Kaohsiung,[a] officiallyKaohsiung City,[I] is aspecial municipality located in southernTaiwan. It ranges from the coastal urban center to the ruralYushan Range with an area of 2,952 km2 (1,140 sq mi). Kaohsiung City has a population of approximately 2.73 million people as of October 2023 and is Taiwan's third most populous city and largest city insouthern Taiwan.[4]
Hoklo immigrants to the area during the 16th and 17th centuries called the regionTakau (Chinese:打狗; Pe̍h-ōe-jī:Táⁿ-káu). The surface meaning of the associatedChinese characters was "beat the dog". According to one theory, the name Takau originates from the aboriginalSiraya language and translates as "bamboo forest". According to another theory, the name evolved viametathesis from the name of theMakatao tribe, who inhabited the area at the time of European and Hoklo settlement. The Makatao is considered by some to be part of theSiraya tribe.[7]
The name of "Takau" was restored in the late 1670s, when the town expanded drastically with immigrants frommainland China and was kept through Taiwan's cession to the Japanese Empire in 1895. In his 1903 general history of Taiwan, US Consul to FormosaJames W. Davidson relates that "Takow" was already a well-known name in English.[8] In 1920, the name was changed toTakao (Japanese:高雄, afterTakao (Kyoto) [ja], a place inUkyō Ward, Kyoto) and administered the area underTakao Prefecture. While the new name had quite a different surface meaning, its pronunciation in Japanese sounded more or less the same as the old name spoken inHokkien.
After Taiwan was ceded to the Republic of China, the Chinese characters did not change, but adapted to Mandarin pronunciation, thus the official romanization became Kaohsiung (pinyin:Gāoxióng;Wade–Giles:Kao¹-hsiung²), derived from theWade–Giles romanization of theMandarin Chinese pronunciation for高雄.
The nameTakau remains the official name of the city inAustronesian languages of Taiwan such asRukai, although these are not widely spoken in the city. The name also remains popular locally in the naming of businesses, associations, and events.
The written history of Kaohsiung can be traced back to the early 17th century, through archaeological studies have found signs of human activity in the region from as long as 7,000 years ago. Prior to the 17th century, the region was inhabited by theMakatao people of theSiraya tribe, who settled on what they named Takau Isle (translated to 打狗嶼 by Ming Chinese explorers); "Takau" meaning "bamboo forest" in the aboriginal language.[9]
Sketch of the Makatao people during theQing empire
The earliest evidence of human activity in the Kaohsiung area dates back to roughly 4,700–5,200 years ago. Most of the discovered remnants were located in the hills surroundingKaohsiung Harbor. Artifacts were found atShoushan, Longquan Temple, Taoziyuan,Zuoying, Houjing, Fudingjin andFengbitou. The prehistoricDapenkeng,Niuchouzi,Dahu, andNiaosong civilizations were known to inhabit the region. Studies of the prehistoric ruins at Longquan Temple have shown that that civilization occurred at roughly the same times as the beginnings of the aboriginalMakatao civilization, suggesting a possible origin for the latter. Unlike some other archaeological sites in the area, the Longquan Temple ruins are relatively well preserved. Prehistoric artifacts discovered have suggested that the ancient Kaohsiung Harbor was originally a lagoon, with early civilizations functioning primarily asHunter-gatherer societies. Some agricultural tools have also been discovered, suggesting that some agricultural activity was also present. The pronunciation of Kaohsiung (Takao) in Japanese is similar to Takau (Takau), so the local flavor of Takao was renamed Kaohsiung.
The first Chinese records of the region were written in 1603 byChen Di, a member ofMing admiral Shen You-rong's expedition to rid the waters around Taiwan andPenghu of pirates. In his report on the "Eastern Barbarian Lands" (Dong Fan Ji), Chen Di referred to a Ta-kau Isle:
Taiwan became aDutch colony in 1624, after theDutch East India Company was ejected fromPenghu byMing forces. At the time, Takau was already one of the most important fishing ports in southern Taiwan. The Dutch named the placeTankoya, and the harborTancoia. The Dutch missionaryFrançois Valentijn named Takau Mountain "Ape Berg", a name that would find its way onto European navigational charts well into the 18th century.Tankoia was located north of Ape's Hill and a few hours south from Tayouan (modern-dayAnping, Tainan) by sail.[10] At the time, a wide shallow bay existed there, sufficient for small vessels. However, constantsilting changed the coastline.
