 | |
 Children and woman dressed in traditional attire | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| c. 44 million[1][2] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 India | 44 million[3] |
| Languages | |
| Kannada | |
| Religion | |
Majority: HinduismMinority: [4] | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
TheKannadigas orKannadigaru[a] (Kannada:ಕನ್ನಡಿಗರು[b]), often referred to asKannada people, are aDravidian ethno-linguistic group who natively speakKannada, primarily in the south Indian state ofKarnataka and its surrounding regions.[5] TheKannada language belongs to theDravidian family of languages.[6] Kannada stands among 30 of the most widely spoken languages of the world as of 2001.[7]
After the Mauryas, parts of Karnataka were variously ruled by dynasties who were from the outside. One theory posits that theVijayanagara Empire, one of the region's most renowned, was founded by Kannadigas who served as commanders in theHoysala Empire's army stationed in the Tungabhadra region.[8]
TheKannada language has written inscriptions dating back as far as 450 CE. Kannada literature is mostly composed of treatises on various topics and poems on religious works. Kannada architecture is dominated by stone-carved sculptured palaces, temples and traditional wooden folk houses known as thotti mane and chowki mane.[9] Many of religious architectures built during ancient and medieval period are today UNESCO World Heritage sites.[10]
Minor dynasties that have played an important role in the development of Kannada language, culture and polity wereTuluva Dynasty of Canara,[11]Rattas of Saundatti (Belgaum),[11] Guttas of Guttal (Dharwad region),[12]Banas of Kolar,[13]Nolambas of Nolambavadi,[14][15] Vaidumbas,[16][17] Chengalvas,[11] Kongalvas,[11] Sendrakas of Nagarkhanda (Banavasi province),Yalahanka Nadaprabhu Kempegowda,[18] Sindas of Yelburga (Bijapur-Gulbarga),[12]Kadamba of Hangal.[19]
In addition, other well known kingdoms that patronized Kannada poets and Kannada language were:
Architecture andsculpture has been the epitome of art in Karnataka. Be it the musical pillars ofHampi, which is listed as aUNESCOWorld Heritage Site,[45] theekashila (monolithic) statue of GommateshvaraBahubali that was voted by Indians as the first of Seven Wonders of India[46] theYelu Sutthina Kote ofChitradurga (The Fort of Seven Laps) cutting across hill or the wholesomeness of carvings of temples which bared down all desires to be left out of it and formless (above all forms) all encompassing — the innergarbhagrihas.[citation needed] The temples of Karnataka had in them manyshaili or varieties to credit. A majority of the temples were built using the locally available stones.
Some of the places of interest are:
Pioneer sculptors include:
Modern day contemporaries include visionary architects such as:
Modern Kannada art is primarily influenced by Raja Ravi Varma and his realism. Popular visual arts generally revolve around puppetry. Most traditional religious paintings include works that are very colorful.
These are many of the places where art is displayed.
Dasa sahitya is the literature ofBhakti movement composed by devotees in honor ofLord Vishnu or one of hisavatars.Dasa is literally "servant" in Kannada andsahitya is literature.Haridasas ("servants of God") were preachers ofBhakti to Vishnu. The bhakti literature of these Haridasas is collectively referred to as Dasa Sahitya. It is composed in the Kannada language.[53]
TheHaridasas richly contributed to the heritage of Karntataka music.[53][54] They made an indelible impression on the religious and cultural life of Karnataka by spreading thedidactic teachings in a musical form to the hearts of the common folk.[55] Like other doyens of Indian classical music, these scholars offered prayer to Vishnu through music, callednaadopasana. The Lord is described asSamagana priya, and bhakti through music is the most preferred path to 'reach' Him.[56]
The Haridasa compositions are popularly known asDevaranamas. Compositions likeKrishna Nee Begane Baaro, Venkatachala Nilayam, Jagadoddharana,Tamboori Meetidava are some of the many examples of their scholarly work.
