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| Karankawa | |
|---|---|
| Keles | |
| Native to | United States |
| Region | Texas coast, fromGalveston Island toCorpus Christi |
| Ethnicity | Karankawa people |
| Extinct | c. 1880 |
unclassified | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | zkk |
zkk | |
| Glottolog | kara1289 |
 Pre-contact distribution of the Karankawa language | |
Karankawa (/kəˈræŋkəwə/kə-RANK-ə-wə)[1] is the extinct, unclassified language of the Texas coast, where theKarankawa people migrated between the mainland and thebarrier islands. It was not closely related to other known languages in the area, many of which are also poorly attested, and may have been alanguage isolate. A couple hundred words are preserved, collected in 1698, 1720, and 1828; in the 1880s, three lists were collected from non-Karankawa who knew some words.
Karankawa has sometimes been included with neighboring languages in aCoahuiltecan family, but that is now thought to be spurious.[citation needed]
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | lab. | ||||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | kʷ | ʔ | |
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | |||||
| Affricate | ts | tʃ | |||||
| Fricative | s | ʃ | x | h | |||
| Approximant | w | l | j | ||||
There were also possible lateral affricate sounds [tɬ, dɮ] which were represented as <kl, gl>.[2]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i iː | u uː | |
| Mid | e eː | ə | o oː |
| Open | a aː |
Though only a few hundred words of the Karankawa language are preserved, the following are selected words recorded byAlbert Gatschet, a Swiss-American anthropologist and linguist, referenced from the last fluent speakers of the language.[3]
The following vocabulary list of Karankawa is fromJohn Swanton (1940).[4]
| gloss | Karankawa |
|---|---|
| about to | tcápn |
| acorn | kalac |
| adze | kusila |
| affectionate | mutá |
| after a while | messús |
| all the time | mucawáta |
| alligator | hókso |
| also | ténno |
| always | mucawáta |
| and | ténno |
| angry, to be very | napé-nai naxerúaxa pára |
| arm (forearm) | se-cotan |
| arm (upper) | se-imahaha |
| arrow | demo |
| ashes | ahona |
| at present | messús |
| ax | kialn |
| babe | kwā́n |
| bad | tcúta |
| ball for musket | kecila-demuks |
| barrel | búdel |
| basin | koje ön |
| beads | kujahin |
| beans | kudec |
| bear | ǒ's |
| beef | didot, tíkĕmai |
| behold, to | tcá |
| belly | a-luk |
| big | kunin |
| bird | kúdn |
| bird, a common | tekotsen |
| biscuit | kuejam |
| bison | didot |
| black | ma, pál |
| blue | tsō'l |
| board | kuaham |
| boat | awán, elucun |
| bow, a | gái, kruin |
| bowl | kok |
| boy | kolohs, níktam |
| bread | kwiáṃ |
| bread, fresh | kokam |
| break, to | táhama |
| breast | kanín |
| brush | tesselénia |
| bucket of tin | koláme |
| build (a fire), to | kosáta |
| building | bá-ak, kaham |
| bull | didot |
| by and by | messús |
| cabin | bá-ak, kaham |
| calf | koco |
| calico | kádla |
| calumet | kadiol |
| camp | bá-ak, kaham |
| can | tá |
| cannon | etjam |
| canoe | awā́n, elucun, uahahim |
| capture, to | haítn |
| cask | kaa-konam |
| cat | gáta |
| catch, to | haítn |
