After theMauryas, parts of Karnataka were variously ruled by dynasties who were from the outside. One theory posits that theVijayanagara Empire, one of the region's most renowned, was founded by Kannadigas who served as commanders in theHoysala Empire's army stationed in the Tungabhadra region.[9]
TheKannada language has written inscriptions dating back as far as 450 CE. Kannada literature is mostly composed of treatises on various topics and poems on religious works. Kannada architecture is dominated by stone-carved sculptured palaces, temples and traditional wooden folk houses known as thotti mane and chowki mane.[10] Many of religious architectures built during ancient and medieval period are today UNESCO World Heritage sites.[11]
Architecture andsculpture has been the epitome of art in Karnataka. Be it the musical pillars ofHampi, which is listed as aUNESCOWorld Heritage Site,[46] theekashila (monolithic) statue of GommateshvaraBahubali that was voted by Indians as the first of Seven Wonders of India[47] theYelu Sutthina Kote ofChitradurga (The Fort of Seven Laps) cutting across hill or the wholesomeness of carvings of temples which bared down all desires to be left out of it and formless (above all forms) all encompassing — the innergarbhagrihas.[citation needed] The temples of Karnataka had in them manyshaili or varieties to credit. A majority of the temples were built using the locally available stones.
57-foot monolithic statue of GommateshvaraBahubali dated 978–993 AD.Traditional folk house with courtyard andtulasi katte.
Konark Sun Temple also called Surya Devalaya and Black Pagoda built in coastline of Odisha, India by Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty is declared aWorld Heritage Site byUNESCO.[46]
Basavakalyan, a major centre of social and religious movement in the 12th century byBasava, consists of temples in Chalukyan architecture[52]
Itagi is home to theShiva temple built byVikramāditya. Considered to be the best specimen of Kalyani Chalukyan art, it has as many as 68 decorated pillars, an ornate tower and a doorway of great workmanship[53]
Modern Kannada art is primarily influenced by Raja Ravi Varma and his realism. Popular visual arts generally revolve around puppetry. Most traditional religious paintings include works that are very colorful.
These are many of the places where art is displayed.
Dasa sahitya is the literature ofBhakti movement composed by devotees in honor ofLord Vishnu or one of hisavatars.Dasa is literally "servant" in Kannada andsahitya is literature.Haridasas ("servants of God") were preachers ofBhakti to Vishnu. The bhakti literature of these Haridasas is collectively referred to as Dasa Sahitya. It is composed in the Kannada language.[54]
TheHaridasas richly contributed to the heritage of Karntataka music.[54][55] They made an indelible impression on the religious and cultural life of Karnataka by spreading thedidactic teachings in a musical form to the hearts of the common folk.[56] Like other doyens of Indian classical music, these scholars offered prayer to Vishnu through music, callednaadopasana. The Lord is described asSamagana priya, and bhakti through music is the most preferred path to 'reach' Him.[57]
The Haridasa compositions are popularly known asDevaranamas. Compositions likeKrishna Nee Begane Baaro, Venkatachala Nilayam, Jagadoddharana,Tamboori Meetidava are some of the many examples of their scholarly work.
Veena is the most commonly used instrument in Carnatic music.
Some noted Haridasas or composers of Dasa Sahitya are:
One of the oldest forms of music in the region isKarnataka Shastreeya Sangeetha which has evolved over ages. BothHindustani and Karnataka variations are respected and nurtured by Kannadigas.Bhavageete andSugama Sangeetha are some innovations. Other forms of music includeGamaka,[59] Joogera Pada andLavani.[60]Yakshagana is considered a unique and indigenous form of both music and dance of Karnataka.[61]
Contemporary musical thespians are:
Veene Sheshanna (1852-1926) notable Veena player and composer.
