established earlier, withDąb being the oldest, mentioned in 1299 for the first time in a document issued by DukeCasimir of Bytom.Bogucice, Ligota, Szopenice and Podlesie were all established in early 14th century. Aside from farming, people living in the area would also work in hammer mills: the first one,Kuźnica Bogucka, is mentioned in 1397.
The area which would become Katowice was initially ruled by the PolishSilesian Piast dynasty until its extinction.[10] From 1327, the region was under administration of theKingdom of Bohemia under theHoly Roman Empire. As part of theBohemian Crown, it was passed to theHabsburg monarchy ofAustria in 1526.[11] In 1742, along with most ofSilesia, it was seized byPrussia following theFirst Silesian War. The two subsequentSilesian Wars left the area severely depopulated and with an economy in ruins. In 1838, Franz von Winckler bought Katowice from Karl Friedrich Lehmann and in 1841, he made it the headquarters of his estate.[12]
The railway connection with major European cities (Katowice gained connections toBerlin,Kraków,Vienna andWarsaw, among others, between 1847 and 1848) fostered economic and population growth. The population grew enough to erect the firstLutheran church on 29 September 1858 (Church of the Resurrection), and the firstCatholic church two years later, on 11 November 1860. Katowice (then:Kattowitz) gainedcity status on 11 September 1865 in the PrussianProvince of Silesia, by the act of the kingWilhelm I Hohenzollern.[9]
The city flourished due to large mineral (especially coal) deposits in the area. Extensive city growth and prosperity depended on the coal mining and steel industries, which took off during theIndustrial Revolution. The city was inhabited mainly byGermans,Poles incl.Silesians, andJews. In 1884, 36 JewishZionist delegates met here, forming theHovevei Zion movement. Previously part of the Beuthen district, in 1873 it became the capital of the newKattowitz district. On 1 April 1899, the city was separated from the district, becoming anindependent city.
In 1882, the Upper Silesian Coal and Steelworks Company (Oberschlesischer Berg- und Hüttenmännischer Verein) moved its headquarters to Katowice, followed by creation of the Upper Silesian Coal Convention (Oberschlesische Kohlen-Konvention) in 1898. Civic development followed industrial development: in 1851, the first post office opens in Katowice, and in 1893 the current regional post office headquarters have been opened; in 1871 the first middle school was opened (later expanded to high school); in 1889, Katowice got a district court; in 1895, the city bath opened and regional headquarters of thePrussian state railways has been established in the city; in 1907, the city theater (currently theSilesian Theatre) opened.
Katowice in the 1930s
Under theTreaty of Versailles afterWorld War I, theUpper Silesia plebiscite was organised by theLeague of Nations. Though Kattowitz proper voted 22,774 to remain in Germany and 3,900 for Poland,[15] it was attached to Poland as the larger district voted 66,119 for Poland and 52,992 for Germany.[16] Following theSilesian Uprisings of 1918–21 Katowice became part of theSecond Polish Republic with some autonomy for theSilesian Parliament as a constituency and the Silesian Voivodeship Council as the executive body. In 1924, the surrounding villages and towns were incorporated into Katowice, and the number of inhabitants increased to over 112,000, since then the number of Poles exceeded the number of Germans – throughout the interwar period, the number of Germans decreased (in 1925 they constituted 12% of the inhabitants of Katowice, and in 1939 only 6%, while Poles constituted 93%). At the end of the interwar period, the number of inhabitants exceeded 134,000.
From 1926 to 1933, Katowice and the Polish part of Upper Silesia were connected withGdynia and the Polish part ofPomerania through thePolish Coal Trunk-Line (Polish:Magistrala Węglowa).
UnderGerman occupation many of the city's historical and iconic monuments were destroyed, most notably theGreat Katowice Synagogue, which was burned to the ground on 4 September 1939. This was followed by the alteration of street names and the introduction of strict rules. Additionally, the use ofPolish in public conversations was banned. The German administration was also infamous for organising public executions of civilians[19] and by the middle of 1941, most of the Polish and Jewish population wasexpelled. The Germans established and operated a Nazi prison in the city,[20] and multipleforced labour camps within present-day city limits, including two camps solely for Poles (Polenlager),[21][22] four camps solely for Jews,[23][24][25][26] two subcamps (E734, E750) of theStalag VIII-B/344prisoner-of-war camp,[27] and asubcamp of theAuschwitz concentration camp.[28] Eventually, Katowice was captured by theRed Army in January 1945. Significant parts of the downtown and inner suburbs were demolished during the occupation. As a result, the authorities were able to preserve the central district in its prewar character.
