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Kashida

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Form of typographical justification used with the Arabic script

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Kashida

Kashida orKasheeda (Persian:کَشِیدَه;kašīda;^{[note 1]}lit. "extended", "stretched", "lengthened"), also known asTatweel orTatwīl (Arabic:تَطْوِيل,taṭwīl), is a type ofjustification in theArabic language and in some descendantcursive scripts.^[1] In contrast to white-space justification, which increases the length of a line of text by expanding spaces betweenwords or individualletters, kasheeda creates justification by elongating characters at certain points. Kasheeda justification can be combined with white-space justification.

The analog in European (Latin-based) typography (expanding or contracting letters to improve spacing) is sometimes calledexpansion, and falls withinmicrotypography. Kasheeda is considerably easier and more flexible, however, because Arabic–Persian scripts feature prominent horizontal strokes, whose lengths are accordingly flexible.

For example,al-ḥamdu andRaḥīm with and without kasheeda may look like the following:

Word	Meaning	Normal	Kasheeda
al-ḥamdu	‘praise’	الحمد	الحمــــــد
Raħīm	‘merciful’	رحيم	رحــــــيم

The termsKasheeda andTatweel can also refer to a character that represents this elongation (ـ ) or to one of a set ofglyphs of varying lengths that implement this elongation in afont. TheUnicode standard assigns code point U+0640 asArabic Tatweel.

The right side of thisbasmala contains a long kasheeda with a natural string-like curve.

The kasheeda can take a subtle downward curvature in some calligraphic styles and handwriting. However, the curvilinear stroke is not feasible for most basic fonts, which merely use a completely flatunderscore-like (or string-like) stroke for kashida.

In addition to letter spacing and justification, calligraphers also use kasheeda foremphasis and as book or chapter titles.Inmodern Arabic mathematical notation, kasheeda appears in someoperation symbols that must stretch to accommodate associated contents above or below.^[2]

Kasheeda generally only appears in one word per line, and one letter per word. Furthermore, experts recommend kasheeda only between certain combinations of letters (typically those that cannot form aligature). Some calligraphers who were paid by the page used an inordinate number of kasheeda to stretch content over more pages.^[3]

The branding of the2022 FIFA World Cup inQatar applies kasheeda toLatin script, connecting the bottom of the "t" and the second "a" in the host country's name.^[4]^[5]^[6]

Notes

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^Transliteration based on Classical and Early New Persian (but also applies to the modern varieties ofDari andTajik). InModern Iranian Persian, however, this would be transliterated askašide orkešide.