Jaanapada artists at government-sponsoredJaanapadha Jaatre
Rangabhoomi or the theater culture is a tradition with Kannadigas. While a lot ofgadhya (literature) is written in praise of the heroic characters of the epics and puranas, there are major works depicting the kings and their rule. These are calledNaataka (plays having wide-ranging stages for performance like Rangamancha staged in either theaters or on streets) andBayalata (ಬಯಲಾಟ).[65] As its etymology indicates,bayalu means open-air field andata means theater. In southern Karnataka, the eastern and western varieties ofYakshagana are termed Bayalata, whereas in the north, several other distinct genres are included under the name.[66]
Harikathe which covers an entire night is another form where one (or more) person tells a story in an outstanding manner accompanied by music at background.[67] It is a common feature to narrate battles, stories, devotions orvratha in front of temples on auspicious days likeDasara andMaha Shivaratri.[68] Harikathe is a composite art form composed of story telling, poetry, music, drama, dance, and philosophy. Today, late-night Harikathe sessions are organized overseas where Kannadiga population is considerable.[69]
Togalu gombeyaata, is a unique puppet show form of shadow puppetry, Gombe ata involves story telling using character made from dolls, Whose performance is controlled by the humans in the background using invisible threads[70]
Vasanta Habba (ವಸಂತ ಹಬ್ಬ), which means "spring festival" in Kannada is a cultural festival organized by theNrityagram foundation inBengaluru. It is a very popular event and is considered the classicalWoodstock of India.[71] First held in 1990, it now attracts the best musicians, dancers and cultural artists from across India.[72] Similarly,'Bengaluru Habba (ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಹಬ್ಬ is a congregation of art performances at places in the city which is successfully celebrated every year. It aims to provide aesthetic entertainment to a wide cultural, social and demographic cross-section of the city's people by partnering with corporates and other stakeholders since 2003.[73] In 2006, theGovernment of Karnataka tried to bring the folklore and art into the city of Bengaluru by initiatingJaanapada Jaatre which was hugely successful and received well by art lovers. It is usually held on select weekends inLalbagh and other parts of the city.[74]
The mystic and spirited reliving of legends and epics are the major depictions in dance forms. With the theater of battle scenes of heroism, loyalty and treachery, colour and pageantry are the main subjects. More are adapted with the course of nature and seasons adding colour to the harvesting seasons. Tribal forms of dance can be found limited in the regions inhabited bySoligas, of whichPinasee is a traditional dance form.[75] The people ofKodagu in theWestern Ghats also have their own dance forms.
Some of the folk dances and classical dance forms in Karnataka include:
Veeragase, It is vigorous dance which involves very intense energy-sapping movements performed by jangamas[76]
Kamsale, is a folk dance performed by the devotees of lord Male mahadeshwara with rhythmic instrument
Somana Kunitha / Chamana kunitha, a Form of mask dance, Somana kunitha is ritualistic performance during the festivals in temples, prominently glorifying village deities worshipped by the people since ages[77]
Pooja Kunita, A religious folk dance of Karnataka which is performed by holding Shakti devata on the head[78]
Suggi Kunitha, is performed during harvesting festival in Karnataka, Haalakki tribe living in coastal part of north canara perform this dance at the time of holy harvesting festival[79]
Goravara Kunitha is a treditional dance of kurubas which is dedicated to lord mialara linga
Yakshagana is a form of dance which is popular in coastal Karnataka[80]
Bhootha (Gana) Aradhane /Buta Kola, This form of dance is widely performed in coastal regions. A dancer personifying a bhoota (holy spirit) dances around the plinth with sword & jingling bells.
Gaarudi Gombe, where dancers adorn themselves with giant doll-suits made ofbamboo sticks
Bharatanatyam is classical dance of Karnataka, too. It is referred to as Bharata- Natya in Kannada. The similar dance content was discussed in the Kannada textManasollasa, written by Someshwara lll.[85][86]
Jaggahalige Mela, is performed in hubli-dharwad region on the auspicious occasion of Holi & ugadi[87]
Karaga (festival), is celebrated annually which is dedicated to draupadi, Bengaluru Karaga is a notable event.
