Kanpur (Hindustani:/kɑːnˈpʊər/ⓘ), formerly anglicized asCawnpore, is the largest city of the Indianstate ofUttar Pradesh. It was the primary financial and commercial centre ofnorthern India. Founded in the year 1207 byRajput ruler Raja Kanh Deo, Kanpur became one of the most important commercial and military stations ofBritish Raj. Kanpur had been the major financial and industrial centre ofnorthern India and also the ninth-largest urban economy in India.[9][10] Today it is famous for its colonial architecture, gardens, sweets, dialect, and high-qualityleather,plastic andtextile products which are exported mainly to theWest.[11][12] Kanpur is also the financial capital of Uttar Pradesh (formerlyNorth-Western Provinces).[citation needed]
The city is home to historical monuments such as the Jajmau Ghat which dates back to the 17th century AD. Kanpur is also home to several historical sites such as theKanpur Museum,Bhitargaon Temple, European Cemetery and Nanarao Park.
In 1207, Raja Kanha-deo of theKanhpuriya clan ofRajputs established the city of Kanhpur and made it his capital, which later came to be known as Kanpur.[13][14]
The area was ruled by several rulers ofKannauj, such as Harsha Vardhan, Jai Chand andMihir Bhoja.[citation needed] It was also ruled by Muslim rulers of theSur dynasty. In May 1765,Shuja-ud-daula, theNawab ofAwadh, was defeated by the British nearJajmau. From 1773 to 1801, Kanpur was part of theOudh Kingdom, followed by the treaty of 1801 betweenNawab Saadat Ali Khan of Awadh and the British, who realized the strategic importance. Several European businessmen established themselves in Kanpur, during this time.[citation needed]
With the first woollen mill ofIndia, commonly known as the Lal Imli (lit.'Red Tamarind', for a brand produced by the mill) by theBritish India Corporation established here in 1876 byAlexander MacRobert.[citation needed] The eastern and northernfaçades of the mill are reminiscent of thePalace of Westminster, due to their architecture, proximity to theGanges river and with the north-east corner of the mill being topped by a clock tower similar toBig Ben inLondon.[citation needed] This similarity underscores the city's importance and prestige during theBritish times, which extends till date; making the Lal Imli — a great highlight of the city. The city is also widely regarded as the"Leather City of the World" and is predominantly nicknamed as the"Manchester of the East", for its chemical, textile and leather industries. Alexander MacRobert has an area named after him in the city,McRobertganj.[citation needed]
In the 19th century, Cawnpore was an importantBritish garrison with barracks for 7,000 soldiers. During theIndian Rebellion of 1857, 900 British men, women and childrenwere besieged in the fortifications for 22 days by rebels underNana Sahib. They surrendered on the agreement that they would get safe passage to the nearbySati Chaura Ghat whereupon they would board barges and be allowed to go by river toAllahabad.[15]
Though controversy surrounds what exactly happened at the Sati Chaura Ghat, and who fired the first shot, it is known that, soon afterwards, the departing British were shot at by the sepoys and were either killed or captured. Some of the British officers later claimed that the sepoys had, on purpose, placed the boats as high in the mud as possible, to cause delay. They also claimed that Nana Sahib's camp had previously arranged for the sepoys to fire upon and to kill all of the English. Although the East India Company later accused Nana Sahib of betrayal and murder of innocent people, no evidence has ever been found to prove that Nana Sahib had planned or ordered the massacre. Some historians believe that the Sati Chaura Ghat massacre was the result of confusion and not of any plan implemented by Nana Sahib or of his associates. Lieutenant Mowbray Thomson, one of the four male survivors of the massacre, believed that the rank-and-file sepoys who spoke to him did not know of the killing to come.[16]
Many were killed and the remaining 200 British women and children were brought back to shore and sent to a building called the Bibighar (House of the Ladies). After some time, the commanders of the rebels decided to kill their hostages. The rebel soldiers refused to carry out orders and butchers from the nearby town were brought in to kill the hostages three days before the British entered the city on 18 July. The dismembered bodies were thrown into a deep well nearby. The British, underGeneral Neill, retook the city and committed a series of retaliations against the rebel sepoys and those civilians caught in the area, including women, children and old men. The Cawnpore massacre, as well as similar events elsewhere, were seen by the British as justification for unrestrained vengeance.[17] "Remember Cawnpore" became a British war cry for the rest of the war.
