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Kaph

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Eleventh letter of many Semitic alphabets
Kaph
Phoenician
𐤊
Hebrew
כ
Aramaic
𐡊
Syriac
ܟ
Arabic
ك
Phonemic representationk(x)
Position in alphabet11
Numerical value20
Alphabetic derivatives of the Phoenician
GreekΚ
LatinK
CyrillicК
This article containsUgaritic text. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUgaritic alphabet.

Kaph (also spelledkaf) is the eleventhletter of theSemitic abjads, includingPhoeniciankāp 𐤊,Hebrewkāp̄כ‎,Aramaickāp 𐡊,Syriackāp̄ ܟ, andArabickāfك‎ (inabjadi order).

The Phoenician letter gave rise to theGreekkappa (Κ),LatinK, andCyrillicК.

Origin

[edit]

Kaph is thought to be derived from a pictogram of a hand (in both modernArabic andmodern Hebrew,kaphכף means "palm" or "grip"), though in Arabic thea in the name of the letter (كاف) is pronounced longer than thea in the word meaning "palm" (كَف). The small ک above thekāf in its final and isolated formsك  ـك was originally‘alāmatu-l-ihmāl, but became a permanent part of the letter. Previously this sign could also appear above the medial form ofkāf, instead of the stroke on itsascender.

D46

Arabic kāf

[edit]
See also:khē,ng (Arabic letter), andgaf

The letter is namedkāf, and it is written in several ways depending on its position in the word.

There are four variants of the letter:

  • The basic form is used for the Arabic language and many other languages and is theNaskh glyph form.
Position in wordIsolatedFinalMedialInitial
Glyph form:
(Help)
كـكـكـكـ
  • The cross-barred form,al-kāf al-mashkūlah oral-kāf al-mashqūqah,[1] is theNastaliq form used predominantly in thePerso-Arabic script and as an alternative form of the version above in all forms of Arabic. It has a particular use in theSindhi language of Pakistan where it represents theaspirated /kʰ/ and is calledkeheh.
Position in wordIsolatedFinalMedialInitial
Glyph form:
(Help)
کـکـکـکـ
  • The long s-shaped variant form,al-kāf al-mabsūṭah,[2] which is used in Arabic texts and inThuluth andKufic. It is a separate letter in theSindhi language of Pakistan, where it represents the unaspirated /k/.
Position in wordIsolatedFinalMedialInitial
Glyph form:
(Help)
ڪـڪـڪـڪـ
  • The variant of letterkhe in Persian, and inTausug with a line above namedgaf is used, and it is thus written as:
Position in wordIsolatedFinalMedialInitial
Glyph form:
(Help)
گـگـگـگـ

Other than the four variants of the letterkāf as mentioned below, there are also five other variants of the Persian lettergaf, namely,

  • the letterkhe with one dot above is used in theJawi alphabet, and it is thus written as:
Position in wordIsolatedFinalMedialInitial
Glyph form:
(Help)
ݢ‎ـݢ‎ـݢ‎ـݢ‎ـ
  • the letterkāf with three dots below is used in thePegon alphabet, using a modified basic form ofkāf, and it is thus written as:
Position in wordIsolatedFinalMedialInitial
Glyph form:
(Help)
ڮ‎ـڮ‎ـڮ‎ـڮ‎ـ
Position in wordIsolatedFinalMedialInitial
Glyph form:
(Help)
ـࢴـࢴـࢴـ
  • the letterkhe with a ring is used inPashto, and it is thus written as:
Position in wordIsolatedFinalMedialInitial
Glyph form:
(Help)
ګـګـګـګـ
Position in wordIsolatedFinalMedialInitial
Glyph form:
(Help)
ـࢰـࢰـࢰـ

InOttoman Turkish,Chagatai,Kazakh,Kyrgyz,Azerbaijani,Uyghur,Moroccan Arabic,Xiao'erjing script, the Arabic letterng has two forms, namely:

