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| Kapampangan | |
|---|---|
| Pampangan Capampáñgan | |
| Amánung Kapangpángan,Amánung Sísuan | |
 Kapangpángan written inKulitan, the language's indigenous writing system | |
| Pronunciation | [kəːpəmˈpaːŋən] |
| Native to | Philippines |
| Region | Central Luzon (entirety ofPampanga, southernTarlac, northeasternBataan, westernBulacan, southwesternNueva Ecija, southeastern parts ofZambales) |
| Ethnicity | Kapampangan |
Native speakers | 2.8 million (2010)[1][needs update] 7th most spoken native language in the Philippines[2] |
| Latin (Kapampangan alphabet) Kulitan | |
| Official status | |
Official language in | Angeles City[3][4][5] |
Recognised minority language in | Regional language of thePhilippines |
| Regulated by | Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | pam |
| ISO 639-3 | pam |
| Glottolog | pamp1243 |
 Areas where Kapampangan is spoken in the Philippines | |
| This article containsIPA phonetic symbols. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. | |
Kapampangan,Capampáñgan, orPampangan, is anAustronesian language, and one of the eight majorlanguages of the Philippines. It is the primary and predominant language of the entire province ofPampanga and southernTarlac, on the southern part ofLuzon's central plains geographic region, where theKapampangan ethnic group resides. Kapampangan is also spoken in northeasternBataan, as well as in the provinces ofBulacan,Nueva Ecija, andZambales that border Pampanga. It is further spoken as a second language by a fewAeta groups in the southern part of Central Luzon.[6] The language is known honorifically asAmánung Sísuan ('breastfed, or nurtured, language').[7]
Kapampangan is assigned theISO 639-2 three-letter codepam, but not anISO 639-1 two-letter code.
Kapampangan is one of theCentral Luzon languages of theAustronesian language family. Its closest relatives are theSambalic languages ofZambales province and theBolinao language spoken in the towns ofBolinao andAnda inPangasinan. These languages share the samereflex/j/ of the proto-Malayo-Polynesian *R.[8]
Kapampangan is derived from the root wordpampáng ('riverbank'). The language was historically spoken in theKingdom of Tondo, ruled by theLakans.
A number of Kapampangan dictionaries and grammar books were written during theSpanish colonial period.Diego Bergaño [pam] wrote two 18th-century books about the language:Arte de la lengua Pampanga (first published in 1729)[9] andVocabulario de la lengua Pampanga (first published in 1732).[10] Kapampangan produced two 19th-century literary giants;Anselmo Fajardo [pam;tl] was noted forGonzalo de Córdova andComedia Heróica de la Conquista de Granada, and playwrightJuan Crisóstomo Soto [pam;tl;nl] wroteAlang Dios in 1901. "Crissotan" was written byAmado Yuzon, Soto's 1950s contemporary andNobel Prize nominee for peace and literature,[citation needed] to immortalize his contribution to Kapampangan literature.
Kapampangan is predominantly spoken in the province ofPampanga and southernTarlac (Bamban,Capas,Concepcion,San Jose,Gerona,La Paz,Victoria andTarlac City). It is also spoken in border communities of the provinces ofBataan (Dinalupihan,Hermosa andOrani),Bulacan (Baliuag,San Miguel,San Ildefonso,Hagonoy,Plaridel,Pulilan andCalumpit),Nueva Ecija (Cabiao,San Antonio,San Isidro,Gapan andCabanatuan) andZambales (Olongapo City andSubic). The language has also speakers outside Central Luzon, particularly in nearbyMetro Manila and as far asPalawan andMindanao. In Mindanao, a significant Kapampangan-speaking minority also exists inCagayan de Oro,Davao City,South Cotabato (specifically inGeneral Santos and the municipalities ofPolomolok andTupi) andSultan Kudarat (specifically inIsulan). Other areas outside Central Luzon w/ Kapampangan speakers areIlocos Region andCagayan Valley, with largest concentrations inPangasinan,Cagayan, andIsabela. According to the 2000 Philippine census, 2,312,870 people (out of the total population of 76,332,470) spoke Kapampangan as their native language. As of 2020, the language is ranked to be the eighth leading language spoken at home in the Philippines with only 639,687 households still speaking the language.[11]
Standard Kapampangan has 21phonemes: 15consonants and fivevowels; some western dialects have six vowels. Syllabic structure is relatively simple; each syllable contains at least one consonant and a vowel.