Situated in the flatIndo-Gangetic Plains, Kanpur has an average elevation of 318 m above sea level.[18] TheGanges flows by the city and severalghats are located on its banks, notably theSati Chaura Ghat and Sarsaiya Ghat. The Brahmavart Ghat located atBithoor (25 km northwards) is another ghat of religious importance.
Several parks and recreational areas are located in Kanpur.Nana Rao Park andPhool Bagh are among the prominent parks in city that exist from the time of British Raj. TheMoti Jheel, a rectangular lake, was originally developed as a drinking water reservoir. The lake has now been developed as a recreational area with a landscaped garden and a children's park.Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary is also located near Kanpur.
As per the provisional results of 2011 census, Kanpur Nagar district has a population of 4,581,000.[23][24] The literacy rate was 79.65 per cent and sex ratio was 862.[23][24][25] There are 35Parsis in Kanpur with theirFire temple atThe Mall.[26] Hinduism is a majority in Kanpur with a sizeable minority ofMuslims. Sikhs, Christians and Buddhists are below 2 percent.[22]
Although final data of census 2023 is yet to be declared, population of Kanpur Nagar District is projected as 63,67,963 in year 2023 (estimation as per aadhar ‘UIDAI’ data).
As per 2011 Census, population of Kanpur City and its suburbs was 30,15,645 making it the largest urban agglomeration of Uttar Pradesh. Thereafter, urban area of Kanpur City has expanded to a large extent. However, limits of its urban area are still pending for approval by the Government. Tentatively population of Kanpur City and Kanpur metropolitan area in 2024 is projected as 39,26,000 and 51,00,000 respectively as per the data available so far.
Awadhi is the native dialect.Hindi andUrdu are the predominant languages in the city.Punjabi is spoken by 1.25%, whileBengali is spoken by over 11,000 people in the city.[27]
High Rise Building of KanpurIIT Kanpur CampusKanpurMetro Station
The metropolitan region defined under JNNURM by Kanpur Nagar Nigam, includes the Kanpur Nagar Nigam area, 8 kilometres around KNN boundary and newly included 47 villages ofUnnao district on the north-eastern side, it extends to Murtaza Nagar, in the west its limit is up toAkbarpur, Kanpur Dehat Nagar Panchayat limit, on the eastern side the limit has been expanded on the road leading to Fatehpur and in extended up to. The metropolitan region area includes the area ofShuklaganj Municipal Committee (Nagar Palika), Unnao Municipal Committee (Nagar Palika), Akbarpur Village Authority (Nagar Panchayat) andBithoor Village Authority (Nagar Panchayat) area.[39] In 1997–98, total metropolitan region area has increased to 89131.15 hectare out of which 4,743.9 hectare (5.31%) was non-defined (prohibited area) and rest 29,683 hectare and 54,704 hectare (61.39%) was urban and rural area respectively.