  • the letterkhe with three dots above is used, and thus it is written as:
Position in wordIsolatedFinalMedialInitial
Glyph form:
(Help)
ݣـݣـݣـݣـ
  • the basic form of the letterkāf with three dots is used, and thus it is written as:
Position in wordIsolatedFinalMedialInitial
Glyph form:
(Help)
ڭـڭـڭـڭـ

There is also one another variant of the letterng, which is the letterkhe with three dots below, and it is thus written as:

Position in wordIsolatedFinalMedialInitial
Glyph form:
(Help)
ݤـݤـݤـݤـ

In theSindhi alphabet, the lettergaf with two dots above is used, and it is thus written as:

Position in wordIsolatedFinalMedialInitial
Glyph form:
(Help)
ڱ‎‎ـڱ‎‎ـڱ‎‎ـڱ‎‎ـ

There is also lettergueh in the Sindhi alphabet.Gueh is thus written as:

Position in wordIsolatedFinalMedialInitial
Glyph form:
(Help)
ڳـڳـڳـڳـ

Before 1928, the Nogai alphabet was written in Arabic script. There is one such letter based on a basic form ofkāf with three dots below, and it is thus written as:

Position in wordIsolatedFinalMedialInitial
Glyph form:
(Help)
ڮـڮـڮـڮـ

Invarieties of Arabickāf is almost universally pronounced as thevoiceless velar plosive/k/, but inrural Palestinian andIraqi, it is pronounced as avoiceless postalveolar affricate[t͡ʃ].

As an affix

[edit]

Prefix

[edit]

In Arabic,kāf, when used as a prefixكَـka, functions as a comparativepreposition (أداة التشبيه, such asمِثْل/miθl/ orشَبَه/ʃabah/)[3] and can carry the meaning of English words"like","as", or"as though" . For example,كَطَائِر (/katˤaːʔir/), means "like a bird" or "as though a bird" (as in Hebrew, above) and attached toذٰلِك/ðaːlik/ "this, that" forms the fixed expressionكَذٰلِك/kaðaːlik/ "like so, likewise."

Possessive suffix

[edit]

When adjoined at the end of a word,kāf is used as apossessive suffix for second-person singular nouns (feminine takingkāf-kasrahكِ,/ki/ and masculinekāf-fatḥahكَ/ka/); for instance,كِتَابkitāb ("book") becomesكِتَابُكَkitābuka ("your book", where the person spoken to is masculine)كِتَابُكِkitābuki ("your book", where the person spoken to is feminine). At the ends of sentences and often in conversation the final vowel is suppressed, and thusكِتَابُكkitābuk ("your book"). In several varieties of vernacular Arabic, however, thekāf with noharakat is the standard second-person possessive, with the literary Arabic harakah shifted to the letterbefore thekāf: thus masculine "your book" in these varieties isكِتَابَكkitābak and feminine "your book"كِتَابِكkitābik.

Hebrew kaf

[edit]
Orthographic variants
Various print fontsCursive
Hebrew
Rashi
script
SerifSans-serifMonospaced
כככ

Hebrew spelling:כַּף

Hebrew pronunciation

[edit]
Main article:Modern Hebrew phonology

The letter kaf is one of the six letters that can receive adagesh kal. The other five arebet,gimel,daleth,pe, andtav (seeHebrew alphabet for more about these letters).

There are two orthographic variants of this letter that alter the pronunciation:

NameSymbolIPATransliteration[4]Example
Kafכּ[k]kkangaroo
Khafכ[χ] or[x]ḵ, ch, or khloch

Kaf with the dagesh

[edit]

When the kaph has a "dot" in its center, known as adagesh, it represents avoiceless velar plosive (/k/). There are various rules inHebrew grammar that stipulate when and why a dagesh is used.