The postwar period of Katowice was characterised by the time of heavy industry development in the Upper Silesian region, which helped the city in regaining its status as the most industrialised Polish city and a major administrative centre. As the city developed so briskly, the 1950s marked a significant increase in its population and an influx of migrants from theEastern Borderlands, the so-calledKresy. The city area began to quickly expand by incorporating the neighbouring communes and counties. However, the thriving industrial city also had a dark period in its short but meaningful history. Most notably, between 7 March 1953 and 10 December 1956, Katowice was calledStalinogród in honour ofJoseph Stalin, leader of theSoviet Union.[29] The change was brought upon by an issued decree of the State Council.[30] The date of the alteration of the city name was neither a coincidence or accidental as it happened on the day of Stalin's death. In this way, thePolish United Workers' Party and the socialist authority wanted to pay tribute to the dictator. The new namenever got accepted by the citizens and in 1956 the former Polish name was restored.[31]
The following decades were more memorable in the history of Katowice. Regardless of its industrial significance, it started to become an important cultural and educational centre in Central and Eastern Europe. In 1968, theUniversity of Silesia in Katowice, the largest and most valued college in the area, was founded. Simultaneously the construction of large housing estates began to evolve. Furthermore, many representative structures were erected at that time, including theSilesian Insurgents' Monument (1967) andSpodek (1971), which have become familiar landmarks and tourist sights. The 1960s and 1970s saw the evolution ofmodernist architecture andfunctionalism. Katowice eventually developed into one of the most modernist post-war cities of Poland.
3 Maja Street is one of the main promenades in the city
In 1990, the first democratic local elections that took place marked a new period in the city's history. The economy of Katowice has been transforming from the heavy industry of steel and coal mines into "one of the most attractive investment areas for modern economy branches in Central Europe".[32]
The city's efficient infrastructure, rapid progress in the overall development and an increase in office space has made Katowice a popular venue for conducting business. The Katowice Expo Centre (Katowickie Centrum Wystawiennicze) organises trade fairs or exhibitions and attracts investors from all over the world.[34] In 2018, the city was the host of the 24th Session of the Conference of the Parties to theUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCCCOP24).[35] In 2022, the city hosted the 11th edition of theWorld Urban Forum, the world's most important conference on sustainable urbanization and development of cities.[36]
Katowice encompasses an area of 164.67 square kilometres (63.58 sq mi). The city is situated in theSilesian Highlands, about 50 km (31 mi) north of theSilesian Beskids (part of theCarpathian Mountains).Kłodnica andRawa (tributaries of theOder and theVistula respectively) are the largest rivers in Katowice, and the border between catchment areas of Oder and Vistula goes through the city. With a minimal elevation of 245 metres (804 ft) and median elevation of 266 metres (873 ft) above sea level, Katowice has the highest elevation among large cities in Poland.[37]
Katowice has a temperate, ocean-moderatedhumid continental climate (Köppen climate classification:Dfb/Cfb). The average temperature is 8.2 °Celsius (−2.0 °C or 28.4 °F in January and up to 17.9 °C or 64.2 °F in July). Yearly rainfall averages at 652.8 millimetres or 25.70 inches. Characteristic weak winds blow at about 2 metres per second (4.5 mph; 7.2 km/h; 3.9 kn) from the southwest, through theMoravian Gate.[38]
Climate data for Katowice (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
Map of Katowice, showing its 5 districts and 22 neighbourhoods.
Katowice has 22 officially recognized neighborhoods.Śródmieście,Osiedle Paderewskiego-Muchowiec,Zawodzie andKoszutka form the dense central urban core where most cultural and educational institutions, businesses and administrative buildings are located.
Most Northern and Eastern neighborhoods around the downtown core are more working-class and developed from worker's estates build around large industry such as coal mines, manufactures and steelworks. Each of these neighborhoods has its own dense commercial strip surrounded by mid-rise apartment buildings and some single-family homes.Szopienice, located between downtown Katowice and Mysłowice, used to be a separate town until mid-1960s.Nikiszowiec, a former mine's town, has undergone stronggentrification in recent years, and emerged as a major tourist attraction in the region thanks to its unique architecture and art galleries.[50]
Western and Southern neighborhoods (with the exception of Brynów-Załęska Hałda, which is a working-class neighborhood built around a coal mine) are more suburban in nature, concentrating the city's middle and upper middle classes.
Katowice lies in the centre ofthe largest conurbation in Poland,one of the largest in the European Union, numbering about 2.7 million. TheKatowice metropolitan area consists of about 40 adjacent cities and towns, the wholeKatowice-Ostrava metropolitan area (mostly within theUpper Silesian Coal Basin) over 50 cities or towns and a population of 5,008,000. In 2006, Katowice and 14 adjacent cities united as the Metropolitan Association of Upper Silesia (predecessor to the currentMetropolis GZM). Its population was 2 million and its area was 1,104 km2. In 2006–2007 the union planned to unite these cities in one city under the name "Silesia", but this proved unsuccessful.[51]
The Katowice conurbation comprises settlements which have evolved because of the mining of metal ores, coal and raw rock materials.[52] The establishment of mining and heavy industry which have developed for the past centuries has resulted in the unique character of the cityscape; its typical aspects are thered brick housing estates[53] constructed for the poorer working class, factory chimneys, manufacturing plants, power stations andquarries. The inhabitants of a large mining community like Katowice, and local administrations within the conurbation, which have only evolved due to mining, are a subject to overall decline after the liquidation of coal mines and factories. This is one of the reasons which led to the development of the service sector, including office spaces, shopping centres and tourism.
Map of the Metropolitan Association of Upper Silesia, with Katowice highlighted near its centre.
