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Kaocen revolt

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Coordinates:18°16′37″N7°59′58″E / 18.2769°N 7.9994°E /18.2769; 7.9994

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

1916–17 Tuareg rebellion against French colonial rule

Kaocen Revolt

Part of theTuareg Rebellions andWorld War I (concurrent)

Tuareg warriors, photographed 1906.

Date	1916–1917
Location	NorthernNiger
Result	French victory

Belligerents

France

French West Africa

United Kingdom^[1]^{[failed verification]}

Tuareg guerrillas

Supported by:

Senussi

Strength

150–1,000 troops

1,500–3,000 Tuareg warriors

v t e North African operations, World War I
Somaliland campaign Zaian War El Herri Senussi campaign Wadi Marsit Gasr Bu Hadi Sidi Abu Arqub Wadi Seinab Wadi Majid Halazin Agagia Sollum Bir Hakeim Dakhla Oasis Siwa Tunisia Volta-Bani War Kaocen Revolt Darfur Campaign Ethiopia

v t e Tuareg rebellions since 1900
1916–1917 rebellion 1962–1964 rebellion 1990–1995 rebellion 2007–2009 rebellion 2012 rebellion

TheKaocen revolt (Kabyle:Tagrawla n Kawsen) was aTuareg rebellion againstFrench colonial rule of the area around theAïr Mountains of northernNiger during 1916–17.

1916 rising

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Ag Mohammed Wau Teguidda Kaocen (1880–1919) was the Tuareg leader of the rising against the French. An adherent to the militantly anti-FrenchSanusiya Sufi religious order, Kaocen was theAmenokal (chief) of theIkazkazan Tuareg confederation.

Kaocen had engaged in numerous, mostly indecisive, attacks on French colonial forces from at least 1909. When the Sanusiya leadership in theFezzan oasis town ofKufra (in modernLibya) declared aJihad against the French colonialists in October 1914, Kaocen rallied his forces. Tagama, theSultan of Agadez had convinced the French military that the Tuareg confederations remained loyal, and with his help, Kaocen's forces placed the garrison under siege on 17 December 1916. Tuareg raiders, numbering over 1,000, led by Kaocen and his brotherMokhtar Kodogo, and armed with repeating rifles and one cannon seized from theItalians in Libya, defeated several French relief columns. They seized all the major towns of the Aïr, includingIngall,Assodé, andAouderas, placing what is today northernNiger under rebel control for over three months.^{[citation needed]}

Suppression

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Finally on 3 March 1917, a large French force, which had been dispatched fromZinder, relieved the Agadez garrison and began to seize the rebel towns. Large-scale French reprisals were taken against the towns, especially against localmarabouts even though many were not Tuareg and had not supported the rebellion. Summary public executions by the French in Agadez and Ingall alone totaled 130. Tuareg rebels also carried out a number of atrocities.^[2]

While Kaocen fled north, he was hanged by local forces inMourzouk in 1919, and Mokhtar Kodogo was killed by the French in 1920, when a revolt that he led amongst theToubou andFula in theSultanate of Damagaram was defeated.

Context

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The revolt led by Kaocen was just one episode in a history of recurring conflict between some Tuareg confederations and the French. In 1911, a rising of Firhoun, Amenokal of Ouelimaden was crushed inMénaka, only to reappear in northeast Mali after his escape from French custody in 1916.

Many Tuareg groups had continually fought the French (and the Italians after their 1911 invasion of Libya) since their arrival in the last decade of the 19th century. Others were driven to revolt by the severe drought of the years 1911–14, by French taxation and seizure of camels to aid other conquests, and by French abolition of the slave trade, leading many previously subservient settled communities of the area to themselves revolt against traditional rule and taxation by the nomadic Tuareg.

Memory of the revolt and the killings in its wake remain fresh in the minds of modern Tuareg, to whom it is seen as both part of a large anti-colonial struggle, and amongst some as part of the post-independence struggle for autonomy from the existing governments of Niger and its neighbors.

The Kaocen revolt can also be placed in a longer history of Tuareg conflict with ethnicSonghay andHausa in the south centralSahara which goes back to at least the seizure of Agadez by theSonghay Empire in 1500 CE, or even the first migrations ofBerber Tuaregs south into the Aïr in the 11th to 13th centuries CE.

Conflicts have persisted since independence, with major Tuareg risings in Mali'sAdrar des Ifoghas during 1963–64, the1990s insurgencies in both Mali and Niger, and a renewed series of insurgencies beginning in the mid-2000s (seeSecond Tuareg Rebellion).

References

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This article includes a list ofgeneral references, butit lacks sufficient correspondinginline citations. Please help toimprove this article byintroducing more precise citations.(August 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

^Rossi, Benedetta (2015).From Slavery to Aid: Politics, Labour, and Ecology in the Nigerien Sahel, 1800–2000. Cambridge University Press. p. 152.ISBN 978-1-107-11905-5.
^"Charles de Foucauld - Sera béatifié à l'automne 2005". Archived fromthe original on 23 October 2005. Retrieved21 October 2013.

Sources

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Decalo, Samuel (1979).Historical Dictionary of Niger. London and New Jersey: Scarecrow Press.ISBN 0-8108-1229-0.
Geels, Jolijn (2006).Niger. London: Bradt.ISBN 1-84162-152-8.
Fage, J. D.; Oliver, Roland Anthony (1975).The Cambridge History of Africa. Cambridge University Press. p. 199.ISBN 0-521-22505-1.
Idrissa, Kimba (2003). "The Kawousan War reconsidered". In Abbink, Jon; de Bruijn, Mirjam; van Walraven, Klaus (eds.).Rethinking Resistance: Revolt and Violence in African History. Leiden and Boston: Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 191–217.hdl:1887/12904.