Standard Kapampangan has five vowel phonemes:
There are four maindiphthongs:/aɪ/,/oɪ/,/aʊ/, and/iʊ/. In most dialects (including standard Kapampangan),/aɪ/ and/aʊ/ are reduced to/ɛ/ and/o/ respectively.
Monophthongs haveallophones in unstressed and syllable-final positions:
In the chart of Kapampangan consonants, all stops are unaspirated. Thevelar nasal occurs in all positions, including the beginning of a word. Unlike other languages of the Philippines but similar toIlocano, Kapampangan uses /h/ only in words of foreign origin.
| Bilabial | Dental / Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||
| Stop | voiceless | p | t | tʃ | k | ʔ |
| voiced | b | d | dʒ | g | ||
| Fricative | s | ʃ | ||||
| Tap/Trill | ɾ ~r | |||||
| Approximant | l | j | w | |||
Stress is phonemic in Kapampangan. Primary stress occurs on the last or the next-to-last syllable of a word. Vowel lengthening accompanies primary or secondary stress, except when stress occurs at the end of a word. Stress shift can occur, shifting to the right or left to differentiate between nominal or verbal use (as in the following examples):[12]
Stress shift can also occur when one word is derived from another through affixation; again, stress can shift to the right or the left:[12]
In Kapampangan, theproto-Philippineschwa vowel*ə merged to/a/ in most dialects of Kapampangan; it is preserved in some western dialects. Proto-Philippine*tanəm istanam ('to plant') in Kapampangan, compared withTagalogtanim,Cebuanotanom andIlocanotanem ('grave').
Proto-Philippine*R merged with/j/. The Kapampangan word for 'new' isbayu; it isbago in Tagalog,baro in Ilocano, andbaru in Indonesian.
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Kapampangan is a VSO orVerb-Subject-Object language. However, the word order can be very flexible and change to VOS (Verb-Object-Subject) and SVO (Subject-Verb-Object). Just like other Austronesian languages, Kapampangan is also anagglutinative language where new words are formed by adding affixes onto a root word (affixation) and the repetition of words, or portions of words (reduplication), (for example:anak ('child') toának-ának ('children')). Root words are frequently derived from other words by means of prefixes, infixes, suffixes and circumfixes. (For example:kan ('food') tokanan ('to eat') to 'kakanan ('eating') tokakananan ('being eaten')).
Kapampangan can form long words through extensive use of affixes, for example:Mikakapapagbabalabalangingiananangananan, 'a group of people having their noses bleed at the same time',Mikakapapagsisiluguranan, 'everyone loves each other',Makapagkapampangan, 'can speak Kapampangan', andMengapangaibuganan, 'until to fall in love'. Long words frequently occur in normal Kapampangan.
Kapampangan nouns are notinflected, but are usually preceded by casemarkers. There are three types of case markers:absolutive (nominative),ergative (genitive), andoblique.
UnlikeEnglish andSpanish (which arenominative–accusative languages) andInuit andBasque (which areergative–absolutive languages), Kapampangan hasAustronesian alignment (in common with most Philippine languages). Austronesian alignment may work with nominative (and absolutive) or ergative (and absolutive) markers and pronouns.
Absolutive or nominative markers mark the actor of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb. Ergative or genitive markers mark the object (usually indefinite) of an intransitive verb and the actor of a transitive one. It also marks possession. Oblique markers, similar to prepositions in English, mark (for example) location and direction. Noun markers are divided into two classes: names of people (personal) and everything else (common).
| Absolutive | Ergative | Oblique | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Common singular | ing | -ng,ning | king |
| Common plural | ding,ring | ring | karing |
| Personal singular | i(y) | -ng | kang |
| Personal plural | di,ri | ri | kari |
Examples:
Kapampangan pronouns are categorized by case: absolutive, ergative, and oblique.
| Absolutive (independent) | Absolutive (enclitic) | Ergative | Oblique | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person singular | yaku,i(y) aku,aku | ku | ku | kanaku,kaku |
| 1st person dual | ikata | kata,ta | ta | kekata |
| 1st person plural inclusive | ikatamu,itamu | katamu,tamu | tamu,ta | kekatamu,kekata |
| 1st person plural exclusive | ikami,ike | kami,ke | mi | kekami,keke |
| 2nd person singular | ika | ka | mu | keka |
| 2nd person plural | ikayu,iko | kayu,ko | yu | kekayu,keko |
| 3rd person singular | iya,ya | ya | na | keya,kaya |
| 3rd person plural | ila | la | da,ra | karela |
Genitive pronouns follow the word they modify. Oblique pronouns can replace the genitive pronoun, but precede the word they modify.