The martial arts more prevalent in parts of North Karnataka with Garadi Mane present in every village and a head to train the youngsters into fit individuals.Kusthi,Malla Yuddha, Kathi Varase (which can be seen depicted in Veeragase and similar to sword fighting), Malla Kambha (gymnastics on a pole structure with/without rope) are some of the prominent arts practised.
The MysoreOdeyars arrange kaalaga or fights likeVajra Mushti duringDasara festival which is made less frightening these days as they are publicly staged. Rock lifting, Bull race, Kusthi, and Kabaddi are popular sports.[88]
Yogasana, Praanayama and health-related camps are very popular throughout the state and some of the bestYoga practitioners can be found here.Art of Living is one such organization immensely popular all over the world.
The cuisine of Karnataka includes manyvegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes. One of the earliest Indian books with chapters on culinary preparations,Manasollasa, was from Karnataka, written during the reign of Kannada emperor Someshwara |||. The varieties reflect influences from the food habits of many regions and communities from the three neighbouringSouth Indian states, as well as the state ofMaharashtra to its north. Soopa Shastra is notable medieval Kannada literally work written in 1508 A.D on the subject of Kannada cuisine.[89]
Among sweets,Mysore Pak,Dharwad pedha, Chiroti, Jalebi, and Belagavi Kunda are well known. Hurnagadab,Karadantu ofGokak andAmingarh,Obbattu (bele hurana holige), Kaayi Kadubu, Kaayi (coconut) Obbattu, Shenga holige, Thambittu (tamta), Karji Kai, Ellu unde, Ginna, Halubai, Rave Unde, Otthu Shavige Kaayi haalu, a variety of Payasa (Shavige payasa, kadle bele payasa, Hesaru bele payasa, Sabakki payasa), Sajjige, andKesari bat are popular sweets. Indis (chutneys) of Karnataka have a very distinct taste and flavour.[how?] Some popular ones include Shenga indi (groundnut), Agashi indi, Karal indi, Inichi indi, and Mavina indi (mango). Similarly, Karnatakauppinakai (pickles) too are very distinct from the rest,[how?][according to whom?] like Mavinathokku (fine mango pickles),Nimbekai uppinakai (lemon pickles),Tenga Mavina uppinakai (entire mango pickle),gaajri uppinkai (carrot pickle), andmenshinikai uppinakai (chili pickle).
Some non-vegetarian dishes include: Dhonne biriyani, Bamboo biriyani, Mutton pulao, Mangalore fish curry, fish fry, Mangalore mutton and chicken Sukka, Mandya naati style Baaduta, Ragi mudde - Koli saaru, rice with Mutton sambar, Egg curry, Pork curry, chicken sambar, or gravy, and Boti gojju, among others.
Kannada wedding ceremony depicted by Codice Casanatense. The inscription reads; "Marriage of Kanarese", circa 1540.
The costume of Kannada people varies from place to place. The Kannadiga male costume mainly includespanche (some tie as Kachche) orlungi (wrapping style depends on the region),Angi a traditional form of shirt andPeta turban worn in Mysuru style or Dharwad style.Shalya is a piece of long cloth which is put on shoulder commonly seen in the countryside. Many useKhadi in their clothing until date of which politicians are prominent ones.
Female costumes includeSeere of whichIlakal Seere andMysore silk are famous. Seere has variations of draping depending on regions like Kodagu, North and South Karnataka andKaravali. Young women in some parts of Karnataka traditionally wear theLanga davani before marriage.Kasuti is a form of embroidery work which is very popularly sought-after art on dress and costumes.
An urban male costume comprises trousers, a shirt and sandals, while that of females includeshalwar. Jeans are popular among the youth, while new age Khadi/silk printed with art or emblem also find place.