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Some noted Haridasas or composers of Dasa Sahitya are:
One of the oldest forms of music in the region isKarnataka Shastreeya Sangeetha which has evolved over ages. BothHindustani and Karnataka variations are respected and nurtured by Kannadigas.Bhavageete andSugama Sangeetha are some innovations. Other forms of music includeGamaka,[58] Joogera Pada andLavani.[59]Yakshagana is considered a unique and indigenous form of both music and dance of Karnataka.[60]
Contemporary musical thespians are:
Rangabhoomi or the theater culture is a tradition with Kannadigas. While a lot ofgadhya (literature) is written in praise of the heroic characters of the epics and puranas, there are major works depicting the kings and their rule. These are calledNaataka (plays having wide-ranging stages for performance like Rangamancha staged in either theaters or on streets) andBayalata (ಬಯಲಾಟ).[64] As its etymology indicates,bayalu means open-air field andata means theater. In southern Karnataka, the eastern and western varieties ofYakshagana are termed Bayalata, whereas in the north, several other distinct genres are included under the name.[65]
Harikathe which covers an entire night is another form where one (or more) person tells a story in an outstanding manner accompanied by music at background.[66] It is a common feature to narrate battles, stories, devotions orvratha in front of temples on auspicious days likeDasara andMaha Shivaratri.[67] Harikathe is a composite art form composed of story telling, poetry, music, drama, dance, and philosophy. Today, late-night Harikathe sessions are organized overseas where Kannadiga population is considerable.[68]
Togalu gombeyaata, is a unique puppet show form of shadow puppetry, Gombe ata involves story telling using character made from dolls, Whose performance is controlled by the humans in the background using invisible threads[69]
Vasanta Habba (ವಸಂತ ಹಬ್ಬ), which means "spring festival" in Kannada is a cultural festival organized by theNrityagram foundation inBengaluru. It is a very popular event and is considered the classicalWoodstock of India.[70] First held in 1990, it now attracts the best musicians, dancers and cultural artists from across India.[71] Similarly,'Bengaluru Habba (ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಹಬ್ಬ is a congregation of art performances at places in the city which is successfully celebrated every year. It aims to provide aesthetic entertainment to a wide cultural, social and demographic cross-section of the city's people by partnering with corporates and other stakeholders since 2003.[72] In 2006, theGovernment of Karnataka tried to bring the folklore and art into the city of Bengaluru by initiatingJaanapada Jaatre which was hugely successful and received well by art lovers. It is usually held on select weekends inLalbagh and other parts of the city.[73]
Some famous theatrical,cinematic and television personalities likeT P Kailasam,Gubbi Veeranna, C. Honappa Bhagavathar,G V Iyer,Dr. Rajkumar,Puttanna Kanagal,Kalpana,B. S. Ranga,B V Karanth,Girish Kasaravalli,Shankar Nag,T.S. Nagabharana,T N Seetharam have contributed for its richness.
The mystic and spirited reliving of legends and epics are the major depictions in dance forms. With the theater of battle scenes of heroism, loyalty and treachery, colour and pageantry are the main subjects. More are adapted with the course of nature and seasons adding colour to the harvesting seasons. Tribal forms of dance can be found limited in the regions inhabited bySoligas, of whichPinasee is a traditional dance form.[74] The people ofKodagu in theWestern Ghats also have their own dance forms.
Some of the folk dances and classical dance forms in Karnataka include:
The martial arts more prevalent in parts of North Karnataka with Garadi Mane present in every village and a head to train the youngsters into fit individuals.Kusthi,Malla Yuddha, Kathi Varase (which can be seen depicted in Veeragase and similar to sword fighting), Malla Kambha (gymnastics on a pole structure with/without rope) are some of the prominent arts practised.
The MysoreOdeyars arrange kaalaga or fights likeVajra Mushti duringDasara festival which is made less frightening these days as they are publicly staged. Rock lifting, Bull race, Kusthi, and Kabaddi are popular sports.[87]
Yogasana, Praanayama and health-related camps are very popular throughout the state and some of the bestYoga practitioners can be found here.Art of Living is one such organization immensely popular all over the world.
