The namekáruk, also spelled "Karok," means "upriver",[6][3] or "upstream",[7] whereas the wordyúruk means "downriver".[3] Thus, the termkáruk va’áraaras refers to Karuk people, literally meaning "upriver people", whereas the exonym of theYurok people in English is derived from Karuk language termyúrukvâaras, meaning "downriver people".[3]
Historically,káruk va’áraaras referred to any people from upriver of a reference point or person speaking. Traditionally, Karuk people referred to themselves asithivthanéen’aachip va’áraaras, meaning "middle of the world people".[3]
The Karuk people speak theKaruk language, a language isolate[9] sometimes grouped into the proposed family ofHokan languages. The tribe has an active language revitalization program.[10]
Estimates for the population sizes of most Native groups before European arrival in California have varied substantially.[a]Alfred L. Kroeber proposed a population for the Karuk of 1,500 in 1770.Sherburne F. Cook initially estimated it as 2,000, later raising this figure to 2,700.[11][12] In 1910, Kroeber reported the surviving population of the Karuk as 800.[6]: 883
According to the 2010 census, there were 6,115 Karuk individuals.[1]
Since time immemorial, the Karuk resided in villages along theKlamath River, where they continue such cultural traditions as hunting, gathering, fishing, basketmaking and ceremonial dances.[5] The Karuk were one among several California tribes to sow and harvest tobacco plants.[7] The Brush Dance, Jump Dance and Pikyavish ceremonies last for several days and are practiced to heal and "fix the world," to pray for plentiful acorns, deer andsalmon, and to restore social goodwill as well as individual good luck.[5]
The Karuk developed sophisticated usage of plants and animals for their subsistence. These practices not only consisted of food harvesting from nature, but also the use of plant and animal materials as tools, clothing and pharmaceuticals. The Karuk cultivated a form of tobacco,[7] and used fronds of theCoastal woodfern as anti-microbial agents in the process of preparing eels for food consumption.[13]
Andrew Chambers. 2008. Pikyáv (to fix it).[14] Documentary film produced for the Truly California series. KQED Public Television and C. Buried Star Productions.
Rob Cabitto, author of a memoir about his struggles with identity and addiction.
Naomi Lang, figure skater; five time US Champion in ice dancing from 1999 to 2003. As a member of the 2002 US Olympic figure skating team, she was the first Native American woman to compete in the Winter Olympics. Her great-great-grandmother, Bessie Tripp, was a full blooded Karuk from Orleans/Salmon River.
Anthony Earl Numkena (Hopi/Karuk) (born 1942), actor, appeared in a number of films and television shows in the 1950s including being credited inPony Soldier (1952) at the age of nine. His grandmother, Caroline Besoain, née Harrie, was three-quarters Karuk born inSomes Bar, California in 1899 and settled in Quartz Valley, California.
Jetty Rae, musician whose grandmother, Jetty Rae Thom, was a full-blooded Karuk.[16]
Fox Anthony Spears, artist and printmaker who uses geometric designs inspired by Karuk basketry patterns. Commissioned to design warmup jersey patches forSeattle Kraken’s Indigenous Peoples Night game in 2021.[17]
Brian D. Tripp (1945–2022) was a Native American artist and cultural advocate known for his work across murals, poetry, performance, and mixed-media, which reflected and promoted Karuk traditions.[18] In 2000, Tripp, along with fellow artist Alme Allen, created the muralThe Sun Set Twice on the People That Day in Eureka, California, which features Karuk cultural symbols.[19] In recognition of his decades-long contributions to visual art, ceremonial performance, and the preservation of Karuk cultural practices, Tripp received the California Living Heritage Award from the Alliance for California Traditional Arts in 2018.[20]
^abcdeAndrew Garrett, Susan Gehr, Erik Hans Maier, Line Mikkelsen, Crystal Richardson, and Clare Sandy. (November 2, 2021)Karuk; To appear in The Languages and Linguistics of Indigenous North America: A Comprehensive Guide (De Gruyter Mouton), ed. by Carmen Jany, Marianne' Mithun, and Keren Rice[1]
^abKroeber, Alfred L (1925).Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin. Vol. 78. Washington, D.C.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Cook, Sherburne F (1956). "The Aboriginal Population of the North Coast of California".Anthropological Records.16 (81–130). University of California, Berkeley: 98.