ThePolish Statistical Office estimates Katowice's population to be 292,774 as of 31 December 2020,[update] with a population density of 1,778 inhabitants per square kilometre (4,600/sq mi). There were 139,274 males and 153,500 females. Age breakdown of people in Katowice is: 12.9% 0–14 years old, 13.7% 15–29 years old, 23.8% 30–44 years old, 19.5% 45–59 years old, 20.1% 60–74 years old, and 9.9% 75 years and older.
Katowice is a centre of theKatowice-Ostrava metropolitan area, with a population of approx. 5.3 million. This metropolitan area extends into the neighboringCzechia, where the other centre is the city ofOstrava. 41 municipalities that constitute the core of the metropolitan area created theMetropolis GZM association, which has 2.3 million people as of 2019.[update]
Katowice's population grew very fast between 1845 and 1960, fueled by the expansion of heavy industry and administrative functions. In the 60s, 70s and 80s, the city grew by another 100,000 people, reaching a height of 368,621 in 1988. Since then, the decline of heavy industry, emigration, andsuburbanization reversed the population development; Katowice lost approx. 75,000 people (20%) since the fall of communism in Poland.
Before World War II, Katowice was mainly inhabited by Poles and Germans. The 1905 Silesian demographic census has shown that Germans made up nearly 70–75% of the total population (including German Jews) and Poles constituted 25–30% of inhabitants of Katowice. After the plebiscite in Upper Silesia,Silesian uprisings and the incorporation of Katowice into Poland in 1922, and then the incorporation of several nearby villages and towns into the city, the number of inhabitants of Katowice increased significantly, but the number of Germans in Katowice fell to 12% in 1925 and to 6% in 1939 (most Germans left Poland, many ethnic Silesians who used to identify as Germans switched their identification to Poles, and areas with a Polish majority were incorporated). Thus, in 1939 the ethnic breakdown of the city was: 93% Poles, 6% Germans, and 1% Jews.
After the German aggression against Poland in 1939, some Poles weredisplaced from Katowice and Germans were settled in their place. During the war, the Nazi occupiers committed severe crimes against the localRoma and Jewish communities, either killing them on the spot or transporting them toconcentration camps such asAuschwitz for complete extermination.[58] This led to a wartime population drop. In 1945, practically the entire German minority has either left fleeing the Red Army or was forced to leave after Poland regained control of the city, and Poles fromKresy (Eastern Borderlands of interwar Poland that were annexed by USSR after the war) and other parts of the country started to come to settle in the city. Katowice enjoyed a population boom after World War II, driven primarily by internal economic migration from less developed parts of the country.
Since the late 1960s, Katowice and the surrounding area experiences low birth rates, which, paired with the decline of heavy industry and reduced job opportunities, caused the population of Katowice to start decreasing in the late 1980s. As of recent years, increased economic activity in the area has stopped outward migration but the negative natural change (more deaths than births) continues to fuel population decline.
Katowice is one of the more diverse cities in Poland. In the 2021 census, 93.87% of inhabitants declared a Polish nationality while 19.38% declared a nationality other than Polish (in the Polish census, respondents are allowed to declare up to two nationalities or ethnicities). Indigenous Silesians were the largest minority, at 17.8%, followed by Germans (0.43%), Ukrainians (0.18%), the English (0.12%), Jews (0.07%) and Italians (0.07%).[59]
In addition, Katowice is home to a large immigrant population that is largely unaccounted for in the official population data in Poland.[60] According to the Polish Ministry of Development, Labor and Technology, there have been 20,527 foreigners (7% of official population figure) on a special worker permit for citizens ofBelarus,Georgia,Moldova,Russia,Serbia andUkraine in Katowice in 2020, 19,003 of them from Ukraine. By the end of 2021, this number has increased to 26,990, with 23,207 of them from Ukraine.[61] Additionally, as of June 2022,[update] 11,568refugees settled in Katowice since the start of theRussian invasion on Ukraine.[62] By the December 2024, the number has increased to 11,894.[63]
According to the 2021 census, 32.3% of the population aged 13 and older had a college degree, 34.3% had a high school diploma or some college, 17.9% completed a vocational secondary school, 2.4% only completed a gimnazjum, 8.4% only completed a primary school while 2.1% did not complete primary school. In 2011, in the 25–34 age group, college graduates share is 44.9%, and an additional 31.8% has a high school degree. According toEurostat data, Katowice and its surroundingSilesian region had one of the highest share of people who have attained at least an upper secondary level of education (more than 90%), and one of the lowest share of school dropouts in Europe (less than 5%).[64]
There were 120,869 households in Katowice as of the 2021 census, a drop from 134,199 in the 2011 census. Average household size was 2.33, virtually unchanged from the 2.3 reported in the previous census. 32.4% households were single-person households, 31.2% had two people, 18.5% had three people, 11.5% had four people and 6.4% had five people or more. Compared to the 2011 census, the largest difference was an increase in households with 5 and more people (from 4.9%).
As of 2022, Katowice placed third in the country among cities with the highest average salaries, at PLN 8,017.49, behind Warsaw and Kraków.[65] Poverty rate places Katowice on average with other big cities in Poland, at 4.09% of inhabitants eligible for welfare benefits as of 2019.[update]
Roman Catholicism is the main religion in Katowice; as of the 2021[update] Polish census, 60.52% (172,915 people) of Katowice residents declared to be Roman Catholic, representing a significant drop from the 2011 census when Roman Catholics were 82.43% of the population.