During this time, Taiwan was divided into five administrative districts, with Takau belonging to the southernmost district. In 1630, the first large scale immigration ofHan Chinese to Taiwan began due to famine inFujian, with merchants and traders from China seeking to purchase hunting licenses from the Dutch or hide out in aboriginal villages to escape authorities in China.
In 1684, theQing dynasty annexedTaiwan and renamed the town Fongshan County (Chinese:鳳山縣;pinyin:Fèngshān Xiàn), considering it a part ofTaiwan Prefecture. It was first opened as a port during the 1680s and subsequently prospered fairly for generations.[11]
In 1895, Taiwan was ceded toJapan as part of theTreaty of Shimonoseki. Administrative control of the city was moved from New Fongshan Castle to the Fongshan Sub-District ofTainan Chō (臺南廳). In November 1901, twentychō were established in total;Hōzan Chō (鳳山廳) was established nearby. In 1909, Hōzan Chō was abolished, and Takow was merged into Tainan Chō.
In 1920, during the tenure of 8th Governor-GeneralDen Kenjirō, districts were abolished in favor of prefectures. Thus the city was administered as Takao City (高雄市,Takao-shi) underTakao Prefecture.
The Japanese developed Takao, especially the harbor that became the foundation of Kaohsiung to be a port city. Takao was then systematically modernized and connected to the end ofNorth-South Railway. Forming a north–south regional economic corridor from Taipei to Kaohsiung in the 1930s, Japan's Southward Policy set Kaohsiung to become an industrial center.[12]Kaohsiung Harbor was also developed starting from 1894. The city center was relocated several times during the period due to the government's development strategy.[13] Development was initially centered onKi-au (Chinese:旗後;Pe̍h-ōe-jī:Kî-āu) region but the government began laying railways, upgrading the harbor, and passing new urban plans. New industries such as refinery, machinery, shipbuilding and cementing were also introduced.
Before and duringWorld War II it handled a growing share of Taiwan's agricultural exports to Japan, and was also a major base for Japan's campaigns in Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Extremely ambitious plans for the construction of a massive modern port were drawn up. Toward the end of the war, the Japanese promoted some industrial development at Kaohsiung, establishing an aluminum industry based on the abundanthydroelectric power produced by theSun Moon Lake project in the mountains.
The city was heavily bombed byTask Force 38 andFEAF during World War II between 1944 and 1945.[14]
During this time, Kaohsiung developed rapidly. The port, badly damaged inWorld War II, was restored. It also became a fishing port for boats sailing to Filipino and Indonesian waters. Largely because of its climate, Kaohsiung overtookKeelung as Taiwan's major port. Kaohsiung also surpassed Tainan to become the second largest city of Taiwan in the late 1970s and Kaohsiung City was upgraded from aprovincial city tospecial municipality on 1 July 1979, by theExecutive Yuan with a total of 11 districts.[16] The additional district isSiaogang District, which was annexed from Siaogang Township ofKaohsiung County.
TheKaohsiung Incident, where the government suppressed a commemoration of InternationalHuman Rights Day, occurred on 10 December 1979. Since then, Kaohsiung gradually grew into a political center of thePan-Green population of Taiwan, in opposition toTaipei where the majority population isKuomintang supporters.
Map of Kaohsiung City before and after 25 December 2010
On 31 July 2014, a series ofgas explosions occurred in theCianjhen andLingya Districts of the city, killing 31 and injuring more than 300. Five roads were destroyed in an area of nearly 20 km2 (7.7 sq mi) near the city center. It was the largest gas explosion in Taiwan's modern history.[18]
The city sits on the southwestern coast of Taiwan facing theTaiwan Strait, borderingTainan City to the northwest,Chiayi andNantou County to the north,Taitung County to its east andPingtung County to the south and southeast. The downtown areas are centered on Kaohsiung Harbor withCijin Island on the other side of the harbor acting as a naturalbreakwater. TheLove River (Ai River) flows into the harbor through the Old City and downtown. Zuoying Military Harbor lies to the north of Kaohsiung Harbor and the city center. Kaohsiung's natural landmarks includeApe Hill andMount Banping.