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Kannadigas celebrate festivals throughout the year presenting the diverse culture and belief of the ethnicity. Festivals have varied reasons to celebrate.
In the countryside, adana jaathre (livestock fair) is held which is a conglomeration of people where a local demigod is worshiped and aratha ortheru (chariots) are moved by the bhakthas and daasoha (free food) is arranged for the visitors.
North Karnataka has a unique blend of Hindu and Muslim brotherhood with people celebrating festivals in unison and exchanging goodwills owing to great revolutionaryShishunala Sharif and Guru Govinda Bhatta who had displayed their religious tolerance and spiritual unity of all religions.
Christmas is celebrated at large in Bengaluru and Mangalooru which host some of the oldest churches and educational institutions of the country.Buddha,Mahaveera,Shankara,Basavanna andGandhi are remembered on their birth anniversaries.
The cuisine of Karnataka includes manyvegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes. One of the earliest Indian books with chapters on culinary preparations,Manasollasa, was from Karnataka, written during the reign of Kannada emperor Someshwara |||. The varieties reflect influences from the food habits of many regions and communities from the three neighbouringSouth Indian states, as well as the state ofMaharashtra to its north. Soopa Shastra is notable medieval Kannada literally work written in 1508 A.D on the subject of Kannada cuisine.[88]
Some typical everyday dishes in Kannadigas homes includeBisi Bele Bath,Jolada rotti,Ragi rotti,Akki rotti, Masale rotti,Saaru,Huli,Benne dose,Ragi mudde, Chitranna, Chapathi, Poori, Avalakki, Puri Usli,Puliyogare (tamarind rice) andUppittu.Dosa (food) origin is linked toUdupi cuisine. A recipe for dosa (as dosaka) can be found in Manasollasa.[89][90] Plain and raveIdli,Masala Dosa or Masale dosey andMaddur Vade are very popular in South Karnataka.Neer dosa is a delicacy from coastal Karnataka.[91]DavanagereBenne dose is a notable flavourful dosa. Kadubu, a kind ofrice dumplings, is a popular and ethnic food in South Malnad regions such asSakaleshpura,Mudigere,Somwarapete, etc. and is consumed withhuchellu (black sesame) chutney.
Among sweets,Mysore Pak,Dharwad pedha, Chiroti, Jalebi, and Belagavi Kunda are well known. Hurnagadab,Karadantu ofGokak andAmingarh,Obbattu (bele hurana holige), Kaayi Kadubu, Kaayi (coconut) Obbattu, Shenga holige, Thambittu (tamta), Karji Kai, Ellu unde, Ginna, Halubai, Rave Unde, Otthu Shavige Kaayi haalu, a variety of Payasa (Shavige payasa, kadle bele payasa, Hesaru bele payasa, Sabakki payasa), Sajjige, andKesari bat are popular sweets. Indis (chutneys) of Karnataka have a very distinct taste and flavour.[how?] Some popular ones include Shenga indi (groundnut), Agashi indi, Karal indi, Inichi indi, and Mavina indi (mango). Similarly, Karnatakauppinakai (pickles) too are very distinct from the rest,[how?][according to whom?] like Mavinathokku (fine mango pickles),Nimbekai uppinakai (lemon pickles),Tenga Mavina uppinakai (entire mango pickle),gaajri uppinkai (carrot pickle), andmenshinikai uppinakai (chili pickle).
Some non-vegetarian dishes include: Dhonne biriyani, Bamboo biriyani, Mutton pulao, Mangalore fish curry, fish fry, Mangalore mutton and chicken Sukka, Mandya naati style Baaduta, Ragi mudde - Koli saaru, rice with Mutton sambar, Egg curry, Pork curry, chicken sambar, or gravy, and Boti gojju, among others.
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The costume of Kannada people varies from place to place. The Kannadiga male costume mainly includespanche (some tie as Kachche) orlungi (wrapping style depends on the region),Angi a traditional form of shirt andPeta turban worn in Mysuru style or Dharwad style.Shalya is a piece of long cloth which is put on shoulder commonly seen in the countryside. Many useKhadi in their clothing until date of which politicians are prominent ones.
Female costumes includeSeere of whichIlakal Seere andMysore silk are famous. Seere has variations of draping depending on regions like Kodagu, North and South Karnataka andKaravali. Young women in some parts of Karnataka traditionally wear theLanga davani before marriage.Kasuti is a form of embroidery work which is very popularly sought-after art on dress and costumes.
An urban male costume comprises trousers, a shirt and sandals, while that of females includeshalwar. Jeans are popular among the youth, while new age Khadi/silk printed with art or emblem also find place.
Kannada literature is filled with literary figures and pioneers all through. With an unbroken literary history of over a thousand years,[92] the excellence ofKannada literature continues into the present day: works of Kannada literature have received eightJnanpith awards[93] and fifty-sixSahitya Akademi awards.
Pampa,Ranna andPonna are considered as three jewels of Old Kannada (Halegannada).Janna was another notable poet of this genre.[94][95]
Basavanna,Akka Mahadevi,Allama Prabhu,Vidyaranya,Harihara,Raghavanka,Kumara Vyasa,Sarvajna,Purandara Dasa,Kanaka Dasa,Shishunala Shareefa,Raghavendra Swami etc. were pioneers of Nadugannada. All these have been involved with social and cultural movements and hence this was the golden era of literature which brought about a renaissance in Kannada literature. This period was amalgamation of literature works which crossed across boundaries under a vast roof encompassed by art and theater fields. The literature works of Kannada in Navodaya is crowned with eightJnanpith awards.[96]
Some of the contemporary active institutions of Kannada literature are:
Noted travellers and linguists who contributed during the pre- and post-imperial eras include Germany'sFerdinand Kittel, England'sThomas Hodson, Persia'sAbd-al-Razzāq Samarqandī and China'sHuen-tsang.[citation needed]
Mangaluru Samachara was the first Kannada news publication as early as 1843 byGermanmissionaryHermann Mögling.[98] Followed by Bhashyam Bhashyachar who is credited with publishing the first Kannada weekly from Mysore "Mysuru Vrittanta Bodhini" in 1859 under the royal patronage ofKrishnaraja Wadiyar III.[99] Shortly after Indian independence in 1948,K. N. Guruswamy foundedThe Printers (Mysore) Private Limited and began publishing two newspapers, Deccan Herald and Prajavani. Presently the Times of India and Vijaya Karnataka are the largest-selling English and Kannada newspapers respectively.[100][101]D. V. Gundappa was notable Kannada journalist, he was awarded third-highest civilian awardPadmabhushan in 1974.[102]
List of a few major newspapers:
Karnataka is one of the few states which, while a leading contributor for GDP of the country[103] and home for industries, has preserved its forests and wildlife. The evergreen Sahyadri and Western Ghats are home to protectedWildlife of Karnataka. The Kannada culture protects and balances Kaadu (forest) and Naadu (state) as can be seen. Although seen scantly still the state enjoys the diversity owing to tribal sects ofSoliga, Badaga,Jenu Kuruba, Hakki Pikki,Lambani,Siddis and other inhabitants of forests. SeeAppiko Chaluvali.
Noted environmentalists include:
The Puranas describe the region asKishkindha in the age of the Ramayana. There is also literary evidence that the region of Mysore was called "Mahisha Mandala" after the mythological demonMahishasura.Parashurama and Hanumantha are some epic characters to be cited relating to this place. Hanumantha (Hanuman) is said to be born in Kishkindha, Karnataka.
One of the most popular and acknowledgedJaanapada songs is "Dharani mandala madhyadolage" which narrates an incidence between mother cow and an aggressive tiger in a place called Karnataka.