Kannada literature is filled with literary figures and pioneers all through. With an unbroken literary history of over a thousand years,[93] the excellence ofKannada literature continues into the present day: works of Kannada literature have received eightJnanpith awards[94] and fifty-sixSahitya Akademi awards.
Pampa,Ranna andPonna are considered as three jewels of Old Kannada (Halegannada).Janna was another notable poet of this genre.[95][96]
Bhashyam Bhashyachar published "Mysuru Vrittanta Bodhini" in 1859.
Mangaluru Samachara was the first Kannada news publication as early as 1843 byGermanmissionaryHermann Mögling.[99] Followed by Bhashyam Bhashyachar who is credited with publishing the first Kannada weekly from Mysore "Mysuru Vrittanta Bodhini" in 1859 under the royal patronage ofKrishnaraja Wadiyar III.[100] Shortly after Indian independence in 1948,K. N. Guruswamy foundedThe Printers (Mysore) Private Limited and began publishing two newspapers, Deccan Herald and Prajavani. Presently the Times of India and Vijaya Karnataka are the largest-selling English and Kannada newspapers respectively.[101][102]D. V. Gundappa was a notable Kannada journalist, he was awarded third-highest civilian awardPadmabhushan in 1974.[103]
C. N. R. Rao - Notable Solid-state scientist and chairman of Science Advisory Council of GOI. Recently awarded with India's highest civilian awardBharat Ratna
K. N. Shankara - Indian space scientist and master in satellite payload technology.
L. S. Shashidhara - Developmental biologist, geneticist and a professor and chair of Biology at Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISER).
M. Visvesvaraya - Indian scholar and engineer, who also served as the Diwan of Mysore
Karnataka is one of the few states which, while a leading contributor for GDP of the country[104] and home for industries, has preserved its forests and wildlife. The evergreen Sahyadri and Western Ghats are home to protectedWildlife of Karnataka. The Kannada culture protects and balances Kaadu (forest) and Naadu (state) as can be seen. Although seen scantly still the state enjoys the diversity owing to tribal sects ofSoliga, Badaga,Jenu Kuruba, Hakki Pikki,Lambani,Siddis and other inhabitants of forests. SeeAppiko Chaluvali.
Like other ethnolinguistic groups in India, Kannada speaking people form several distinct communities. The two single biggest communities numerically are theLingayat and theVokkaliga from North and South Karnataka respectively.[105] while Scheduled Castes make up the largest cohesive group of communities. There are also numerous OBC (other backward communities) including the formerpastoralist community ofKuruba, Scheduled Tribes like theBoya/Valmiki, scheduled castes like Banjara and Adi Karnataka.Kannada Brahmins are divided into several communities.[106][107] Although historicallyJainism in Karnataka had dominant presence, Kannada Jains today form a small minority.[108]
Horanadu Kannadigas (or non-resident Kannadigas) are Kannadigas who have migrated to another state or country, people of Kannada origin born outside Karnataka, or people of Kannada origin who reside permanently outside of Karnataka.N R Narayana Murthy, speaking at the 2011 World Kannada Conference, opined that Kannadigas who move out of the state are respected everywhere.[109] Although the failure in political arena has reflected in the cultural isolation of emigrants, some of the successful functional bodies include Singara (Singapore),[110] Dehali Kannadiga (New Delhi), Mumbai Karnataka Sangha (Mumbai),[111] Mallige Kannada Balaga (Mauritius),[112] North America Vishwa Kannada Association (NAVIKA) andAssociation of Kannada Kootas of America (AKKA) in the United States have promoted cultural involvement[113] through events such as Kannadotsava. Significant Kannada minorities are found in the Indian states ofMaharashtra inKolhapur,Solapur andSangli;[114]Tamil Nadu in Nilgiri,Erode,Dharampuri andHosur;[115]Andhra Pradesh inMadakasira,Rayadurgam,Anantapur, Chitoor andKurnool;Goa;Kerala inWaynad;[116][117] and in other Indian states.[114] The Kannadiga diaspora are found all over the world, in countries like theUSA, theUnited Kingdom,Canada, and in theUAE.[118][119][120][121][122][123]
^Kannadigas is a term obtained by adding the English suffix-s toKannadiga to make it plural.Kannadigaru is the plural form in Kannada.Kannadiga is a masculine term; the feminine term isKannadathi.Kannadigaru is essentially a masculine term as opposed toKannadatiyaru but is used when the genders of group members are unclear in context.