Kaohsiung's warm climate is very much dictated by its low latitude and its exposure to warm sea temperatures year-round, with theKuroshio Current passing by the coast of southern Taiwan,[20] and theCentral Mountain Range on the northeast blocking out the cool northeastern winds during the winter. The city, therefore, has a noticeably warmer climate than nearby cities located at similar latitudes such asHong Kong,Guangzhou as well as various cities further south in northernVietnam, such asHanoi. Although the climate is classified as tropical, Kaohsiung has a defined cooler season unlike most other cities in Asia classified with this climate but located closer to the equator such asSingapore orManila. Daily maximum temperature typically exceeds 30 °C (86 °F) during the warmer season (April to November) and 25 °C (77 °F) during the cooler season (December to March), with the exception when cold fronts strike during the winter months, when the daily mean temperature of the city can drop between 10 and 12 °C depending on the strength of the cold front. Also, besides the high temperatures occurring during the usual summer months, daytime temperatures of inland districts of the city can often exceed 33 °C (91 °F) from mid-March to late April before the onset of themonsoon season, with clear skies and southwesterly airflows. Average annual rainfall is around 1,885 mm (74.2 in), focused primarily from June to August. At more than 2,210 hours of bright sunshine, the city is one of the sunniest areas in Taiwan.[21]
The sea temperature ofKaohsiung Harbor remains above 22 °C (72 °F) year-round,[22] the second highest of Southern Taiwan afterLiuqiu Island.[23] According to recent records, the average temperature of the city has risen around 1 degree Celsius over the past three decades, from about 24.2 °C (75.6 °F) in 1983 to around 25.2 °C (77.4 °F) by 2012.
Climate data for Kaohsiung City (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1931–present）
As of December 2018, Kaohsiung city has a population of 2,773,533 people, making it the third-largest city afterNew Taipei andTaichung, and a population density of 939.59 people per square kilometer.[4] Within the city,Fongshan District is the most populated district with a population of 359,519 people, whileSinsing District is the most densely populated district with a population density of 25,820 people per square kilometer.
As in most Taiwanese cities or counties, the majority of the population areHan Chinese. The Chinese are divided into 3 subgroups:Hoklo,Hakka, andWaishengren. The Hoklo and Waishengren mostly live in flatland townships and the city centre, while the majority of the Hakka population lives in the suburbs or rural townships of the northeastern hills.
As of December 2010, Kaohsiung hosts around 21,000 foreign spouses. Around 12,353 are Mainland Chinese, 4,244 are Vietnamese, around 800 are Japanese and Indonesians, and around 4,000 are other Asians or foreigners from Europe or America.
As of April 2013, Kaohsiung hosts 35,074foreign workers who mainly work as factory workers or foreign maids (not including foreign specialists such as teachers and other professionals). About half of them areIndonesians, with the other half being workers from otherSoutheast Asian countries, mainly fromVietnam, thePhilippines orThailand.
Kaohsiung is a major international port and industrial city in the southwest of Taiwan. As an exporting center, Kaohsiung serves the agricultural interior of southern Taiwan, as well as the mountains of the southeast. Majorraw material exports include rice, sugar, bananas,pineapples, peanuts (groundnuts) andcitrus fruits. The 2,200 ha (5,400-acre)Linhai Industrial Park, on the waterfront, was completed in the mid-1970s and includes asteel mill,shipyard,petrochemical complex, and other industries. The city has anoil refinery, aluminum and cement works,fertilizer factories, sugar refineries, brick and tile works, canning factories, salt-manufacturing factories, andpapermaking plants. Designated anexport-processing zone in the late 1970s, Kaohsiung also attracted foreign investment to process locally purchased raw materials for export.
The Kaohsiung Harbor Bureau plans to buy 49 hectares of the reclaimed land to establish a solar energy industrial district that would be in the harbor's free trade zone.[30]
The gross domestic product (GDP) in nominal terms of Kaohsiung City is estimated to be around US$45 billion, and US$90 billion for the metropolitan region. As of 2008[update], the GDP per capita in nominal terms was approximately US$24,000.[citation needed]
The main agricultural crops in Kaohsiung are vegetables, fruits and rice with a totalarable land of 473 km2, which accounts to 16% of the total area of the municipality. Kaohsiung has the highest production ofguava,jujube andlychee in Taiwan. The mainlivestock are chicken,dairy cattle,deer, duck, goose, pigs and sheep. The total annual agricultural income in Kaohsiung is NT$24.15 billion.[32]
Kaohsiung city includes a wide range of different natural attractions due to its large size and geographical variation, as it is bordered by theCentral Mountain Range in the northeast and the warmSouth China Sea to the west and southwest. The year-round warm climate allowscoral reefs to grow along the coasts aroundKaohsiung Harbor, withShoushan Mountain being a small mountain completely made up of coral reefs andcalcium carbonate, while the mountainous districts in the northeast include Taiwan's highest mountain,Yushan. Other notable natural attractions include theMount Banping,Lotus Pond, andDongsha Atoll National Park, which is currently inaccessible by the public due to military occupation.