Kanpur district administration is headed by thedistrict magistrate of Kanpur, who is anIAS officer. The DM is in charge of property records and revenue collection for the central government and oversees theelections held in the city.The DM is also responsible for maintaining law and order in the city.[40][44][45][46] The DM is assisted by a chief development officer; four additional district magistrates for finance/revenue, city, land acquisition, and civil supply; one city magistrat; and seven additional city magistrates.[47] The district has fourtehsils viz. Sadar, Bilhaur, Ghatampur and Narwal, each headed by asub-divisional magistrate.[47] The current DM is Mr. Rakesh Kumar Singh.[28][29][30]
Kanpur municipality was established on 22 November 1861, and was upgraded to a municipal corporation in 1959.[48] The local government of Kanpur is governed under the Municipal act for the state, Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1959.[49]
The area under the municipal limits of Kanpur city, orKanpur Municipal Corporation, is spread over an area of 403 square km.[23][50] It oversees civic activities in the city. The head of the corporation is the mayor, but the executive and administration of the corporation are the responsibility of themunicipal commissioner, who is an IAS officer.[36] The executive wing is headed by municipal commissioner, Sudhir kumar[35][37] and has the following departments: Revenue, City Cleansing, Engineering, Marg Prakash,Health, Accounts, Personnel/HRD, Swasthya Vibhag, Education, Mukya Nagar Lekha Vibhag, Pariyojna, Udyan Vibhag, Chikitsa Vibhag, Encroachment & Cattle Catching Department.[51] There is also an executive committee present in the city.[52][53]
The development of infrastructure in the city is overseen byKanpur Development Authority (KDA), which comes under the Housing Department ofUttar Pradesh government. Thedivisional commissioner of Kanpur acts as theex-officio Chairman of KDA, whereas a vice chairperson, a government-appointedIAS officer, looks after the daily matters of the authority.[54] The current vice-chairman of Kanpur Development Authority is Shri Madan Singh Garbyal.[55]
The municipality receives revenue from general tax, advertisement tax, income from municipal properties, grants from state government etc.[56]
The Kanpur District Court is headed by thedistrict judge of Kanpur, who is assisted by numerous additional district judges, civil judges (senior division) and additional civil judges. Kanpur is a notified metropolitan area by UP Government underCode of Criminal Procedure, 1973, and therefore has a chief metropolitan magistrate, who is assisted by several metropolitan magistrates. The district judge is Shri Pradeep Kumar Singh,[38] and the chief metropolitan magistrate was Shri Sushil Kumar Singh.[38]
Kanpur Nagar police administration is headed by a Commissioner of Police which is an IPS officer of the rank of Additional Director General of Uttar Pradesh Police. Present Police Commissioner of Kanpur Nagar is Shri Akhil kumar, who is assisted by an Addl. Commissioner, a Joint Commissioner and several Dy. Commissioners, Addl. Dy. Commissioners, Assistant Commissioners of police who are either IPS officers orProvincial Police Service (PPS) officers.[57] Each of the several police circles is headed by an Assistant Commissioner of Police in the rank of deputy superintendent of police.[57]
The city is divided into 6 zones and 110wards with a ward population range of 19,000 to 26,000 and 110corporators directly elected from each ward.[48][58] As mandated by the 74th constitutional amendment, there were 11 ward committees in Kanpur municipal corporation in 1991.[59] Local elections were last held in 2022, when the mayor,Pramila Pandey from the BJP, was re-elected.[60] The previous mayor had been Captain (retired)Jagatvir Singh Drona.[35] As of 2006, Kanpur Municipal Council has an elected mayor-in-council system.[61]
The first development plan of the city was created by theKanpur Development Board in 1943. This was followed by the masterplan being designed by the Town and Country Planning Department from 1962 to 1991, which was adopted after the establishment of the Kanpur Development Authority in 1974.[62][56] The most recent masterplan is the Draft Master Plan of 2021 .[56][63]
Water supply, sewerage is done by the Jal Kal vibhag of KMC.[67] Infrastructure development and maintenance is done by the state's body, UP Jal Nigam.[68] The piped water supply of Kanpur City was started in 1892.[69] After construction of Ganga Barrage on the river, a permanent and reliable source for the water supply got available to provide 1600 mld raw water.[69] The city also receives water from the catchment areas of rivers Ganga and Pandu.[69] However, while the total water supply requirement is 600 mld only 385 mld of potable water is being supplied.[69] The city loses water due to leaky pipes and contamination of natural water sources.[69] There is a severe water crisis in Kanpur.[70]
In 2015, Ganga Pollution Control Unit in Kanpur got about Rs 200 crores to make 4 STPs functional.[71] The city then reported having 3 STPs for domestic waste.[71] In 2017, there was only one sewage treatment plant for waste from tanneries, biggest source of industrial pollution to the Ganga, was to be replaced by a newer one costing 400 cr as the old one could only treat 9 MLD at the most. 823.1 MLD of untreated sewage and 212.42 MLD of industrial effluent flow into the river.[72] In 2019, another STP costing worth Rs 816.25 was to be set up.[73] As of 2020, While the government has stopped pollution from Kanpur's biggest drain, Sishamau, of Kanpur's 48 drains, eight still have no devices to stop effluents.[74]
Solid waste management is handled by the KMC.[75] As of 2015, Kanpur generates 1,500 tonnes of solid wastes from domestic and industrial sources, 64,000 tonnes ofhazardous waste annually which includes metals and waste generated by tanneries, dye industries and chemical industries; while coal ash produced in Kanpur amounts to 71,000 tonnes per annum.[76]
Indian Railways:Kanpur Central is a major railhead and is among the busiest railway stations in the country. Rail routes connect it to all major cities in the state and the country. It is an A-1 category railway station that comes under thePrayagraj railway division ofNorth Central Railway zone ofIndian Railways. Around 300 trains pass through it daily.[77] The city of Kanpur has eleven railway stations in addition to the main Kanpur Central:
The city has the historically importantGrand Trunk Road which serves as the lifeline of the city. There are several important national highways and expressways that pass through and adround Kanpur.