The dual pronounikata and the inclusive pronounikatamu refer to the first and second person. The exclusive pronounikamí refers to the first and third persons.
Kapampangan differs from manyPhilippine languages in requiring the pronoun even if the noun it represents, or thegrammatical antecedent, is present.
The pronounsya andla have special forms when they are used in conjunction with the wordsati ('there is/are') andala ('there is/are not').
Bothati yu andati ya are correct. The plural form ('they are') isatilu andatila. Bothala la andala lu are correct in the plural form. The singular forms areala ya andala yu.
Kapampangan pronouns follow a certain order after verbs (or particles, such as negation words). Theenclitic pronoun is always followed by another pronoun (ordiscourse marker:
Pronouns also combine to form aportmanteau pronoun:
Portmanteau pronouns are not usually used in questions and with the wordnaman:
In the following chart, blank entries denote combinations which are deemed impossible. Column headings denote pronouns in the absolutive case, and the row headings denote theergative case.
| yaku (1 sing.) | ika (2 sing.) | ya (3 sing.) | ikata (1 dual) | ikatamu (1incl.) | ikami (1 exclusive) | ikayo (2 plural) | ila (3 plural) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ku (1 sing) | (ing sarili ku) | da ka ra ka | ke keya | – | – | – | da ko (ra ko) da kayu (ra kayu) | ko ku la |
| mu (2 sing) | mu ku | (ing sarili mu) | me mya | – | – | mu ke mu kami | – | mo mu la |
| na (3 sing) | na ku | na ka | ne nya (ing sarili na) | na kata | na katamu | na ke na kami | na ko na kayu | no nu la |
| ta (1 dual) | – | – | te tya | (ing sarili ta) | – | – | – | to ta la |
| tamu (1p inc) | – | – | ta ya | – | (ing sarili tamu) | – | – | ta la |
| mi (1p exc) | – | da ka ra ka | mi ya | – | – | (ing sarili mi) | da ko (ra ko) da kayu (ra kayu) | mi la |
| yu (2 p) | yu ku | – | ye ya | – | – | yu ke yu kami | (ing sarili yu) | yo yu la |
| da (3 p) | da ku ra ku | da ka ra ka | de (re) dya | da kata ra kata | da katamu ra katamu | da ke (ra ke) da kami (ra kami) | da ko (ra ko) da kayu (ra kayu) | do (ro) da la (ra la) (ing sarili da) |
Kapampangan's demonstrative pronouns differ from other Philippine languages by having separate forms for singular and plural.
| Absolutive | Ergative | Oblique | Locative | Existential | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | ||
| Nearest to speaker (this, here) | ini | deni, reni | nini | dareni | kanini | kareni | oini | oreni | keni |
| Near speaker & addressee (this, here) | iti | deti, reti | niti | dareti | kaniti | kareti | oiti | oreti | keti |
| Nearest addressee (that, there) | iyan | den, ren | nian | daren | kanian | karen | oian | oren | ken |
| Remote (yon, yonder) | ita | deta, reta | nita | dareta | kanita | kareta | oita | oreta | keta |
The demonstrative pronounsini anditi (and their respective forms) both mean 'this', but each has distinct uses.Iti usually refers to something abstract, but may also refer to concrete nouns:iting musika ('this music'),iti ing gagawan mi ('this is what we do').Ini is always concrete:ining libru ('this book'),ini ing asu nang Juan ('this is Juan's dog').
In their locative forms,keni is used when the person spoken to is not near the subject spoken of;keti is used when the person spoken to is near the subject spoken of. Two people in the same country will refer to their country asketi, but will refer to their respective towns askeni; both mean 'here'.
The plural forms of a demonstrative pronoun and its existential form (for the nearest addressee) are exceptions. The plural ofiyan isden/ren; the plural ofniyan isdaren; the plural ofkanyan iskaren, and the plural ofoian isoren. The existential form ofian isken.
Kapampangan verbs are morphologically complex, and take a variety of affixes reflecting focus, aspect and mode. The language hasAustronesian alignment, and the verbs change according to triggers in the sentence (better known as voices). Kapampangan has five voices: agent, patient, goal, locative, and cirumstantial. The circumstantial voice prefix is used for instrument and benefactee subjects.