Traditional "wet" markets have long been the source of meat, fish, and produce for many residents. With the arrival of Western-stylesupermarkets in the 1980s and 1990s, such markets have encountered fierce competition. In 1989, the global leader in hypermarkets,Carrefour, entered Asia, opening its first store in Kaohsiung. Due to the success of its Taiwan operation, the French retailer expanded throughout the country and Asia. Jean-Luc Chéreau, the general manager in Taiwan from 1993 to 1999, used this newfound understanding of Chinese culture and ways of doing business with Chinese customers to lead its China expansion starting in 1999.[35] As of February 2020, Carrefour has opened 137 hypermarkets and supermarkets in Taiwan.[36] Despite the fierce competition from "Westernized" supermarkets, Taiwan's traditional markets and mom-and-pop stores remain "one of the most popular retail formats for many Asian families when they purchase daily food items and basic household goods."[37]
Coffee cafes have become famous and numerous in the city. With the arrival of Western-style chains many new local cafes have opened in the recent years.
The majority of those living in Kaohsiung can communicate in bothTaiwanese Hokkien andMandarin. Some of the elderly who grew up during the Japanese colonization of Taiwan can communicate in Japanese, while most of the younger population have basic English skills.
Since the spread of Standard Chinese after theNationalist Government retreated to Taiwan in 1949,Hakka Chinese and variousFormosan languages are gradually no longer spoken with the new generation and many Formosan languages are therefore classified asmoribund orendangered languages by the United Nations. Nowadays, only elder Hakka people mostly living inMeinong,Liouguei,Shanlin andJiasian districts can communicate in Hakka and elder Taiwanese aborigines living mostly in the rural districts ofNamasia andTaoyuan can communicate with the aboriginal languages. The Taiwanese government has established special affairs committees for both the Aboriginals and the Hakkas to protect their language, culture, and minority rights.
The religious population of Kaohsiung is mainly divided into five main religious groups:Buddhists,Taoists,Muslim andChristians (Catholics andProtestants). As of 2015[update], Kaohsiung City has 1,481 temples, the second highest in Taiwan afterTainan. Kaohsiung also has 306 churches.[41]
Around 33% of the Taiwanese population are Taoists, making it the second largest religion of Taiwan. Most people who believe in Taoism also ascribe to Buddhism at the same time, as the differences and boundaries between the two religions are not always clear. Many residents of the area also worship the sea goddess known as Tian Shang Sheng Mu (天上聖母) orMazu, who is variouslysyncretized as aTaoist immortal or embodiment of thebodhisattvaGuanyin. Her temple on Cijin Island,Chi Jin Mazu Temple, is the oldest in the city, with its original bamboo-and-thatch structure first opened in 1673. The area surrounding it formed the center of the city's early settlement.[43] There are also other prominent Taoist temples such asFengshan Tiangong Temple, dedicated to theJade Emperor,Cih Ji Palace, dedicated toBao Sheng Da Di,Qing Shui Temple, dedicated toQing Shui Zu Shi andGushan Daitian Temple dedicated toWang Ye worship.
Christianity is a minority religion in Taiwan. It was first brought onto the island when the Dutch and Spanish colonized Taiwan during the 17th century, mostly to the aboriginals. Kaohsiung currently hosts around 56,000 Christians.
Besides the majority population of Buddhists and Taoists, Kaohsiung also includes a rather tiny population ofMuslims. During theChinese Civil War, some 20,000 Muslims, mostly soldiers and civil servants, fledmainland China with theKuomintang government to Taiwan.[44] During the 1980s, another few thousand Muslims fromMyanmar andThailand, who are mostly descendants ofNationalist soldiers who fledYunnan as a result of the communist takeover, migrated to Taiwan in search of a better life, resulting in an increase of Muslim population within the country.[44] More recently, with the rise of Indonesian workers working in Taiwan, an estimated number of 88,000 Indonesian Muslims currently live in the country, in addition to the existing 53,000 Taiwanese Muslims. Combining all demographics, Taiwan hosts around 140,000 Muslims, with around 25,000 living in Kaohsiung.Kaohsiung Mosque is the largest mosque in Kaohsiung and the main gathering site of Muslims within the city.
