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TheKarelian question orKarelian issue (Finnish:Karjala-kysymys,Swedish:Karelska frågan,Russian:Карельский вопрос) is a dispute inFinnish politics over whether to try to regain control over easternKarelia and other territories ceded to theSoviet Union in theWinter War and theContinuation War. Despite the name "Karelian question", the term may refer also to the return ofPetsamo, ceded parts ofSalla andKuusamo, and four islands in theGulf of Finland. Sometimes the phrase "debate on the return of the ceded territories" (luovutettujen alueiden palautuskeskustelu,Swedish:debatten om tillbakalämningen av de avträdda territorierna) is used. The Karelian question remains a matter of public debate rather than a political issue.
The Karelian question arose whenFinland was forced to cede territories to theSoviet Union after theWinter War in theMoscow peace treaty in 1940. MostFinnish citizens wereevacuated from the ceded areas. Most of them returned during theContinuation War and eventually were evacuated again in 1944. The Soviet Union insisted the ceded areas be completely evacuated in 10 days. The evacuees were partly compensated for their losses; farmers, for example, received land in proportion to their earlier holdings. Usually, the compensation was about one third of the original farm. Compensation for movable property was much less. However, all evacuee families had a right to receive a small farm, and/or a plot for a detached house or a flat. The land used for these grants was confiscated by the state from municipalities and private owners. Financial compensation was funded by a general property tax of 10 to 30%, levied over a period of several years.[1][2] Because the vast majority of the evacuees who had to settle in the rest of Finland were fromceded Karelia, the question was labeledThe Karelian Question. After the Winter War, Karelian municipalities and parishes establishedKarjalan Liitto (the Karelian Association) to defend the rights of Karelians in Finland.
During theCold War, the Karelian-born Finnish politicianJohannes Virolainen lobbied for the return of Karelia. PresidentUrho Kekkonen also tried to reacquire the territory, especially when the Soviet Union returned the peninsula ofPorkkala to Finland in 1956.[3] There was, however, no significant public controversy about the case, because Kekkonen wanted to keep it quiet.[4] The last time Kekkonen tried to raise it was in 1972, but he had no success, and public discussion died out in the 1970s.[5]
After thebreakup of the Soviet Union, the Karelian question somewhat re-surfaced in Finland. According to an article by the Finnish newspaperHelsingin Sanomat in August 2007, the Russian presidentBoris Yeltsin unofficially offered to sell ceded Karelia to Finland in 1991 but was declined.[6] However, according to many Finnish political leaders and the Russian vice Prime Minister of the time, there were no such offers, only unofficial probing of the idea.[7][8][9][10] Andrei Fyodorov, an advisor of Boris Yeltsin, told theHelsingin Sanomat that he was part of a group that was tasked by the government of Russia in 1991–1992 with calculating the price of returning Karelia to Finland. This price was set at 15 billion US dollars. According to Fyodorov, Finnish presidentMauno Koivisto and Finnish foreign ministerPaavo Väyrynen were aware of these unofficial discussions.[11]
 | This section needs to beupdated. The reason given is: This section does not mention any polls or discussions after the 2022 invasion of Ukraine. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(October 2024) |
Karjalan Liitto is an interest group of Karelian evacuees which hopes that Karelia will once again become part of Finland at some point, but does not openly demand it. Some smaller groups, such asProKarelia, continue to campaign for the peaceful return of Karelia. However, no serious political party has openly supported this goal, and Finnish politicians generally say there is no need for it, citing Finland's peace treaty with Russia. There are some individual politicians who support the return of Karelia, such asMEPAri Vatanen, and two candidates in thepresidential election of 2006:Timo Soini andArto Lahti. Other candidates have stated that Finland has signed apeace treaty and should not campaign for the return of what are now Russian-developed territories.[12] During a debate prior to the2012 presidential election Timo Soini reiterated his view that, if elected, he would advance the issue.[13]
Both Russia and Finland have repeatedly stated that no open territorial dispute exists between the two countries. Finland's official stance is that the borders may be changed through peaceful negotiations, although there is currently no need to hold open talks, as Russia has shown no intention of returning the ceded areas, or discussing the question. In 1994Boris Yeltsin commented that the "seizure of Finnish Karelia" was an example of Stalin's totalitarian and aggressive politics.[14] Later in 1997 he stated that the matter was closed. In 2000 Russian PresidentVladimir Putin stated that such discussions may endanger Finnish–Russian relations, and in 2001 he said that "changing borders is not the best way to resolve problems", but that possible solutions would be "integration and cooperation".[15]
