Kapiʻolani
High Chiefess of Ka'ū and South Kona
Silhouette byPersis Goodale Thurston Taylor, 1839
Born	c. 1781 Hilo, Hawaii
Died	May 5, 1841 Honolulu
Spouse	High Chief Naihe (others?)
Father	Keawemauhili, Aliʻi Nui of Hilo
Mother	High Chiefess Kekikipaʻa

High Chiefess Kapiʻolani (c. 1781–1841) was an important member of the Hawaiian nobility at the time of the founding of theKingdom of Hawaiʻi and the arrival ofChristian missionaries. She was one of the first Hawaiians to read and write, as well as sponsor of a church. She made a dramatic display of her new faith, which was the subject of a poem byAlfred, Lord Tennyson.

Every high chief in the Hawaiian Islands was related to her, includingKamehameha I, who was both her second cousin and her third cousin through different relations. Her ancestors includedroyalty of Kauaʻi,royalty of Maui and theroyalty of Hawaiʻi island. The name probably comes fromka pi'o lani meaning "heavenly arch" in theHawaiian language.^[1]

The father of Kapiʻolani wasKeawemauhili, who was high chief (Aliʻi Nui) of the district ofHilo on theisland of Hawaiʻi. She was probably born there about 1781. Keawemauhili was half-brother toKalaniʻōpuʻu who was king of the island during the fatal visit ofCaptain James Cook in 1779. Her mother was his second wife Kekikipaʻa, daughter ofKameʻeiamoku, who had fled with from her first husband Kamehameha I to Hilo in order to marry Keawemauhili.^[2]: 41She was a first cousin ofKiwalaʻo, the young king of the island who was killed when Kamehameha I first came to power at thebattle of Mokuʻōhai in July 1782.

After a quiet period of a few years, the civil wars continued in 1790. Her father Keawemauhili joined forces with Kamehameha, but was then killed by his nephewKeōua Kuahuʻula. The young Kapiʻolani was thrown in the bushes by her caretakers as the army fled, but was saved and sent to live with her aunt Akahi in the village of Kealia in theKona District near the religious centers onKealakekua Bay.^[3]She was instructed in theHawaiian religion and its strict social rules known askapu. For example, women were not allowed to eat bananas. Once she sent a servant boy to secretly get some for her to taste. When the local priest found out, she was spared but the boy was sacrificed.^[2]

She was still a young girl when theVancouver Expedition arrived at Kealakekua Bay in 1793 and 1794. This time, through interpreters, Hawaiians could start to learn about other cultures.^[4] In 1805, an epidemic known asmai oku'u broke out. Much of the royalty, including Kamehameha I and Kapiʻolani got very sick. She might have briefly marriedHigh Chief Chief Kuakini, who later became the royal governor of the island. She became known as having liaisons with several members of the ruling class.

The death of Kamehameha in 1819 put the kingdom into turmoil. The period known asʻAi Noa (literally, "free eating") after one king's death was traditionally followed by the new king imposing similar Kapu rules. However, this time, powerful women such as QueenKaʻahumanu (then Regent),Keōpūolani (mother of the new KingKamehameha II), along with Kapiʻolani, were not satisfied with the old ways. ChiefKeaoua Kekuaokalani attempted to gather followers of the old system at the temple near where she was living, but he was defeated at thebattle of Kuamoʻo.

American Christian Missionaries led by Rev.Asa Thurston arrived only a few months later, in March 1820 atKailua-Kona about 12 miles (19 km) to the north. They had already embarked on the shipThaddeus before Kamehameha's death. They describe meeting Kapiʻolani for the first time as she was sunbathing while applying coconut oil, "basking in the noonday tropical sun, like a seal". They also describe finding her "with her two husbands, all nearly nude, and in a state of beastly intoxication".^[2]: 46

She followed the missionaries toHonolulu in 1821, where a school had been set up. She quickly learned toread and write and settled into amonogamous relationship with her husbandNaihe (her stepbrother, since her father married his mother). She returned to Kealakekua Bay in the spring of 1823, but wanted to continue her education. She would send boats up to Kailua to pick up a preacher for Sunday services.

In the summer of 1823William Ellis toured the island to determine locations for mission stations, and identified Kapiʻolani and Naihe as "friends and patrons of missionary efforts".^[5]: 236 Because of this, he suggested the village of Kaʻawaloa at the north end of Kealakekua Bay as one of the first sites for a church.^[5]: 19Later on the tour, after a long journey to the volcanoKīlauea with little food, Ellis eagerly ate the wild berries they found growing there.^[5]: 128 The berries of the ʻŌhelo(Vaccinium reticulatum) plant were considered sacred to the goddessPele, who lived in the volcano according toHawaiian mythology. Traditionally prayers and offerings to Pele were always made before eating the berries. The volcano crater was an active lava lake, which the natives feared was a sign that Pele was not pleased with the violation.^[5]: 143

In February 1824 Kapiʻolani constructed a thatched house about 60 feet (18 m) by 30 feet (9.1 m) for use as a church, and Rev. James Ely starting using it for services in April. Although other leaders had tolerated the missionaries, this was the first time a major noble had constructed a building specifically for them.^[6]

In the fall of 1824 she decided to show her people a dramatic demonstration of her faith.