Braj B. Kachru; S. N. Sridhar; Yamuna Kachru, eds. (2008).Language in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 528.ISBN978-0521781411.Initial studies of language maintenance and/or language shift involved speakers of Kannada (referred to as Kannadigas), and expanded the scope of the study to include speakers of Gujarati (referred to as Gujaratis), and Malayalam (referred to as Malayalis). (K. K. Sridhar 1988, 1993, 1997: K. K. Sridhar and S.N. Sridhar 2000).
N. R. Shetty; L. M. Patnaik; N. H. Prasad; N. Nalini, eds. (2017).Emerging Research in Computing, Information, Communication and Applications: ERCICA 2016. Springer. p. 294.ISBN978-9811047411.Kannada is the thirty-third most spoken language in the world. It is spoken by the Kannada people or Kannadigas (Kannaigaru), mainly in the state of Karnataka and by Kannadiga people settled in other states in India and in the world.
^Kamath, Suryanath U. (2001).A concise history of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present. Bangalore: Jupiter books. pp. 157–160.LCCN80905179.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
^They were an Andhra dynasty who ruled over Kurnool, Cuddappah in the 10th century. There inscriptions are in Telugu and Kannada. Chopra et al. (2003), part 1, p. 163
^Also known as the Kempegowda family, builders of modern Bangalore-Kamath (2001), pp. 240–241
^Two coins of the Hangal Kadambas exist, one with the Kannada inscriptionSaarvadhari and other withNakara. They are preserved in the Royal Asiatic Society and Indian Historical Research Institute, Mumbai -Moraes (1931), p 385
^The coins of the Kadambas of Goa are unique in that they have alternate inscription of the king's name in Kannada and Devanagari in triplicate. This shows that the native vernacular of the Goa Kadambas was Kannada.Moraes (1931), p 384
^Thapar, Romila (2003), p. 433,The Penguin History of Early India, From Origin to 1300 AD., 2003, Penguin, New Delhi,ISBN0-14-302989-4
^Kamat, Suryanath U., (2001), p.8,A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC, Bangalore, 2001 (Reprinted 2002), OCLC: 7796041
^Bose, Manilal (1998), p.28,Social and Cultural History of Ancient India, Concept Publishing Company,ISBN81-7022-598-1
^Makhan Jha, (1997), pp52-53,Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective, M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd,ISBN81-7533-034-1
^S.R. Bakshi, S. Gajrani, Hari Singh (2005), p.254,Early Aryans to Swaraj, Sarup & Sons,ISBN81-7625-537-8
^Sengupta, Nitish K (2011), p50,Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib, Penguin Books, Chapter:The Sen Dynasty,ISBN9780143416784
^Desai, Pandurang Bhimarao (1970), p.213,A History of Karnataka: From Pre-history to Unification, Kannada Research Institute, Karnatak University, OCLC:203297
^Mishra, Jayakanta in Ayyappa Paniker (1997), p.280, p.289,Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections, Sahitya Akademi,ISBN81-260-0365-0
^Pollock, Sheldon (2006), p.417, note.79,The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India, University of California Press,ISBN9780520260030
^The Eastern Chalukyas were originally of Kannada stock who later encouraged TeluguDr. K.S.S. Seshan, University of Hyderabad."APOnline-History of Andhra Pradesh-ancient period-Eastern Chalukyas".Revenue Department (Gazetteers), Government of Andhra Pradesh. Tata Consultancy Services. Archived fromthe original on 6 December 2006. Retrieved12 November 2006.