No other denomination had at least 1,000 followers as of the 2021 census. In the 2011 census, denominations with at least 1,000 worshippers included theLutheran Church in Poland – 0.43% (1,336 people) andJehovah's Witnesses – 0.42% (1,311 people). Other religions with presence and places of worship in the city includeJudaism,Islam, andBuddhism, as well as otherProtestant denominations.
Katowice is the seat of theRoman Catholic Archdiocese, with the suffragan bishoprics ofGliwice andOpole, and around 1,477,900 Catholics. TheCathedral of Christ the King, constructed between 1927 and 1955 in a classicist style, is the largest cathedral in Poland. There are 36Catholicchurches in Katowice (including twobasilicas), as well as 18monasteries. Katowice is also a seat of a diocesan Catholic seminary, as well as one of theOrder of Friars Minor. Katowice Archdiocese owns several media companies headquartered in Katowice:Księgarnia św. Jacka, a Catholic publishing company, andInstytut Gość Media, a multi-channeled media company that ownsRadio eM, a regional Catholic radio, and a few magazines.Gość Niedzielny, owned byInstytut Gość Media and published in Katowice, is currently the most-popular Catholic magazine in the country with approx. 120,000 copies sold weekly.
Lutheran Cathedral of the Resurrection
Katowice is also the seat of aLutheran Diocese which coversUpper Silesia,Lesser Poland andSubcarpathian region and has 12,934 adherents as of 2019.[update][66] Lutherans have two churches in Katowice, including a cathedral, which is the oldest church built originally in Katowice, completed on 29 September 1858. Historically, Lutheran population in Katowice was mostlyGerman, and with the expulsion of Germans from Poland after the Second World War, number of Lutherans dropped in Katowice.
Judaism has historically been present in Katowice since at least 1702.[67] Firstsynagogue, designed by a local architect Ignatz Grünfeld, was consecrated on 4 September 1862, while the Jewish cemetery was established in 1868. Dr. Jacob Cohn was the firstrabbi of Katowice, appointed to this function on 6 January 1872 and holding it until 1920s.Zionism was strong in Katowice, and in 1884 the city was the place of theKatowice Conference, the first public Zionist meeting in history. On 12 September 1900, theGreat Synagogue was opened.
Following World War I and subsequent creation of thePolish state, most Katowice Jews, who identified with Germany, left the city and settled primarily inBytom, a nearby city that was still part of Germany. They were partially replaced by Jews moving from the East, particularly the neighboringDąbrowa Basin region that had a large Jewish population. In 1931, 60% of 5,716 Jews in Katowice were recent immigrants from other parts of Poland.[67] On 1 September 1939, Poland was attacked byNazi Germany, and Katowice, a border city, surrendered on 3 September. The Great Synagogue was burned by the German army the same day, and in the following months, Katowice Jews were deported toghettos in Dąbrowa Basin (primarilySosnowiec andBędzin) or directly to variousconcentration anddeath camps where most of them were murdered inthe Holocaust. After the war, around 1,500 Jews were living in Katowice, but most of them left Poland and emigrated to theUnited States and other Western countries.
Currently, Katowice has oneQahal with approximately 200 members. It owns houses of prayer in Katowice (along with akosher cafeteria) and nearby Gliwice, and the current rabbi is Yehoshua Ellis.
There are two buddhist groups in Katowice:Kwan Um School of Zen, first registered in 1982, and the Diamond Road of Karma Kagyu line association. Jehovah's Witnesses maintain 13 houses of prayer and oneKingdom Hall in Katowice. Aside from Polish-language congregations, there is one forEnglish speakers and one forUkrainian speakers.