Although many other temples were destroyed by this time, the native Hawaiians continued to honor the goddess Pele at Kīlauea, which was still active. Following the example of the Ellis trip, she traveled to the volcano. Because of the sharp, barren lava rock on the way, it would have been much faster to use canoes. She set out on foot, gathering a large crowd as she walked about sixty miles. Rev. Goodrich from theHilo mission met her at the volcano near the end of December. The guardians of Pele warned that if she did not make the customary offerings, she would certainly be killed. Many remembered when their relatives were wiped out by anexplosive eruption in 1790. She said a Christian prayer instead of the traditional one to Pele, and descended about 500 feet down into the main vent ofHalemaʻumaʻu. There was a molten lava lake at the time, but no eruption and she survived intact, with only bruises on her feet from the long journey. This event has become legendary at the volcano.^[7] Whilst on the volcano, she defied Pele by breaking a taboo of eating ʻŌhelo berries without offering any to Pele, as was custom. Instead she told her onlookers that if she returned without being destroyed by Pele in the volcano, they must abandon their worship of Pele and instead worship the Christian God.

In July 1825,Admiral Lord Byron (cousin of the famous poet) brought back the bodies of Kamehameha II and Queen Kamāmalu who had died in England.^[8] Naihe traveled to Honolulu and helped negotiate the peaceful transition in which the 11-year-old Prince Kauikeaouli would be namedKamehameha III, but power would be held again by Queen Kaʻahumanu. Naihe led Byron back to Kealakekua Bay, where his crew looted many artifacts from the temples that remained in the area.^[9]

In October 1825 Kapiʻolani was baptized. Commanding the respect of the people, she kept order in her districts of south Kona and Kaʻū, and often traveled to help the less fortunate. This was very different than the strict isolation of the upper classes that was the tradition inancient Hawaii. She is described as not being "hard and puritanical" but rather having a "nature-loving spirit".^[2]: 51Rev. Samuel Ruggles became pastor of the church in 1828. He found the shoreline areas too hot, so Kapiʻolani offered some land at a higher elevation and a few miles inland to build a house. It was near the present town ofCaptain Cook, an area formerly used to growtaro calledKuapehu.^[10]USS Vincennes visited Kealakekua Bay in 1829 and she hosted the officers at her home. The ship chaplain, Rev. Charles Stewart, was a former missionary to Hawaii who had met Kapiʻolani in 1823.^[4]

In 1829, she was saddened to find the destruction of the temples included desecrating the bones of her ancestors at thePuʻuhonua o Hōnaunau.She removed the remains of the old chiefs and hid them in thePali Kapu O Keōua cliffs. She then ordered this last temple to be destroyed. The bones were kept hidden safely until they were moved to theRoyal Mausoleum of Hawaii in 1858.^[11]

Naihe died December 29, 1831, and Kapiʻolani moved uphill to live near the missionaries. She became friends withPersis Goodale Thurston Taylor (daughter ofAsa andLucy Goodale Thurston) who sketched a silhouette in 1839. She started a garden, experimenting with various plants, including guava, oranges, and coffee. This area is now known as the center for growingKona coffee.In 1839 missionary Cochran Forbes started to build a massive stone church on more of her land.The site waskepulu, just uphill from the current village ofNapoʻopoʻo,^[12] since the village of Kaʻawaloa was mostly abandoned.

In about 1840 she developedbreast cancer. In March 1841 she traveled to Honolulu for surgery by Dr.Gerrit P. Judd (without anesthetic). She recovered, and was preparing to leave when she died on May 5, 1841. She was buried in a royal plot in Honolulu.^[2]: 52

Chiefess Kapiʻolani Elementary School
Location
966 Kilauea Avenue Hilo , Hawaiʻi 96720
Coordinates	19°42′48″N155°4′41″W / 19.71333°N 155.07806°W /19.71333; -155.07806
Information
Type	Public
Grades	K–6
Number of students	402
Campus type	Outdoor
Athletics conference	Big Island Interscholastic Federation
Accreditation	Western Association of Schools and Colleges
Affiliation	State ofHawaii

The massive stone church would fall into ruin, but be rebuilt several times. Now known asKahikolu Church, it is still in use today.

The "Chiefess Kapiʻolani Elementary School" is named for her. As of 2008 enrollment was 402 students.^[13] The school is located at 966 Kilauea Avenue inHilo, Hawaii.

The story of Kapiʻolani became very popular in the middle of the 19th century. The British authorAlfred, Lord Tennyson (1809–1892) wrote a poem about her, published after his death by his son.^[14] Verse IV, for example reads:

Long as the lava-light
Glares from the lava-take,
Dazing the starlight;
Long as the silvery vapor in daylight,
Over the mountain

Floats, will the glory of Kapiolani be mingled with either on Hawa-i-ee.

Her nephewKūhiō Kalanianaʻole named his daughter after her, who became known asQueen Kapiʻolani (1834–1899) when her husband becameKing Kalākaua. This namesake would in turn lend her name to several notable institutions in Hawaii.

• List of Missionaries to Hawaii
• List ofKapiʻolani namesakes

Wikimedia Commons has media related toChiefess Kapiolani.

• 1780s births
• 1841 deaths
• Royalty of the Hawaiian Kingdom
• Converts to Christianity from Hawaiian religion
• Hawaiian Kingdom Protestants

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