Kaohsiung is divided into 38districts, three of which are mountain indigenous districts.[46][47][48][49] There are a total of 651villages in which each village is subdivided intoneighborhoods (鄰). There are 18,584 neighborhoods in Kaohsiung City.Lingya andFongshan districts are the administrative centers of the city while Lingya and Sinsing Districts are the two most densely populated districts of the city. Kaohsiung has the most numbers of districts among otherspecial municipalities in Taiwan.
Northern portion of Kaohsiung harbor viewed from Cijin island lighthouse hill
A major port, through which pass most of Taiwan's marine imports and exports, is located in the city but is not managed by the city government. Instead, it is administered by Kaohsiung Port Authority, under the Ministry of Transportation. There is a push for Kaohsiung City to annex the Port of Kaohsiung to facilitate better regional planning.
Also known as the "Harbour Capital" of Taiwan, Kaohsiung has always had a strong link with the ocean and maritime transportation.Ferries play a key role in everyday transportation, especially for transportation across the harbor. With five terminals and 23 berths, thePort of Kaohsiung is Taiwan's largestcontainer port and the 13th largest in the world.[52] In 2007 the port reached its handling capacity with a record trade volume of 10.2 million twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU).[53] A new container terminal is under construction, increasing future handling capacity by 2 million TEU by 2013.[53]
Kaohsiung is one of the biggest ports in the world for importingshark fins, sold at high prices in the restaurants and shops of Taiwan and China.[54] They are brought in from overseas and are placed out to dry in the sun on residential rooftops near the port.
Kaohsiung City is also home to Taiwan's second-largest international airport, theKaohsiung International Airport, located inSiaogang District near the city's center. It is one of the three major international airports of Taiwan, serving passengers of the entire southern and southeastern part of the country. However, the size of the airport is relatively small, with short runways compared to other major airports of Taiwan due to its age and its location near the city center, making it impossible for large aircraft such as theAirbus A380 to land at the airport. As a result, plans for work to begin on a new terminal is expected to start in 2023, and could handle up to 16.5 million passengers once complete.[55]
Kaohsiung Mass Rapid Transit opened for service in March 2008. The MRT is made up of two lines with 37 stations covering a distance of 42.7 km (26.5 mi).[56]
Two of Kaohsiung's MRT stations,Formosa Boulevard Station andCentral Park Station, were ranked among the top 50 most beautiful subway systems in the world by Metrobits.org in 2011.[57] In 2012, the two stations respectively are ranked as the 2nd and the 4th among the top 15 most beautiful subway stops in the world by BootsnAll.[58]
TheCircular Light Rail Line (also known as the Kaohsiung LRT, Kaohsiung Tram) for Kaohsiung City is alight rail line. Construction of Phase 1, known as the Waterside Light Rail began in June 2013 and is in full operation since September 2017. To combat air pollution, usage of the light rail, as well as buses, was made free of charge for electronic ticket holders from December to February, when air pollution is at its peak.[59]
Kaohsiung is home to Taiwan's largest international-class stadium, theNational Stadium, with a maximum capacity of 55,000 seats, as well asKaohsiung Arena. The city hosted the2009 World Games at the National Stadium. Nearly 6,000 athletes, officials, coaches, referees and others from 103 countries participated in the 2009 Kaohsiung World Games.
The center hosted the Taiwan International Boat Show in May 2014.[66] Another conference and event-related venue is the newly renovatedInternational Convention Center Kaohsiung in 2013.
^What's in changing a name?Archived 30 June 2007 atarchive.today Taiwan Journal Vol. XXVI No. 19 May 15, 2009 "...while name Kaohsiung is technically the Mandarin pronunciation of the Japanese written version of a Holo Taiwanese rendition of an old aboriginal name..."
^"Rezoning Taiwan". Taiwan Today. 1 February 2011.Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved9 December 2020.
^鄭鴻達 (21 November 2019).台商回台投資真假？蘇貞昌秀一張圖揭六都受益高低 – 政經大事 – 產業 (in Traditional Chinese). Universal Daily News.Archived from the original on 21 November 2019. Retrieved21 November 2019.
^"Tianhou Temple at Cihou",Official site, Kaohsiung: Bureau of Cultural Affairs of the Kaohsiung City Government, 2008, archived fromthe original on 6 October 2016, retrieved16 December 2016.(in Chinese)&(in English)
^abCharette, Rick (13 April 2020)."The Muslim Experience in Taipei".The News Lens International Edition.Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved15 May 2021.
