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Karluk languages

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Sub-branch of the Turkic language family

Karluk
Qarluq, Southeastern Turkic, Turkestan Turkic
Geographic distribution	Central Asia
Linguistic classification	Turkic Common Turkic Karluk
Early forms	Middle Turkic Karakhanid Khorezmian Turkic Chagatai
Subdivisions	Western Karluk (Uzbek) Eastern Karluk (Uyghur)
Language codes
Glottolog	`uygh1241`
Uzbek Uyghur Ili

TheKarluk orQarluq languages are a sub-branch of theTurkic language family that developed from the varieties spoken byKarluks.^[1] By far the largest languages of this branch areUzbek andUyghur.

ManyMiddle Turkic works were written in these languages. The language of theKara-Khanid Khanate was known as Turki, Ferghani, Kashgari or Khaqani. The language of theChagatai Khanate was theChagatai language.

Karluk Turkic was once spoken in theKara-Khanid Khanate,Chagatai Khanate,Timurid Empire,Mughal Empire,Yarkent Khanate and the Uzbek-speakingKhanate of Bukhara,Emirate of Bukhara,Kokand Khanate,Khiva Khanate,Maimana Khanate.^[2]

Classification

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Languages

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Uzbek – spoken by theUzbeks; approximately 44 million speakers^[3]
Uyghur – spoken by theUyghurs; approximately 8–11 million speakers^[4]
Ili Turki –moribund language spoken byIli Turks, who are legally recognized as a subgroup ofUzbeks; 120 speakers and decreasing (1980)
Chagatai – extinct language which was once widely spoken inCentral Asia and remained the sharedliterary language there until the early 20th century.
Karakhanid –literary language of theKara-Khanid Khanate that is considered a standard form ofMiddle Turkic.^[5]
Khorezmian Turkic –literary language of theGolden Horde that is considered a preliminary stage of theChagatai language.

Proto-Turkic	Common Turkic	Karluk	Western	Uzbek
			Eastern	Uyghur Ili Turki Äynu
			Old	Chagatai † Khorezmian Turkic † Karakhanid †

Glottolog v.5.0 refers to the Karluk languages as "Turkistan Turkic" and classifies them as follows:^[6]

Turkistan

Chagatai

Modern Turkistan

Uyghuric

	Ainu (China)

	Ili Turki

	Uighur

Uzbek

	Northern Uzbek

	Southern Uzbek

References

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^Austin, Peter (2008).One Thousand Languages: Living, Endangered, and Lost. University of California Press. p. 145.ISBN 978-0-520-25560-9.
^McChesney, R. D. (14 July 2014).Waqf in Central Asia: Four Hundred Years in the History of a Muslim Shrine, 1480-1889. Princeton University Press.ISBN 978-1-4008-6196-5.
^Uzbek at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)Northern at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)Southern at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^"Uyghur".Ethnologue. Retrieved7 December 2022.
^Glottlog 5.0 places this withOld Turkic.
^Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017)."Karluk languages".Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

Turkic languages

Reconstructed

Proto-Turkic

Western	Northern Uzbek Southern Uzbek
Eastern	Ili Turki Uyghur Khoton Lop Äynu
Old	Chagatai Karakhanid Khorezmian

Kipchak

Bulgar	Bashkir Tatar Mishar Tatar Nagaibak Old Tatar
Cuman	Armeno-Kipchak Crimean Tatar Cuman Karachay-Balkar Karaim Krymchak Kumyk Mamluk-Kipchak Urum
Kyrgyz	Fergana Kipchak Kyrgyz Pamir Kyrgyz Siberian Tatar Baraba Tom Southern Altai Telengit Teleut
Nogai	Karakalpak Kazakh Nogai Siberian Tatar Tobol-Irtysh Uzbek Kipchak

Oghuz

Northern	Salar
Eastern	Khorasani Turkic Turkmen Trukhmen
Southern	Afshari Chaharmahali Turkic Qashqai Sonqori
Western	Azerbaijani North Azerbaijani South Azerbaijani Ajem-Turkic Balkan Gagauz Gagauz Karapapakh Turkish Tsalka Karamanli Turkish Old Anatolian Turkish Ottoman Turkish