Thedirect case morphemes in Kapampangan areing (which marks singular subjects) andreng, for plural subjects. Non-subject agents are marked with the ergative-casening; non-subject patients are marked with the accusative-case-ng, which iscliticized onto the preceding word.[13]
DIR:direct case morpheme
CT:cirumstantial triggerpoesia
poem
lalaki
boy
pen
pen
papil.
paper
S‹um›ulat yang poesiainglalaki gamit pen king papil.
{}ya=ng {} {} {} {} {} {} {}
‹AT›will.write 3SG.DIR=ACC poem DIR boy OBL pen OBL paper
"The boy will write a poem with a pen on the paper."
lalaki
boy
poesia
poem
I-sulat ne ning lalakiingpoesia king mestra.
{} na+ya {} {} {} {} {} {}
PT-will.write 3SG.ERG+3SG.DIR ERG boy DIR poem OBL teacher.F
"The boy will write the poem to the teacher"
or "The poem will be written by the boy to the teacher."
lalaki
boy
Sulat-anan ne ning lalakiingmestro.
{} na+ya {} {} {} {}
will.write-GT 3SG.ERG+3SG.DIR ERG boy DIR teacher.M
"The boy will write to the teacher"
or "The teacher will be written to by the boy."
poesia
poem
lalaki
boy
blackboard.
blackboard
Pi-sulat-an neng poesia ning lalakiingblackboard.
{} na+ya=ng {} {} {} {} {}
LT-will.write-LT 3SG.ERG+3SG.DIR=ACC poem ERG boy DIR blackboard
"The boy will write a poem on the blackboard"
or "The blackboard will be written a poem on by the boy."
poesia
poem
lalaki
boy
pen.
pen
Panyulat neng poesia ning lalakiingpen.
paN-sulat na+ya=ng {} {} {} {} {}
CT-will.write 3SG.ERG+3SG.DIR=ACC poem ERG boy DIR pen
"The boy will write a poem with the pen"
or "The pen will be written a poem with by the boy."
libru
book
babai
woman
anak.
child
Pamasa nong libru ning babairenganak.
paN-basa na+la=ng {} {} {} {} {}
CT-will.read 3SG.ERG+3PL.DIR=ACC book ERG woman PL.DIR child
"The woman will read a book for the children"
or "The children will be read a book by the woman."
Speakers of other Philippine languages find Kapampangan verbs difficult because some verbs belong to unpredictable verb classes and some verb forms are ambiguous. The root wordsulat ('write') exists in Tagalog and Kapampangan:
The object-focus suffix-an represents two focuses; the only difference is that one conjugation preserves-an in the completed aspect, and it is dropped in the other conjugation:
Other Philippine languages have separate forms; Tagalog has-in and-an,Bikol and most of theVisayan languages have-on and-an, andIlokano has-en and-an due to historical sound changes in the proto-Philippine /*e/.
A number of actor-focus verbs do not use the infix-um-, but are usually conjugated like other verbs which do (for example,gawa ('to do'),bulus ('to immerse'),terak ('to dance'),lukas ('to take off'),sindi ('to smoke'),saklu ('to fetch'),takbang ('to step') andtuki ('to accompany'). Many of these verbs undergo a change of vowel instead of taking the infix-in- (completed aspect). In the actor focus (-um- verbs), this happens only to verbs with the vowel/u/ in the first syllable;lukas ('to take off') is conjugatedlukas ('will take off'),lulukas ('is taking off'), andlikas ('took off').
This change of vowel also applies to certain object-focus verbs in the completed aspect. In addition to/u/ becoming/i/,/a/ becomes/e/ in certain cases (for example,dela ['brought something'],semal ['worked on something'] andseli ['bought']).