In 1998Finnish PresidentMartti Ahtisaari said that "Finland's official position is that it does not have territorial demands on Russia. However, if Russia wants to discuss returning the ceded areas, Finland is ready for that."[16] Several other politicians holding government office, such as the former foreign ministerErkki Tuomioja and prime ministerMatti Vanhanen, have made statements along the same lines.[17][18]
When commenting on poll results on 18 January 2005, the Foreign Minister of RussiaSergei Lavrov stated that if Russia were to be asked to return the ceded areas, "the answer would be absolutely negative".[19]
The latest[when?] polls show that approximately 26% to 38% of Finns would like to see Karelia return to Finnish control and some 51% to 62% would oppose such a move. In Russia, people associate the word "Karelia" with theRepublic of Karelia instead ofFinnish Karelia, which makes conducting polls more difficult. In a 1999 poll byMTV3, 34% of the people ofVyborg supported returning Karelia to Finland and 57% were opposed.Vyborg and the rest of the ceded Karelia outside theRepublic of Karelia nowadays contain very few ethnic Finns, and is almost exclusively inhabited by people who moved there during the Soviet era and their descendants.
In a poll conducted by the newspaperKarjala and the research instituteMC-Info Oy on 13 October 2005, 36% of Finns supported the return of ceded territories, compared to 51% who are opposed. In August 2005, a poll byHelsingin Sanomat and SuomenGallup, determined that 30% of Finns supported and 62% opposed the return.[20] In a poll by Taloustutkimus and Karjalan Liitto conducted in May 2005, support was 26% while 58% were opposed.[21] A year earlier, a poll by STT showed 38% supporting and 57% opposing. A poll by Taloustutkimus was criticized byProKarelia for askingleading questions, such as, "Do you support the return of Karelia, even if it would mean more tense relations or even war with Russia?"[22] 5% of supporters and of those who declined to respond supported the return even under these circumstances (2.1% of all replies).[23]
Many of the people who were born in Karelia and were evacuated want Karelia to become part of Finland. According to a 2005 Gallup poll, older people (ages 65 and up) and young people (15-25) supported the idea more strongly than the generation of their parents (25–65) who grew up during theCold War.[20] Former PresidentMauno Koivisto was against a discussion about the question.[24] Support for regaining the ceded areas is also strong among minornationalistright-wing groups.
One of the main reasons for opposing the return is the fear of the costs it would bring. According to another poll conducted byHelsingin Sanomat, 42% of Finns opposing the return list that as the most important single reason. The standard of living on the Russian side of the border is much lower than on the Finnish side.[citation needed] TheGDP (PPP) per capita in Finland is about double that of Russia.
The costs of bringing Karelia to the same level with the rest of Finland have been researched only by supporters of the idea. According to a survey conducted by ProKarelia, the area has natural advantages that, under Finnish rule, would make it a centre of trade with Russia and industry and thus bring economic growth fast enough to solve the entire problem. According to both ProKarelian research and Arto Lahti's estimate, the price of return would be about 30 billioneuro.[25][26][27]
The area of Karelia ceded to Russia is inhabited mostly by people who moved there fromUkraine,Belarus and Russia, and their descendants. The fate of these people is a major issue in discussions of the return of Karelia to Finland. According to a poll by Finnish newspaperHelsingin Sanomat, 14% of people opposing return said their biggest concern was the tensions that could be caused by a larger Russian-speaking minority in Finland. As of 2004, there were about 370,000 Russians living in the region.[28]
If the inhabitants were allowed to stay in their homes, Finland would receive a few hundred thousand new Russian-speaking people with no experience of living in Finnish society. If services for them in their own language were to be provided, Finland would need many more officials capable of speaking Russian. In ProKarelia's vision, nearly half of the Russian population in Karelia would be estimated to choose to move to Russia,[29] and even more would leave if Finland paid their expenses for doing so.[25] However, most of the Russian-speaking population of Karelia were born there and have spent all their life in the region.[citation needed]
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