Unlike most other large Polish cities, Katowice did not originate as a medieval town, therefore it does not have an old town with a street layout and architectural styles characteristic to cities founded onMagdeburg rights. Katowice's urban layout is a result of expansion and annexation of various towns, industrial worker estates, and villages.[68]
Katowice city centre has an axis design, along the main railway line, developed by an industrialist Friedrich Grundman in mid-19th century.[69][70] Most of the city centre in Katowice developed in late 19th and early 20th century, when it was part of theKingdom of Prussia and had a German-speaking majority. As a result, architectural styles of that era are similar to those in other Prussian cities such asBerlin orWrocław (then Breslau); primarilyrenaissance revival andbaroque revival, with some buildings ingothic revival,romanesque revival, andart nouveau styles.[69]
In 1922, Katowice and the eastern portion of Upper Silesia were reintegrated with reborn Poland, and anautonomous Silesian Voivodeship was established, with Katowice as its capital. This event has marked the beginning of a period of unprecedented architectural development in the city. Since most traditional styles, especiallygothic and gothic revival, were perceived as connected to imperial Germany by the new Polish authorities, all new development was to be built in, at first in theneoclassical, and later infunctionalist/Bauhaus style.[71] The city, which needed to build administrative buildings for the new authorities and housing for people working in regional administration, began expansion southward creating one of the largest complexes of modern architecture in Poland, comparable to Warsaw andGdynia (newly built port on theBaltic Sea) only.[72]
The modernist district is centered around the monumentalSilesian Parliament building (1923–1929), which architecture is mostly neoclassical, albeit with early modernist influences. During World War II, the building became headquarters of theReichsgau Oberschlesien and part of the interior was redesigned byAlbert Speer,Hitler's favorite architect, to resemble the interior of theReich Chancellery.[73] The nearbyCathedral of Christ the King (1927–1955, with dome lowered by 34 meters compared to original design) is also neoclassical but with an ascetic, modernist-inspired interior (including atabernacle and a golden mosaic funded by future pope,Joseph Ratzinger).[74] Other buildings, designed in mid-to-late 1920s and 1930s, are mostly modernist or functionalist. A symbol of the city in the interwar period,Drapacz Chmur (literally:The Skyscraper), was the first skyscraper built in Poland after World War I, and the first building in the country to be based on a steel frame.[72]
Plac Grunwaldzki in Koszutka under construction, 1950sModernistOsiedle Gwiazdy built in late 1970s and the light cubes of the New Silesian Museum
AfterWorld War II, Katowice again expected a period of rapid growth, particularly under the regional leadership ofMarshall Jerzy Ziętek. Pałac Młodzieży (Youth Palace) became the first major new building completed in Katowice after the war, erected in thesocrealist style with elements oflate modernism in 1949–1951.[75] The largest development of the 1950s in Katowice was the expansion of theKoszutka neighborhood, also in thesocialist realist style, in early 1950s.[76]
Following the death ofStalin in 1956, and the end of socrealism, Jerzy Ziętek and city authorities commissioned a group of young architects and urbanists to create a project of the new urban design of Katowice. The collective, namedMiastoprojekt Katowice, came up with a design heavily influenced byLe Corbusier's ideas.[77] The project was centered around a grand avenue (currentAleja Korfantego) surrounded by simple, modern blocks and monuments, scattered in distance to each other according to modernist ideals of preserving space and light for the masses. The most important buildings from that time include:
Spodek Arena (1964–1971), widely considered the symbol of Katowice and ranked among the finest achievements of modern architecture in Poland;[78] one of the first buildings in the world with atensegrity rooftop. Arena's unique design, resembling a typical depiction of a UFO at the time, gave it its Polish name (literally meaning "a saucer", a shorthand for UFO in Polish).
Katowice Railway Station (1959–1972), considered to be the most outstanding example of brutalism in Poland,[79] controversially demolished in 2010 and partially rebuilt as an addition to the Galeria Katowicka shopping centre.
Osiedle Gwiazdy (1978–1985), a housing estate of eight 27-floor residential buildings on a plan resembling a star
Osiedle Tysiąclecia (1961–1982, later expanded), a large housing estate connecting to theSilesian Park, built with modernist principles (separation of foot and automobile traffic, vast green spaces, self-sufficiency in terms of schools, basic shops and healthcare). Later expansion of the estate includes Kukurydze high-rises, a group of 26-floor high residential towers inspired byMarina City inChicago
Stalexport Towers (1979–1982), twin office towers with 22 and 20 floors, a prime example of earlypostmodernism in Poland
Following the collapse of communism in Poland and other Eastern Bloc countries, and the centrally-planned economy with it, Poland's economy suffered a downturn, and construction slowed down. One of the most significant buildings of the 1990s was the new branch of theSilesian Library, in postmodernism style.
The situation changed in the early aughts, when several new notable developments were completed:
Chorzowska 50 (1999–2001) – first modern, A-grade office building in Katowice; currently owned and occupied byING Bank Śląski
Altus, previously known as Uni Centrum (2001–2003) – for many years the highest skyscraper in Poland outside of Warsaw, at 125 meters (410 ft) high.
Silesia City Center (2003–2005), the flagship brownfield development of the era, built in place a defunct coal mine Gottwald. It remains one of the largest shopping centres in Poland, at 86,000 m2 (930,000 sq ft), and also includes a housing estate and a chapel.
Dom z Ziemi Śląskiej (2001–2002), a modern suburban villa, nominated toMies van der Rohe Award in 2002
Department of Law at theUniversity of Silesia (2001–2003), a postmodernist building aiming to resemble industrial installations of the region
Department of Theology at the University of Silesia (2002–2004), built in the style resembling early Christian hermitages
Another wave of architectural revival came after Poland joined theEuropean Union in 2004. Europeancohesion funds, along with private capital investment, flew into the city resulting in a number of architecturally acclaimed buildings and complexes, including:
Strefa Kultury (Zone of Culture, a brownfield urban redevelopment in downtown Katowice):
KatowiceInternational Conference Centre (2012–2015), the largest conference centre in Poland (capacity up to 12,000 people), connected to the Spodek Arena. The design of the centre, with a distinct canyon going through it in order to remove any obstruction from view of Spodek, has been hailed and the building was nominated toMies van der Rohe award in 2017[82]
New Silesian Museum (2011–2013) located in place of a former coal mine, most of the museum is located underground, with only glass cubes that provide daylight, visible above ground. Shortlisted for Mies van der Rohe award in 2015.[83]
Krzysztof Kieślowski Film School at theUniversity of Silesia (2014–2017) – awarded with Wienerberger Brick Award in 2020,[85] shortlisted to Mies van der Rohe award in 2019.[86] Located in a decayed neighborhood, the building aims at kick-starting an urban renewal process there.