| cattle | didot |
| cherish, to | ka |
| chicken | kúdn, wólya |
| chief | hálba |
| child | kwā́n |
| chin | em-imian hanéna |
| cigarette | káhe, swénas |
| circular | lá-akum |
| cloth | kwíss |
| clothing | a-lams |
| cold | delin |
| come! | éwē |
| come, to | gás |
| come here! éwē | gás, wána |
| come quick! | éwē |
| converse, to | kaúpn |
| cord | bacina |
| com | kwiáṃ |
| cow, a | nen, didot |
| cowhorn | teke-dolan |
| crane | kĕdō'd, koln |
| curlew | kwojol |
| dangerous | tcúta |
| dart | kusila |
| day | bákta |
| dead | mál |
| dear | mutá |
| deer | dóatn, tekomandotsen |
| deerskin | kesul |
| desire, to | tá |
| disk-shaped | lá-akum |
| do, to | kosáta |
| dog | kec |
| don't cry! | ăhămmic |
| dress | kádla, kwíss |
| drink, to | kouaen |
| duck | kue, medá-u |
| dugout | awā́n |
| eagle | balsehe |
| eat, to | aknámas |
| egg | dáhome |
| eight | haíkia |
| exhausted | kwá-al |
| eye | em-ikus |
| eyebrows | im-lahue |
| fabric | kwíss |
| fall, to | amóak |
| far off | nyá wól |
| farewell! | atcáta |
| father | béhema |
| feathers | hamdolok |
| female | nen |
| fine | plá |
| finger | étsma |
| fire | húmhe, kwátci, kwoilesem |
| fire-pot | koko |
| fire-sticks | akta demaje |
| fish | áṃ, kiles |
| fish-hook | kusila |
| five | nā́tsa |
| flagon | kedika |
| flour | ámhătn |
| fly, a | kamej |
| foot | eham, kékeya |
| four | hayo |
| French, the | kalbasska |
| friend | aháyika |
| get away! | ăhắmmic |
| gimlet | klani |
| girl | kā́da |
| give, to | báwûs |
| glass | kusila |
| glassware | kujahin |
| globiform | lá-akum |
| go, to | gás, yé |
| go away! | wána |
| going to | tcápn |
| gone | budáma |
| good | kuìst-baha, plá |
| good bye! | atcáta |
| goose | lá-ak |
| gown | kádla, kwíss |
| grass | awátcxol |
| great | yá-an |
| grindstone | hama |
| grow, to | kwā́n |
| gun | kisulp |
| gunpowder | kalmel |
| hair | ekia aikui |
| hand | étsma |
| handsome | hamála |
| harpoon | kusila |
| hasten, to | kóta, xankéye |
| hat | kalama |
| hatchet | matcíta |
| hate, to | matákia |
| he | tál |
| head | en-okea |
| healthy | klabán |
| heart | láhama |
| hen | kúdn, wólya |
| hog | tapcewá |
| horn of cow | teke-dolan |
| horse | kanueüm, kuwáyi |
| house | bá-ak, kaham |
| hungry | ámel |
| hurry, to | kóta, xankéye |
| hurt, to | kassítcuwakn |
| hush | ăhắmmic |
| hut | bá-ak, kaham |
| I | náyi |
| injure, to | kassítcuwakn |
| it | tál |
| jug | kahan |
| jump, to | éṃ |
| kettle | kukujol |
| kill, to | ahúk |
| kitten | gáta |
| knee | en-klas |
| knife | bekekomb, kusila, silekáyi |
| know, to | kúmna, kwáss |
| large | yá-an |
| lark | kutsen |
| laugh, to | kaíta |
| leg | em-anpok |
| let us go! | wána |
| lie down, to | wú-ak |
| little | kwā́n, níktam |
| lodge | bá-ak, kaham |
| long | wól |
| long ago | upāt |
| love, to | ka |
| maize | kwiáṃ |
| make, to | káhawan, kosáta |
| man | ahaks, tecoyu, úci, yámawe |
| manufacture, to | káhawan |
| marry, to | mawída |
| mast | kesul |
| mat | didaham |
| me | náyi |
| metal | kusila |
| milk | tesnakwáya |
| mine | náyi |
| molasses | téskaus |
| moon | a-uil |
| mosquito | gắ |
| mother | kanín |
| mouth | emi-akwoi |
| much | wól |
| music | yŏ'ta |