TheUPSRTC inter state bus station (ISBT) of Kanpur is officially named as the "Shaheed Major Salman Khan bus station", and is locally known as the "Jhakarkati Bus Station". It provides buses to many important cities of India.[79] Other important bus stations are the Chunniganj bus stand for Farrukhabad, Bareilly and Uttarakhand routes, and the Naubasta bus stand for Hamirpur route. Fazalganj is another hub for private carriers.
Ring road: In 2011, it was reported byThe Indian Express that the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) planned to develop a four-lane outer ring road along the periphery of Kanpur with an aim to prevent traffic congestion in the city caused by long-distance heavy vehicles. The new road, which would help heavy vehicles to bypass the city, would be developed on Built, Operate and Transfer (BOT) basis under the phase-VII of National Highways Development Programme (NHDP).[80]
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Kanpur is an important economic and industrial center in India.
Kanpur is an important economic center in India with a GDP of ~$9Bn.[81] There was a time when Kanpur was very prosperous but over time it lagged behind other big cities due to continuous negligence from both the Central and State government, as they were diverting funds to other cities, which hampered its growth.[citation needed] According to GDP per capita, it ranks 9th in Uttar Pradesh.Noida andMeerut rank 1st and 2nd notably.[82] While the state capitalLucknow ranks 7th in the state in GDP per capita.
The Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (IIT Kanpur) is a public technical and research university located in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. It was established in 1959 as one of the first Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), with the assistance of a consortium of nine US research universities as part of the Kanpur Indo-American Programme (KIAP).[83][84]
Aerial view of Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University
Other educational institutions in the city include three state universities.Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University is one of the largest universities in northern India catering to urban and rural students offering professional and academic courses in the disciplines of Arts, Science, Commerce, Law, Engineering, Biotechnology, Computer Applications, Management and Medicine.
Harcourt Butler Technical University (HBTU) offers Bachelors, Masters, and Doctoral programs in engineering, as well as Masters programs in Business Administration, and Computer Applications. Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology for Handicapped, an institution to provide technical education to specially-abled students inaugurated by former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in 1997, is also situated in Kanpur.
National Sugar Institute (NSI) is involved in research, training and advisory services to the sugar and allied industry, and functions under the Department of Food and Public Distribution of the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution.
Lala Lajpat Rai Hospital in Kanpur is commonly known as "Hallet" because of its origins. It was initially established during the British colonial period and named after a British civil surgeon, Dr. George Henry Hallet, who served in the United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh) and contributed to the field of public health. Although the hospital was later renamed to honor Lala Lajpat Rai, a prominent Indian freedom fighter, the original name, "Hallet," continued to be widely used by locals.
The hospital, along with Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial (GSVM) Medical College, is still known colloquially as "Hallet Hospital," a testament to its historical roots and Dr. Hallet's influence during the colonial era.
^Sen, Surendra Nath (1995) [1957].Eighteen Fifty-seven. Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 145.ISBN978-81-230-0093-0.
^Dalrymple, W. 2007.The Last Mughal. The Fall of a Dynasty: Delhi, 1857, Alfred Knopf, New York
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