Nikiszowiec, a historic workers' housing estateSpodek, a multipurpose arena from 1971A historic tenement house in the city centre
Market square and adjacent streets:Warszawska, Teatralna, Dyrekcyjna, Staromiejska, Dworcowa, św. Jana, Pocztowa, Wawelska, 3 Maja, Stawowa, Mielęckiego, Starowiejska and Mickiewicza, the so-called "Great Market Square of Katowice" or "Old town of Katowice"—many historic (monument) buildings. This is a group of functional-architectural. On the market square and most of the above-mentioned streets are prohibitions or restrictions on cars. Streets: Staromiejska, Dyrekcyjna, Wawelska, Stawowa and Warszawska is lined decorativecobblestone creating apedestrian zone. The authority plans to Katowice—Quarter streets: św. Jana, Dworcowa, Mariacka, Mielęckiego, Stanisława and Starowiejska is to become so "small market square".[88]
Nikiszowiec – historical settlement of Katowice, candidate to UNESCO
Silesian Insurgents Monument (Polish:Pomnik Powstańców Śląskich), the largest and heaviest monument in Poland. It is a harmonious combination of architecture and sculpture with appropriate symbolism: the wings symbolize the threeSilesian Uprisings (1920–1921) while the names of places that were battlefields are etched on the vertical slopes. The monument, which was funded by the people of Warsaw for Upper Silesia, is considered Katowice's landmark.
Parachute Tower, a 50 m (160 ft) tall lattice tower was built in 1937 for training parachutists. It was used in the first days of World War II and is the only parachute tower in Poland.
ING Hubs, an IT subsidiary ofING Group, is headquartered in Global Office Park in Katowice
As of August 2024, 252,841 people are employed in Katowice, which makes the city the 7th largest job market in Poland, slightly ahead ofGdańsk.[92] Main sectors include professional services (including the IT sector and finance) at 15.8%, retail (13.7%), and government (12.6%). Unemployment rate is extremely low at 1%, as of June 2024.[93]
Median monthly income for residents of Katowice stood at PLN 7,220.00 while median monthly income for those employed in Katowice was higher at PLN 8,053.30 as of August 2024, both above the country's median of PLN 6,697.52.[94]
Katowice is a large business, convention andtrade fair centre. As of 2012, 44,050 businesses were registered in Katowice. 13 of them are traded on theWarsaw Stock Exchange, with ING Bank Śląski being the largest one by far,[95] while 11 are traded on the NewConnect floor.[96]
Largest private corporations headquartered in Katowice include Polska Grupa Górnicza (coal mining and energy), Farmacol (pharmaceuticals), Famur (mining equipment manufacturing), Mistal (steel products manufacturing), Emiternet (renewable energy systems).[97] Major international corporations with regional headquarters in Katowice includeIBM,Unilever,PwC,Deloitte,Groupon,Eurofins,Capgemini,Sopra Steria,Accenture,Fujitsu,Citibank,HSBC,KPMG,RSM,Baker Tilly, and others.
Since its creation, Katowice's development was tightly connected to heavy industry, especially coal mining, steelworks and machine production. In 1931, 49.5% of inhabitants worked in industry, and 12.5% in coal mining alone. In 1989 industry accounted for 36% of all jobs in the city (112,000 employees). As of 2018, 34,294 people worked in industry in Katowice, 20.4% of total, below the national average.
The first reported coal mine in Katowice (Murcki coal mine) was established in 1740, and in 1769 construction onEmanuelssegen mine started. As the demand for coal kept rising in theKingdom of Prussia, further mines were opened:Beata (1801),Ferdinand (1823),Kleofas (1845). Later in 19th and early 20th century additional mines were opened:Katowice,Wujek,Eminenz (later renamedGottwald and merged withKleofas),Wieczorek,Boże Dary,Staszic and renewedMurcki. Currently only one (Murcki-Staszic) remains in operation. Katowice is also the seat ofPolska Grupa Górnicza, the largest coal mining corporation in Europe. Metallurgy was another important part of Katowice's economy. In 1863 a dozen zinc metallurgy facilities were reported in Katowice, withWilhelmina (founded in 1834) being the largest. In early 1900s,Wilhelmina (later renamedHuta Metali Niezależnych Szopienice) was enlarged and became the largest Silesian producer ofnon-ferrous metals and world's largest producer ofcadmium. Two major steelworks existed in the city:Huta Baildon, established in 1823 by the Scottish engineer and industrialistJohn Baildon (declared bankruptcy in 2001), andHuta Ferrum, established in 1874 and operating to this date in limited capacity.
Vibrant and progressive artistic communities, particularly around musical arts, make Katowice one of the leading cultural spots in Poland.[98] Since mid-2000s, Katowice has established a strategy to redevelop the post-industrial areas using culture – the pinnacle of which was a massive development on the site of a former coal mine known asStrefa Kultury (the "Zone of Culture"), where numerous cultural and convention institutions are located.