| musket-ball | kecila-demuks |
| my | náyi |
| neck | em-sebek |
| needle | aguíya, besehena |
| nice | plá |
| nine | haíkia |
| no! | kóṃ |
| nose | em-ai aluak |
| not | kóṃ |
| now | acáhak |
| oak-apple | ēkskitula |
| obnoxious | tcúta |
| octopus | áṃ |
| one | nā́tsa |
| oyster | dắ |
| paddle | em-luajem |
| pail | kok |
| pain, to cause | kassítcuwakn |
| pan, frying- | koláme |
| paper | imetes akuam |
| past | budáma |
| peas | kudec |
| pelican | ōkman |
| perform, to | kosáta |
| pickax | kialn |
| pig | kalbasska, madóna |
| pimento | kesesmai |
| pin | besehena |
| pinnacle | kesesmai |
| pipe | kadiol |
| pistol | ka ai kuan |
| plaice | ampaj |
| plate made of tin | kesila-konan |
| plenty of | wól |
| plover | sebe |
| potato | yám |
| pound, to | kássig |
| powerful | wól |
| prairie chicken | kúdn, wólya |
| presently | acáhak |
| pretty | hamála |
| produce, to | káhawan |
| push, to | dán |
| quick, to come | xankéye |
| rain | wí-asn |
| read, to | gwá |
| red | tamóyika |
| return, to | gás |
| round | lá-akum |
| run, to | xankéye, tólos |
| saber | teheye |
| sail | a-lams |
| salt | dem, ketac |
| sand | kohon |
| satisfaction, expression of | baa |
| say, to | kaúpn |
| scat! | ăhămmic |
| see, to | tcá |
| serpent | aúd |
| seven | haíkia, nā́tsa |
| sew, to | teksilea |
| sexual organs, male | em-ibak |
| she | tál |
| ship | awā́n, elucun |
| shirt | gusgáma |
| shoe | kameplan |
| shoot, to | ódn |
| shoulder | em-sehota |
| sick | a-eas, kwátco |
| side to side, to pass from | lon |
| sit, to | háka |
| sit down! | háka |
| six | haíkia, háyo |
| skin of deer | kesul |
| skip, to | éṃ |
| sleep, to | ĭṃ, neianana |
| small | kwā́n |
| smoke | ánawan |
| snake | aúd |
| soon | messús |
| Spaniards | kahamkeami |
| speak, to | gaxiamétĕt, kaúpn |
| stag | tekomandotsen |
| stand, to | yétso |
| stomach | a-luk |
| strike, to | gá-an |
| strong | wól |
| suck, to | énno |
| sugar | téskaus |
| sun | klos, dóowal |
| sweet | téskaus |
| swim, to | nótawa |
| talk, to | kaúpn |
| tall | yá-an |
| tar | kuja |
| tattooings | bacenana |
| tear, to | táhama |
| teat | kanín |
| tell, to | kaúpn |
| ten | hábe |
| textile | kwíss |
| that | tál |
| there | nyá |
| thigh | em-edal |
| thine | áwa |
| this | tál |
| thou | áwa |
| three | kaxáyi |
| thy | áwa |
| tired | kwá-al |
| tobacco | a-kanan, káhe, dé |
| tongue | a-lean |
| Tonkawa Indian | Tcankáya |
| too | ténno |
| tooth | dolonakin, é |
| tooth-brush | tesselénia |
| touch, to | tcaútawal |
| tree | akwiní |
| turtle, a large green | haítnlokn |
| two | haíkia |
| understand, to | kúmna |
| useful | plá |
| vermilion | kadüm |
| vessel | awā́n, elucun |
| walk, to | shak, yé |
| wall | kesul |
| want, to | tá |
| water | klai, komkom |
| water-hen | uapa |
| weep, to | owíya |
| well | klabán |
| where? | mudá |
| whiskey | labá-i |
| whistle, to | áksōl |
| white | péka |
| wicked | tcúta |
| wide | yá-an |
| will | tcápn |
| wind | bá, eta |
| wine | klebö |
| wish, to | tá |
| wolf | kec |
| woman, a | acade |
| wood | kesul |
| work, to | takína |
| yes | ihié-ă |
| yesterday | tuwámka |
| yonder | nyá |
| you | áwa |
| young of an animal | kwā́n |
| youngster | níktam |