There is no written distinction between the twomag- affixes;magsalita may mean 'is speaking' or 'will speak', but there is an audible difference.[mɐɡsaliˈtaʔ] means 'will speak' while[ˌmaːɡsaliˈtaʔ] means 'is speaking'.
| Infinitive & contemplative | Progressive | Completed | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Actor focus | -um- | CV- | -ín- |
| Actor focus | – | CV- | -in- -i- |
| Actor focus | m- | mVm- | min- me- mi- |
| Actor focus | mag- | mág- | mig-, meg- |
| Actor focus | ma- | má- | me- |
| Actor focus | maN- | máN- | meN- |
| Object focus | -an | CV- ... -an | -in- -i- -e- |
| Object focus Benefactive focus | i- | iCV- | i- -in- i- -i- i- -e- |
| Object focus Locative focus | -an | CV- ... -an | -in- ... -an -i- ... -an -e- ... -an |
| Instrument focus | ipaN- | páN- | piN-, peN |
| Reason focus | ka- | ká- | ke- |
Examples:
To express existence (there is, there are) and possession (to have), the wordatí is used:
Kapampangan has two negation words:alí andalá.Alí negates verbs and equations, and means 'no' or 'not':
Alá is the opposite ofatí:[clarification needed]
E is sometimes used instead ofalí:
Komustá is used to ask how something is. Frequently used as a greeting ('How are you?'), it is derived from the Spanish¿cómo está?
Nanu means 'what':Nanu ya ing gagawan mu? ('What are you doing?')
Ninu means 'who':
Nukarin, meaning 'where', is used to ask about the location of an object and not used with verbs:
Obakit means 'why':
Kaninu means 'whose' or 'whom':
Pilan means 'how many':
Kapilan means 'when':
Makananu means 'how':
Magkanu means 'how much':
Nuanti means 'to what degree':
Isanu/Isnanu means 'which':
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Kapampangan borrowed many words fromChinese (particularlyCantonese andHokkien), such as:
Many Filipino surnames that end with “on”, “son”, and “zon” are of Chinese origin, Hispanized version of 孫 (sun).[16]
Due to the influence of Buddhism and Hinduism, Kapampangan also acquired words fromSanskrit. A few examples are:
The language has also absorbed many Spanishloanwords due to the 333 years of presence of the Spaniards in the Kapampangan speaking provinces. Hence, Spanish Days of the Week, Months, and Numbers are used in Kapampangan respectively. Many Spanish expressions, basic nouns, verbs, and phrases are also present in the Language. Such as, ("Kómusta?") from Spanish, "cómo estás" which means 'how are you?'. (this common expression can also be found in other Philippine Languages, such as Tagalog, Bisaya, Hiligaynon, etc. Other examples are:
Kapampangan, like most Philippine languages, uses the Latin alphabet. Before the Spanish colonization of the Philippines, it was written in old Kapampangan writing. Kapampangan is usually written in one of three different writing systems:sulat Baculud,sulat Wawa and a hybrid of the two,Amung Samson.[17]
The first system (sulat Baculud, also known astutung Capampangan ortutung Kapampangan in thesulat Wawa system) is based onSpanish orthography, a feature of which involved the use of the letters ⟨c⟩ and ⟨q⟩ to represent the phoneme/k/ (depending on the vowel sound following the phoneme). ⟨C⟩ was used before/a/,/o/ and/u/ (ca,co andcu), and ⟨q⟩ was used with ⟨u⟩ before the vowels/e/ and/i/ (que,qui). The Spanish-based orthography is primarily associated with literature by authors from Bacolor and the text used on the KapampanganPasion.[17]
The second system, theSulat Wawa, is an "indigenized" form which preferred ⟨k⟩ over ⟨c⟩ and ⟨q⟩ in representing the phoneme/k/. This orthography, based on theAbakada alphabet was used by writers from Guagua and rivaled writers from the nearby town of Bacolor.[17]
The third system,Amung Samson hybrid orthography, intends to resolve the conflict in spelling between proponents of thesulat Baculud andsulat Wawa. This system was created by former Catholic priest Venancio Samson during the 1970s to translate the Bible into Kapampangan. It resolved conflicts between the use of ⟨q⟩ and ⟨c⟩ (insulat Baculud) and ⟨k⟩ (insulat Wawa) by using ⟨k⟩ before ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩ (instead of [qu]⟩ and using ⟨c⟩ before ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, and ⟨u⟩ (instead of ⟨k⟩). The system also removed ⟨ll⟩ and ⟨ñ⟩ (from Spanish), replacing them with ⟨ly⟩ and ⟨ny⟩.[17]
Orthography has been debated by Kapampangan writers, and orthographic styles may vary by writer. Thesulat Wawa system has become the popular method of writing due to the influence of the Tagalog-basedFilipino language (the national language) and itsorthography. Thesulat Wawa system is used by the Akademyang Kapampangan and the poet Jose Gallardo.[17]
Numbers:
Sentences:
