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Karnataka, a state inSouth India has a long association withJainism, a religion which enjoyed patronage of major historic kingdoms in the state such as theRastrakuta Dynasty,Western Ganga,Kadamba andChalukya dynasties and theHoysala Empire. Today the state is home to a number of Jain monuments, such astemples,Gommata statues andstambhas.
Historical association of Jainism withKarnataka dates back to the 3rd century BC.[1][2]Acharya Bhadrabahu predicted a twelve-year-long famine in north India and led the migration of Jain sangha to the south.[1] He was accompanied by his discipleChandragupta Maurya and theSangha halted atChandragiri Hill. Realising that he was nearing the end of his life, Bhadrabahu instructed his disciples to spread the religion and he undertooksallekhana at Chandragiri.[3]
Chandragupta Maurya continued to live on this hill worshipping the foot prints of his teacher and later he too took Sallekhana. There are two monuments on the hill recalling this event, a rock cut cave called Bhadrabahu cave and a structural shrine called the Chandragupta Basadi.[4]
There are a number of monuments relating to the Jain religion in Karnataka. The Jain monuments include smaller shrines, Jain temples (known asBastis or Basadis), Gommata statues and Sthambas (pillars). Moodabidri is home to the1000 Pillar Jain temple.[5] The Ganga-Permadi temple atAnnigeri in Navalgund taluq received donation of land frommahasamanta Katarsa in 1074 CE for maintenance of charity-houses.[6] Another temple namedSamyakratnakara basadi situated at Mugad,Dharwad district received a similar donation some time before 11th century CE.[6]
The most prominent among them are as follows:[7]
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Shravanabelagola has the world famous monolithic statue,Gommateshwara statue. Similar Monolithic statues of LordBahubali can be also seen inVenur,Dharmasthala,Karkala andMysore.
There are five monolithic statues of Bahubali inKarnataka measuring more than 20 feet in height.[citation needed]
In all of the above-mentioned places, the holy festival ofMahamastakabhisheka is held once every 12 years when the statue of Bahubali is worshiped and bathed in holy water, milk, turmeric, and other natural herbs that have their own significant importance.[8][9]
Jainism in North Karnataka flourished under theChalukyas,Kadamba andRashtrakutas, andVijayanagara empire.[10] Imbued with an intense religious feeling, lavish patronage was extended towards the building of basadis, temples and magnificent statues.Jainism enjoyed the highest repute among the people particularly the ruling classes and the mercantile community thus virtually becoming the state religion.
The earliest dated structure is aBasadi atHalasi built under theKadamba Dynasty ofBanavasi thus laying the foundation for Jain architecture inNorth Karnataka.Rastrakutas period is the golden age of Jainism in Karnataka. The Jaina monuments of the Rashtrakutas period are found atPattadakal,Malkhed,Lakshmeshwar,Koppal, Bankur, of North Karnataka. Jainism exerted considerable influence over the cultural life of Karnataka during the rule of the Rashtrakutas.[11]
Kadambas ofBanavasi were known to be patrons of Jainism. After the rule of the Kadambas of Banavasi most parts of north Karnataka came under the rule of the early Chalukya orBadami Chalukyas.[12]
TheChalukyas ofBadami built cave temples atBadami,Pattadkal andAihole.Puligere (modernLakshmeshwara) was a strong centre of religious activities of the Jain monks during this era.[13]
Lakkundi inGadag District has a large Brahma Jinalaya ofChalukya style, built by a noble lady,Attimabbe.[14]
Navagraha Jain Temple at Varur nearHubli is one of the major pilgrimage. The temple features a 61 feet (18.6 m) tall monolithic idol of the Shri 1008 Bhagavan Parshvanatha and the smaller statues of the other 8 Jain teerthankaras.[15]
TheDakshin Bharat Jain Sabha is a religious and social service organisation of theJains of South India. The organisation is headquartered atKolhapur, Maharashtra, India.[16] The association is credited with being one of the first Jain associations to start reform movements among the Jains in modern India.[17][18] The organisation mainly seeks to represent the interests of the native Jains of Maharashtra (Marathi Jains), Karnataka (Kannada Jains) andGoa.
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Justice R.S.Mahendra
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