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Károly Mária Kertbeny | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Karl Maria Kertbeny, ca. 1865 | |
| Born | Karl Maria Benkert (1824-02-28)28 February 1824 |
| Died | 23 January 1882(1882-01-23) (aged 57) |
| Known for | Campaigning forgay rights, coining the termshomosexual andheterosexual (as the German nounsHomosexual andHeterosexual) |
Károly Mária Kertbeny (bornKarl Maria Benkert; 28 February 1824 – 23 January 1882) was aHungarianjournalist,translator,memoirist andhuman rights campaigner. Kertbeny coined the wordsheterosexual andhomosexual as the German nounsHeterosexual andHomosexual.[1]
He translated works by Hungarian poets and writersSándor Petőfi,János Arany andMór Jókai intoGerman. Among his acquaintances wereHeinrich Heine,George Sand,Alfred de Musset,Hans Christian Andersen,Karl Marx,[2] and theBrothers Grimm.
Karl Maria Benkert was born in Vienna in to an artistic Hungarian family on 28 February 1824. He moved with his family toBudapest when he was a child and was equally fluent in German and Hungarian. After a stint in the Hungarian army, Benkert made a living as a journalist and travel writer and wrote at least twenty-five books on various subjects.
Benkert left Hungary and was determined to become an advocate on behalf ofHungarian culture. He, therefore, arranged for his legal name to take the Hungarian form under which he lived and published for most of his life. Final approval on 22 February 1848 made him Kertbeny Károly Mária or, in the standard way of rendering aHungarian name in otherEuropean languages, Károly Mária Kertbeny.[1]
He made a variety of contacts in his travels. He wasCharles Baudelaire's only personalAustro-Hungarian contact.[3]
In his fiction, quite apart from his political advocacy, Kertbeny included homosexual characters in several works, includingErinnerungen an Charles Sealsfield,Spiegelbilder der Erinnerung and the short story "Im Walde".[4]
He settled inBerlin in 1868, when he was still unmarried at 44. Kertbeny claimed in his writings to be "normally sexed". However, his diaries list a self-censored string of encounters with youths and men ("young barber lad"; "very much in love with the lad"; "I have done it"), and recurring fear following the arrest ofKarl Heinrich Ulrichs with whom he corresponded ("Awful days!.... Horrible nightmares. I have burnt all the dangerous letters"), which suggest he was secretly homosexual.[1]
He explained his interest in sexual minorities as his "instinctive drive to take issue with every injustice". He cited as a formative experience from his teenage years the suicide of a co-worker who was being blackmailed and threatened with exposure as a homosexual.
In 1869, he published two anonymous pamphlets.[a] He argued that thePrussiansodomy law, Paragraph 143, which later becameParagraph 175 of the penal code of theGerman Empire,[5] violated the "rights of man". He advanced theclassic liberal argument that consensual sexual acts in private should not be subject to criminal law. He contended that the Prussian law allowed blackmailers to extort money from homosexuals and often drove them to suicide.
Whether sexual preference was innate was called by Kertbeny "a very interesting riddle of nature" that was best excluded from arguments for the decriminalization of sexual practices. Instead, he considered the right of a government to intervene in private matters. He wrote:[1]
We should convince our opponents that exactly according to their legal notions they do not have anything to do with this inclination, let it be innate or voluntary, because the state does not have the right to intervene in what is happening between two consenting people aged over 14, excluding publicity [in private], not hurting the rights of any third party.
On the other hand, he repeatedly described one's sexual drive as "innate and unchanging". That contradicted the dominant view up to that time of men committing "sodomy" out of mere wickedness. Gay men, he said, were not by nature effeminate, and he pointed out that many of the great heroes of history were gay. WithHeinrich Hössli andKarl Heinrich Ulrichs, he was among the first writers to put those now-familiar arguments before the public.
In a letter written on 6 May 1868, Kertbeny published, in German the termshomosexual andheterosexual[6] as part of his system for defining sexual types to replace the pejorative termssodomite andpederast, which were used in the German- and French-speaking world of his time. In addition, he called those whomasturbatemonosexualists, practitioners of anal intercoursepygists, those whohave sex with animalsheterogenists, and a man who prefers women sexuallynormalsexuals (English:normosexual),[7] term of which he used to describe himself.[8] The concept ofbisexuality was named asDoppelsexualität (English:double sexuality).[9][10]
He also used German terms that did not influence his contemporaries but suggest how he was considering terms that did not rely on classical languages, includingdie Gleichegeschlechtlichen ("those of the same sex") andder Gleichegeschlechtlicher Akt ("the same-sex act").[4]
Kertbeny made no further contribution to the debates about homosexuality or its legal status or origins. In 1880, he offered a chapter on homosexuality forGustav Jäger to include in his bookDiscovery of the Soul, but Jäger's publisher decided that it was too controversial and omitted it. Jäger nevertheless used Kertbeny's terminology elsewhere in the book.[11][b]
Kertbeny died in Budapest on 23 January 1882 at the age of 58.József Komócsy [hu] (1836–1894) eulogized him: "He devoted his life to serving his country, even when he was living abroad. He publicised our glory there amongst foreign peoples. His first literary activities were received with mockery, but he did not give up and he brought light to Hungarian literature for foreign people".[12]
The Hungarian writer and literary historianLajos Hatvany [de] has described him in these terms: "This moody, fluttering, imperfect writer is one of the best and undeservedly forgotten Hungarian memoir writers".[citation needed] He also said: "He was born effeminately sensitive, soft, believing, fair, open minded and enthusiastic for beauty. He loved to love, and loved to be loved. He loved only the beautiful and he wanted the love of the best. Mária! - An old, vain, swindling, naughty, clownish, thick skinned, envious, literary adventurer became of him: Károly, poor, Károly!"[12]
Kertbeny's gravesite, which was identified in 2001, is located in Budapest'sKerepesi Cemetery, which is the final resting place of numerous prominent Hungarians of the 19th and the 20th centuries. The gay community set a new tombstone on it, and since 2002, awreath is placed at his grave as part of Hungarian gay festivals.
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