Katowice's status as the UNESCOCity of Music, designated when Katowice joinedUNESCOCreative Cities Network in 2015,[99] comes from a long and rich history of musical arts. Katowice is the seat of an internationally renownedKarol Szymanowski Academy of Music, whose faculty and graduates created the nationally important informal group called the Silesian school of composers.Polish National Radio Symphony Orchestra has been located in Katowice since 1945 and has gotten a new internationally acclaimed concert hall in 2014, built on a site of a former coal mine near Katowice's city center. TheSilesian Philharmonic also has its seat in Katowice. The city is a venue for numerous classical concerts and festivals, such as: the International Festival of Young Music Competition Laureates,Grzegorz Fitelberg International Competition for Conductors, Chamber Music Festival, Ars Cameralis Festival and Katowice's opera, operettas and most of all ballet.
There are currently 6 theater buildings in Katowice, and some theater groups without a permanent location.Teatr Śląski is the oldest still-functioning theater in Katowice, first opened for audience in 1907 and located on the main square. It was the first theater to give plays inSilesian dialect of Polish. Every first Monday of the month, theSilesian Opera singers from nearbyBytom give a performance there, as Katowice does not have an opera house of its own. Teatr Ateneum is an important puppetry theater, while Teatr Korez was one of the first non-public theaters in post-war Poland.
Katowice is home to many nationally and internationally renowned popular music festivals.Rawa Blues, named after a stream that passes through Katowice's city center, is one of the largest blues festivals in Europe. Electronic music'sMayday Festival takes place every year in early November and is a sister event to its namesake inDortmund.OFF Festival, dedicated to alternative music, moved to Katowice in 2010 and has been held every August. Tauron Nowa Muzyka festival, oriented more towards dance and techno has been named one of the major European festivals to attend.[100] Other music festivals, such as the Silesian Jazz Festival, KatoHej (dedicated to chants and touristic music), and Gardens of Sound, are also organized. In 2019, 475,806 people attended various big cultural events such as concerts and festivals, which gave the city the third place in Poland, behind Warsaw and Kraków. NearbyChorzów, with theSilesian Stadium right across the street from Katowice, gathered another 319,783 attendees.[101]
TheSilesian Museum is the largest and most-important museum in Katowice. It originally opened in 1929, and its radically modern,Bauhaus-style new building was demolished immediately after the Nazis seized Katowice in 1939, considering it too degenerate and too Polish. The museum has been placed in temporary buildings with its collections dispersed until 2015, when a new, mostly underground building has been constructed in the Zone of Culture. The museum exhibits works by famous and renowned Polish artists likeJózef Chełmoński,Artur Grottger,Tadeusz Makowski,Jacek Malczewski,Jan Matejko,Józef Mehoffer andStanisław Wyspiański.[98] It is also well known for its collection ofnaïve art paintings, including local coal miners from Katowice area. The museum has a number of sketches of globally recognizable artists such asAlbrecht Dürer andRembrandt.
The City History Museum of Katowice exhibitions include: immersive typical urban apartments from early 20th century,naïve art paintings from local artists and the history of Katowice from a village to an industrial center. Other museums in Katowice include Museum of the History of Computers and Informatics and the Museum of Smallest Books in the World.
The BWA Contemporary Art Gallery in Katowice, established in 1949, is a notable institution concerning theContemporary arts.[102] Every three years, it is responsible for organizing the Polish Graphic Art Triennial. Several other galleries feature exhibitions of the works by artists from abroad along with film screenings, workshops for children and public fairs.
Esports tournamentIntel Extreme Masters World Championship, one of the biggest esports events in the world[104]
Poland hosted the 24th Session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCCCOP24), with the meeting held in Katowice.[105]
Katowice is a large scientific centre and has been designated as the European City of Science 2024 byEuroScience (ESOF). It has over 20 schools of higher education, at which over 100,000 people study.
The publictransportation system of the Katowice consists of commuter and long-distance trains, trams, buses and city bikes. Around 38 percent of people in Katowice use trams and buses on their daily commute (40 percent if counted those using the park-and-ride facilities), 10 percent walk, 4 percent cycle, and 2 percent takes the train, according to a 2020 report.[106] There are also three park-and-ride centers in Katowice with over 1,000 parking spaces.
The transit authority of theMetropolis GZM, Zarząd Transportu Metropolitalnego (ZTM), operates the city trams and buses.
TheSilesian Interurban tram system is one of the largest and oldest in Europe, in operation since 1894 and covering over 200 km of rails, including 62 km in Katowice proper. The network in Katowice is mostly located in the northern part of the city has a star-like shape, with most lines converging on the Rynek square and expanding to all directions. There are 13 tram lines in Katowice, all but 2 expanding into neighboring cities. 116 tram stops are located in Katowice proper, as of 2020. A new tram line is planned to the southern suburbs since 2016.
In addition to trams, bus lines are organized by ZTM. There are currently 63 regular lines in Katowice (including night lines), and additional 10 express metropolitan lines, with 609 bus stops as of 2020. ZTM organizes a bus line to their airport as well, which runs every 30 minutes between 4am and 9:30pm and every hour at night.