^"Administrative Districts". Kaohsiung City Government. 30 September 2016.Archived from the original on 21 January 2018. Retrieved26 April 2019.Taoyuan District Maolin District Namasia District Jiasian District Liouguei District Shanlin District Meinong District Neimen District Cishan District Dashu District Daliao District Zihguan District Linyuan District Tianliao District Yanchao District Dashe District Renwu District Siaogang District Fongshan District Mituo District Alian District Gangshan District Niaosong District Ciaotou District Nanzih District Zuoying District Gushan District Sanmin District Sinsing District Cianjin District Yancheng District Lingya District Cijin District Cianjhen District Hunei District Lujhu District Cheting District Yongan District
^認識高雄 [Understanding Kaohsiung] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Kaoshiung City Government. 30 September 2016.Archived from the original on 11 October 2019. Retrieved27 April 2019.高雄市行政區劃分District 楠梓區 左營區 鼓山區 三民區 苓雅區 新興區 前金區 鹽埕區 前鎮區 旗津區 小港區 鳳山區 茂林區 甲仙區 六龜區 杉林區 美濃區 內門區 仁武區 田寮區 旗山區 梓官區 阿蓮區 湖內區 岡山區 茄萣區 路竹區 鳥松區 永安區 燕巢區 大樹區 大寮區 林園區 彌陀區 橋頭區 大社區 那瑪夏區 桃源區
^臺灣地區鄉鎮市區級以上行政區域名稱中英對照表(PDF). Online Translation System of Geographic Name,Ministry of Interior. 16 June 2011. pp. 4–6. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 25 March 2012.高雄市 Kaohsiung City Gaoxiong City 直轄市、縣（市）級以上 行政區域名稱係依國際 慣用方式譯寫 鹽埕區 Yancheng District 鼓山區 Gushan District 左營區 Zuoying District{...}楠梓區 Nanzi District 三民區 Sanmin District 新興區 Xinxing District 前金區 Qianjin District 苓雅區 Lingya District 前鎮區 Qianzhen District 旗津區 Qijin District 小港區 Xiaogang District 鳳山區 Fengshan District 林園區 Linyuan District 大寮區 Daliao District 大樹區 Dashu District 大社區 Dashe District 仁武區 Renwu District 鳥松區 Niaosong District 岡山區 Gangshan District 橋頭區 Qiaotou District 燕巢區 Yanchao District 田寮區 Tianliao District 阿蓮區 Alian District 路竹區 Luzhu District 湖內區 Hunei District 茄萣區 Qieding District 永安區 Yong'an District 彌陀區 Mituo District 梓官區 Ziguan District 旗山區 Qishan District 美濃區 Meinong District 六龜區 Liugui District 甲仙區 Jiaxian District 杉林區 Shanlin District 內門區 Neimen District{...}茂林區 Maolin District 桃源區 Taoyuan District 那瑪夏區 Namaxia District
^1.7-鄉鎮市區戶口數 [Population for Township and District].Ministry of the Interior (in Chinese (Taiwan) and English). August 2020. Archived fromthe original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved21 September 2020.高雄市 Kaohsiung City鹽埕區 Yancheng District鼓山區 Gushan District左營區 Zuoying District楠梓區 Nanzih District三民區 Sanmin District新興區 Sinsing District前金區 Cianjin District苓雅區 Lingya District前鎮區 Cianjhen District旗津區 Cijin District小港區 Siaogang District鳳山區 Fongshan District林園區 Linyuan District大寮區 Daliao District大樹區 Dashu District大社區 Dashe District仁武區 Renwu District鳥松區 Niaosong District岡山區 Gangshan District橋頭區 Ciaotou District燕巢區 Yanchao District田寮區 Tianliao District阿蓮區 Alian District路竹區 Lujhu District湖內區 Hunei District茄萣區 Jiading District永安區 Yongan District彌陀區 Mituo District梓官區 Zihguan District旗山區 Cishan District美濃區 Meinong District六龜區 Liouguei District甲仙區 Jiasian District杉林區 Shanlin District內門區 Neimen District茂林區 Maolin District桃源區 Taoyuan District那瑪夏區 Namasia District
1 The provinces are merely retained as nominal entities within the constitutional structure, as they have no governing power following the formal dissolution of the provincial administrative organs in 2018. Cities and counties are de facto regarded as the principal constituent divisions of the ROC.
Sarah Shair-Rosenfield (November 2020)."Taiwan Combined"(PDF). The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved29 May 2021.
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