Kaf without the dagesh (khaf)

[edit]

When this letter appears asכwithout thedagesh ("dot") in its center it represents[χ], like thech in German "Bach", or[x], likech in Scottish English "loch".

Inmodern Israeli Hebrew the letterheth is often pronounced the same way. However,Mizrahi Jews andPalestinian Arabs living in Israel have differentiated between these letters as in other Semitic languages.

Final form of kaf

[edit]
Orthographic variants
Various Print FontsCursive
Hebrew
Rashi
script
SerifSans-serifMonospaced
ךךך

If the letter is at the end of a word the symbol is drawn differently. However, it does not change the pronunciation ortransliteration in any way. The name for the letter isfinal kaf (kaf sofit). Four additional Hebrew letters take final forms:mem,nun,pei andtsadi. Kaf/khaf is the only Hebrew letter that can take a vowel in its word-final form, which is pronounced after the consonant, that vowel being theqamatz.

NameAlternate nameSymbol
Final kafKaf sofitךּ
Final khafKhaf sofitך

Significance of kaph in Hebrew

[edit]

Ingematria, kaph represents the number 20. Its final form represents 500, but this is rarely used,tav andqoph (400+100) being used instead.

As aprefix, kaph is apreposition:

  • It can mean "like" or "as", as in literary Arabic (see above).
  • In colloquial Hebrew, kaph andshin together have the meaning of "when". This is a contraction ofכַּאֲשֶׁר‎,ka'asher (when).

Syriac kap

[edit]
Position in wordIsolatedFinalMedialInitial
Glyph form:
(Help)
ܟ‎ـܟ‎ـܟ‎ـܟ‎ـ

Character encodings

[edit]
Character information
Previewכך
Unicode nameHEBREW LETTER KAFHEBREW LETTER KAF WITH DAGESHHEBREW LETTER FINAL KAFHEBREW LETTER FINAL KAF WITH DAGESH
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode1499U+05DB64315U+FB3B1498U+05DA64314U+FB3A
UTF-8215 155D7 9B239 172 187EF AC BB215 154D7 9A239 172 186EF AC BA
Numeric character referenceכככּכּךךךּךּ
Character information
Previewك
Unicode nameARABIC LETTER KAFARABIC LETTER KAF INITIAL FORMARABIC LETTER KAF MEDIAL FORMARABIC LETTER KAF FINAL FORM
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode1603U+064365243U+FEDB65244U+FEDC65242U+FEDA
UTF-8217 131D9 83239 187 155EF BB 9B239 187 156EF BB 9C239 187 154EF BB 9A
Numeric character referenceككﻛﻛﻜﻜﻚﻚ
Character information
Preview𐤊𐡊ܟ
Unicode namePHOENICIAN LETTER KAFIMPERIAL ARAMAIC LETTER KAPHSYRIAC LETTER KAPH
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechex
Unicode67850U+1090A67658U+1084A1823U+071F
UTF-8240 144 164 138F0 90 A4 8A240 144 161 138F0 90 A1 8A220 159DC 9F
UTF-1655298 56586D802 DD0A55298 56394D802 DC4A1823071F
Numeric character reference𐤊𐤊𐡊𐡊ܟܟ

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related toKaph (letter).
  1. ^Gacek, Adam (2008).The Arabic manuscript tradition: a glossary of technical terms and bibliography: supplement. Leiden: Brill. p. 43.ISBN 978-9004165403.
  2. ^Gacek, Adam (2008).The Arabic manuscript tradition: a glossary of technical terms and bibliography: supplement. Leiden: Brill. p. 8.ISBN 978-9004165403.
  3. ^الهاشمي, أحمد (1905). "علم البيان: في التشبيه".جواهر البلاغة: في المعاني والبيان والبديع (in Arabic).Archived from the original on 2023-11-17. Retrieved2023-06-08.
  4. ^Transliteration RulesArchived 2019-08-01 at theWayback Machine,Encyclopedia Judaica.
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