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Karnataka as now can be viewed as a multicultural state – almost all the religions that can be found in India can be found here and there has been lot immigration as well due to whichmulti-ethnic diaspora can be seen. As the kingdoms provided a safe centres for development of all cultures we can see a huge diversities from region to region. Even the language and dialects varies from place to place. The language has evolved distinctly in both the backyard (folk/basic/prakrutha) and frontyard (refined and related to Samskrutha/Sanskrit) of the culture.[citation needed] It can be said that the major works of Sanskrit have originated and continues to evolve here.[citation needed]Shringeri, Udupi are some of nerve centres. One of the leading examples include a village nearShivamogga where people speak only Sanskrit until date. Bengaluru being Kannada majority has almost all language speakers of India, and kannadigaru are said to be tolerant and welcoming people.
One of the most acknowledged concept is to be aVishwa Maanava or universal being. In Kuvempu's ideology this has a renowned explanation "Every Child is born as a Vishwa Maanava or a Universal Human. It is we who make him Alpa Maanava or Little Human by putting various constrictions of borders rituals and castes. It hence becomes responsibility of our culture to again make him a Universal Being unbound and free." The Kannadiga culture is known to provide shelter and self-respect to people by owning them and their culture.[citation needed] Two colonies for refugees from Tibet are formed, one nearMundgod and one nearKushalanagara, protecting them from Chinese atrocities. Karnataka has sheltered flood victims of northeastern India like Assam and provided them jobs. One of the easily seen diversity is the surnames which vary from hugely like some may involve names involving a Hindu and Muslim name or having a Hindu Christian name (more found in Mangaluru) or even a Muslim Christian name.[104]
After theWadiyar dynasty era who already had established democracy by naming elected representative called Saamantha in southern regions as early as the 19th century, the 1947 partition brought a centre into being under democracy and Karnataka accepted abicameral legislature. But this was a functionally a failure as there always has been a tug of war from centre and states to an extent that from the 1990s to 2010 there have always been different political parties operating at centre and state. North Karnataka had other problems of getting independence more from Nizams. So there were two spheres. Lack of will and coordination and constant fights have been hallmark of politics which has prevented a regional party/media from arising in the land.Kerala being a neighbour where hugely successful communist ideology in bringing up literacy levels has a backing here and a fewnaxalite outfits function in Karnataka.
Functional failure of all pillars of democracy even being upper riparian state can be clearly seen in theKaveri River Water Dispute issue. The failure extended to bureaucracy and Karnataka reached the position of being fourth most corrupt state of India[105] due to political and bureaucratic lobby. Because of this, Lokayukta (seeN. Venkatachala) was formed but could not get the required powers to deal with the powerful. In the field of press and journalismP. Lankesh andS. Gurumurthy[106] are some of the noted ones famous for their leftist affiliations.