^Shrinivas Ritti and A.V. Narasimha Murthy in Kamath 2001, p. 137
^Seuna coins carry Kannada legends from the beginning of their rule (O.P. Varma in Kamath 2001, p. 137)
^Majority of the Seuna inscriptions are in Kannada and during the formation of the kingdom, the Nasik-Ahamadnagar region (Seuna Desa) was a Kannada territory (Kamath 2001, p. 137)
^A Kannada dynasty may have been created in Berar under the rule of Badami Chalukyas, (Altekar 1934, pp. 21–22)
^The Gujarat Rashtrakutas signed even their Sanskrit records in Kannada because that was the language of the place of their origin (D.R. Bhandarkar in Kamath 2001, p 73)
^The Gujarat Rashtrakutas would not have signed their inscriptions in Kannada language in far away Gujarat unless they were Kannadigas (Altekar 1934, pp 21–22)
^B.P. Sinha in George E. Somers, Dynastic History of Magadha, p. 214, Abhinav Publications, 1977, New Delhi,ISBN81-7017-059-1
^Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (2002) [1955].A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar. New Delhi: Indian Branch, Oxford University Press.ISBN0-19-560686-8.
^Sharma, B.N.K (2000) [1961].History of Dvaita school of Vedanta and its Literature. Bombay: Motilal Banarasidass.ISBN81-208-1575-0.
^Details regarding Dasara Wrestling competition held inMysore is provided byShankar Bennur."Dasara wrestling to offer 'thunder' bouts".Online Edition of The Deccan Herald, dated 2005-09-30. 2005, The Printers (Mysore) Private Ltd. Archived fromthe original on 14 May 2014. Retrieved4 April 2007.
^Culinary Traditions of Medieval Karnataka: The Soopa Shastra of Mangarasa III, p.9-22
^Raja M (24 June 2004)."India's new offering to curry Western flavor".Asia Times. Archived from the original on 2 February 2004. Retrieved23 August 2010.The dosa, like most other south Indian culinary exports, is often linked to Udupi, a small temple town in the state of Karnataka
^Hermann Mögling's contribution to the Kannada literature is mentioned byShrinivas Havanur."Herr Kannada".Online Edition of The Deccan Herald 2004-01-18. 1999 The Printers (Mysore) Private Ltd. Archived fromthe original on 14 May 2014. Retrieved1 May 2007.
^Bellary Shamanna Kesavan (1988) - History of Printing and Publishing in India: Volume 2, p.48
John Keay, History of India, 2000, Grove publications, New York,ISBN0-8021-3797-0
Suryanath U. Kamat, A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC, Bangalore, 2001 (Reprinted 2002) OCLC: 7796041
Altekar, Anant Sadashiv (1934), The Rashtrakutas And Their Times; being a political, administrative, religious, social, economic and literary history of the Deccan during c. 750 AD to c. 1000 AD, Oriental Book Agency, Poona, OCLC 3793499
R. Narasimhacharya, History of Kannada Literature, 1988, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras, 1988ISBN81-206-0303-6.
Malini Adiga (2006), The Making of Southern Karnataka: Society, Polity and Culture in the early medieval period, AD 400–1030, Orient Longman, Chennai,ISBN81-250-2912-5
George M. Moraes (1931), The Kadamba Kula, A History of Ancient and Medieval Karnataka, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras, 1990ISBN81-206-0595-0
Rice, B.L. [1897] (2001). Mysore Gazetteer Compiled for Government-vol 1. New Delhi, Madras: Asian Educational Services.ISBN81-206-0977-8.
Chopra P.N., Ravindran T.K., Subrahmanian N. (2003), History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern), Chand publications, New DelhiISBN81-219-0153-7
Cousens, Henry, (1926), The Chalukyan Architecture of Kanarese Districts, Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi, OCLC 37526233
Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999) [1999].Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age Publishers.ISBN81-224-1198-3.
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