Katowice is the main railway hub in southern Poland. Katowice's main railway station is the fifth-busiest train station in Poland as of 2019 (and third outside Warsaw), with 17.6 million passengers and growing 47 percent since 2015.[108] 16% of the passengers travelled onPKP Intercity train, the main long-distance train operator in Poland.
Katowice has a modern international bus station located close to the city center. There are over 400 connections on a typical weekday,[110] with the most-popular ones being domestic destinations in Poland and cities inUkraine.
Cycling is becoming a more popular mode of transportation in Katowice. As of 2021, the city had 92.6 km (57.5 mi) of dedicated bicycle lanes, up from 60 km (37 miles) in 2015.The metropolitan bicycle system is operated byNextbike and has 924 stations with over 7000 bicycles in Katowice and in surrounding cities.[111] Rides under 30 minutes costs PLN 1, less than 1 hour costs PLN 2.50 and each additional hour becomes more expensive.[112]
Bolt and Blinkee operate commercial systems of scooter share. Traficar and Panek Car Share operate commercial carshare systems.
Drogowa Trasa Średnicowa (DK79) exiting the tunnel below Katowice city center
Katowice has an extensive network of freeways, roads and streets, totaling over 1,120 km in length.[113] The well-developed network supports over 200,000 cars registered in Katowice, and 49 percent of commuters that drive alone, a high share compared to other major cities in Poland.[106] Several freeways in Katowice are among the busiest in Poland:expressway S86 betweenSosnowiec and Katowice's city center andhighway A4 between Murckowska and Mikołowska interchanges both see over 100,000 cars passing each day.
Katowice has a ring around its city center, consisting of highway A4, Murckowska freeway,Drogowa Trasa Średnicowa (a freeway-style road connecting downtowns of cities in the Katowice urban area) that partly goes in a tunnel underground and Bocheńskiego road. Many of the roads and freeways in Katowice expand radially from the city center and replaced old local roads.
European route E40 passes through Katowice ashighway A4. It enters the city from Chorzów and continues eastward, with three lanes in each direction on the main road and two to three lanes in parallel access roads. It meets Bocheńskiego road and continues towards Mikołowska interchange, which is one of the onlycombination interchanges in Poland and the main exit towards the city center. After that interchange, the highway loses its access roads due to lack of space in the dense urban area and continues east with four lanes in each direction. Access roads appear again (only on the south side, though) after around 500 meters and there is an exit towards Francuska Street. After another 1.5 kilometer, access roads appear again on the north side, too, and there is a tight exit towards Pułaskiego Street. The highway then runs into Murckowska interchange, before exiting the city.
National road 79 (DK79) enters Katowice fromChorzów and separates theSilesian Park andOsiedle Tysiąclecia in Katowice. It then merges with Drogowa Trasa Średnicowa (DTŚ) at the junction with Bocheńskiego road and Złota Street. It continues with DTŚ through the Katowice city center and descents into a tunnel under the Rondo roundabout. It then emerges overground again, right before an interchange with DK86. The road continues eastward as a freeway with exits towardsZawodzie andSzopienice neighborhoods for several more kilometers, before enteringMysłowice and becoming a standard-access road.
National road 81 (DK81) enters Katowice fromMikołów and runs through the southern residential neighborhoods as an arterial road with two lanes in each direction, namedKościuszki Street. In the Brynów neighborhood, Kościuszki Street continues towards Katowice's city center while NR 81 turns east, to run through the forest towards the interchange with DK86.
National road 86 (DK86) enters Katowice fromSosnowiec as expressway S86 up until Roździeńskiego interchange where it meets DK79 and loses its expressway status. It then continues south as Murckowska freeway east of the city center. It meets highway A4 and then passes byGiszowiec neighborhood and continues through the woods southward, with exits towardsMurcki neighborhood (from which it gets its name) andKostuchna. It bypasses Murcki from the east and continues south towardsTychy.
In 2015, Katowice designated most of its city center as a 30 km/h (19 miles per hour) zone, in an effort to curb traffic fatalities and crashes. Within 3 years of operation, the number of accidents dropped by 41 percent, including 37 percent drop in accidents involving pedestrians and cyclists. The accidents are also less severe: there was a 55 percent drop in injured pedestrians and cyclists.[114]
Tourists can relax playing tennis or squash, doingwater sports also sailing (for example—inDolina Trzech Stawów), horse-riding (inWesoła Fala andSilesian Park), cycling or going to one of numerous excellently equipped fitness clubs. Near the city centre are sporting facilities like swimming pools (for example "Bugla", "Rolna") and in neighbourhood—Golf courses (inSiemianowice Śląskie).
Naprzód Janów Katowice – hockey club playing inPolish Hockey Superleague, vice-champion of Poland (5x): 1971, 1973, 1977, 1989, 1992; bronze medal (7x): 1972, 1974, 1976, 1978, 1982, 1986, 1987; Polish Cup (1x): 1970.
AZS US Katowice – various sports, many medals in the Polish Championship in various sports
HKS Szopienice – various sports, many medals in the Polish and Europe and World Championship inweightlifting
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The list includes the 107 urban municipalities governed by acity mayor (prezydent miasta) instead of a town mayor (burmistrz) ·Cities with powiat rights are initalics · Voivodeship cities are inbold
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