Just like other Ethnolinguistic groups in India, Kannada speaking people also form a number of distinct communities. The two single biggest communities numerically are theLingayat and theVokkaliga from North and South Karnataka respectively.[107] while Scheduled Castes make up the largest cohesive group of communities. There are also numerous OBC (other backward communities) including the formerpastoralist community ofKuruba, Scheduled Tribes like theBoya/Valmiki, scheduled castes like Banjara and Adi Karnataka.Kannada Brahmins are divided into several communities.[108][109] Although historicallyJainism in Karnataka had dominant presence, Kannada Jains today form a small minority.[110]
Horanadu Kannadigas (or non-resident Kannadigas) are Kannadigas who have migrated to another state or country, people of Kannada origin born outside Karnataka, or people of Kannada origin who reside permanently outside of Karnataka.N R Narayana Murthy, speaking at the 2011 World Kannada Conference, opined that Kannadigas who move out of the state are respected everywhere.[111] Although the failure in political arena has reflected in the cultural isolation of emigrants, some of the successful functional bodies include Singara (Singapore),[112] Dehali Kannadiga (New Delhi), Mumbai Karnataka Sangha (Mumbai),[113] Mallige Kannada Balaga (Mauritius),[114] North America Vishwa Kannada Association (NAVIKA) andAssociation of Kannada Kootas of America (AKKA) in the United States have promoted cultural involvement[115] through events such as Kannadotsava. Significant Kannada minorities are found in the Indian states ofMaharashtra inKolhapur,Solapur andSangli;[116]Tamil Nadu in Nilgiri,Erode,Dharampuri andHosur;[117]Andhra Pradesh inMadakasira,Rayadurgam,Anantapur, Chitoor andKurnool;Goa;Kerala inWaynad;[118][119] and in other Indian states.[116] The Kannadiga diaspora are found all over the world, in countries like theUSA, theUnited Kingdom,Canada, and in theUAE.[120][121][122][123][124][125]
After occupying Mysore, British offered 8 acres & a Rs 75 salary for WWII volunteers from Karnataka.[126] Kannadiga regiments were disbanded after World War II.[127][128] Records, as historians still debate about exclusion of revolts from south of Vindhyas againstBritish Indian Army.[129]
From September 1939 until August 1945, recruitment was done at Regimental Centre at Belagavi for theMadras Regiment, theMahar Regiment, and the Lingayat regiment.[130]
During the period ofBritish rule, state of Karnataka as it stands today did not exist. Areas that today comprise Karnataka were under as many as 20 different administrative units with theprincely state of Mysore,Nizam's Hyderabad, theBombay Presidency, theMadras Presidency and the territory ofKodagu being the most important ones. In effect, nearly two-thirds of what is now Karnataka fell outside the rule of theWodeyar kings of Mysore. In addition the proposed state had six neighbours —Goa,Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu,Kerala — and all had Kannadigas along the borders overlapping these regions.
What this meant for the Kannadigas in these regions was that they were reduced to linguistic minorities wherever they were. Kannadigas in the Hubli-Karnataka region for example, came under the rule of the Bombay presidency whereMarathi was the official language. Those in the Hyderabad-Karnataka region came under the Nizam's rule whereUrdu ruled, while in Mysore Kingdom, Kannada was the official language.
It was in this backdrop that the movement that first started as a protest against linguistic oppression, soon morphed into one that began demanding a separate state be created consolidating all Kannada speaking regions. This was essentially a movement that was spearheaded by the poets, journalists and writers and was called theEkikarana or 'Unification' movement.India gained independence in 1947. The joy of independence soon gave way to disappointment as the new government started dragging its feet onKarnataka Ekikarana movement. Kannada speaking areas now got grouped under five administrative units of the Bombay and Madras provinces, Kodagu, and the princely states of Mysore and Hyderabad. TheAkhila Karnataka Ekikarana Parishat met inKasargod and reiterated the demand for a separate state for Kannadigas.
The ratification in parliament of the recommendations of theFazal Ali Committee brought joy to the Kannada speaking population that now was merged under the state ofMysore.
On 1 November 1973, underDevaraj Urs as chief minister, Mysore state was renamed as Karnataka since it was felt that Karnataka was more 'inclusive' of all the other regions of Karnataka than the name Mysore.
Kannada unification organisations currently active include:
Initial studies of language maintenance and/or language shift involved speakers of Kannada (referred to as Kannadigas), and expanded the scope of the study to include speakers of Gujarati (referred to as Gujaratis), and Malayalam (referred to as Malayalis). (K. K. Sridhar 1988, 1993, 1997: K. K. Sridhar and S.N. Sridhar 2000).
Kannada is the thirty-third most spoken language in the world. It is spoken by the Kannada people or Kannadigas (Kannaigaru), mainly in the state of Karnataka and by Kannadiga people settled in other states in India and in the world.
Kannadigas are native speakers of the Dravidian Kannada language.
The dosa, like most other south Indian culinary exports, is often linked to Udupi, a small temple town in the state of Karnataka
Media related toPeople of Karnataka at Wikimedia Commons
