| Kankanaey | |
|---|---|
| Kankana-ey, Kankanaëy | |
| Native to | Philippines |
| Region | NorthernLuzon |
| Ethnicity | Kankanaey people |
Native speakers | (240,000 cited 1990 census – 2003)[1] |
Austronesian
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Either:kne – Kankanaeyxnn – Northern Kankanaey |
| Glottolog | kank1245 |
 Area where Kankanaey (including Northern Kankanaey, but not Maeng Itneg) is spoken according toEthnologue | |
Kankanaey, also spelledKankana-ey orKankanaëy, (kan-ka-NA-əy;kali di Kankanaëy[kaˌlidikankaˈnaɁəj]) is aSouth-Central Cordilleran language under theAustronesian family spoken on the island ofLuzon in thePhilippines primarily by theKankanaey people. Alternate names for the language include Central Kankanaey, Kankanai, and Kankanay.[2] It is widely used byCordillerans, alongsideIlocano, specifically people fromMountain Province and people from the northern part of theBenguet Province.[3][page needed] Kankanaey has a slightmutual intelligibility with theIlocano language.
Ethnologue lists Mankayan-Buguias, Kapangan, Bakun-Kibungan, and Guinzadan as dialects of Kankanaey. Northern Kankanaey is listed as a separate language.
Kankanaey is spoken in northern Benguet, southwestern Mountain Province, southeastern Ilocos Sur, northeasternLa Union, southwesternIfugao, and northwestNueva Vizcaya. Northern Kankanaey is spoken in westernMountain Province, southeasternIlocos Sur, and southernAbra.
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ʔ | |
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | |||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||
| Fricative | s | |||||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Approximant | w | j | ||||
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɨ ~ə | o ~u |
| Mid | |||
| Open | a |
Some words with this sound are as follows:
Kankanaey content roots divide the Kankanaey lexicon into different categories to define their usage and word type. The categories are class roots, property roots, stative roots, perception-stative roots, physical roots, and action roots. Word charts and definitions taken from Janet Allen'sKankanaey: A Role and Reference Grammar Analysis.
Class roots are a class of nouns that are defined by physical or other sensory characteristics.[5]
| Word | Definition |
|---|---|
| babai | female, especially human |
| beey | house, home of person or anima; container where something is usually kept |
| begas | hulled rice |
Property roots point out a characteristic like size, taste, color, etc.[6]
| Word | Definition |
|---|---|
| na lokneng | soft (easily cut) |
| na emas | sweet, tasty |
| ando | tall, long |
Stative roots point out a temporary physical condition. Result-stative roots are states that are changed by an outside source.[7]
| Word | Definition |
|---|---|
| natey | dead, deceased |
| gadgad | mangy |
| kemi | dented in, partially crushed |
| nabeteng | drunk |
Perception-stative roots point out a perception by a living being, such as physical, emotional and mental perception-states. Living beings are able to actively perceive with control and content, so these roots form predicates of a wider range than those formed from simple stative roots.[8]
| Word | Definition |
|---|---|
| nailak | see, look at |
| bongot | angry |
| kibtot | startled |
| kiyapot | rushed, stressed |
Physical roots point out movements and position such as natural movements, body movements, and positions, but not bodily functions. They may denote location, direction, or manner of movement.[9]
| Word | Definition |
|---|---|
| tedted | drip |
| ali | move toward speaker, come |
| saa | go home |
| balalong | move downwards, descend |
| sekad | stamp, stomp |
| tagtag | run |
Action roots point out an activity by a living and sometimes intentional participant. Some action roots indicate the direction of that action with respect to another participant; others denote a participant as involved with the action but not the end receiver. Rather than having the action root modified, Kankanaey roots are very specific as to what the action is. Many roots indicate the receiver of the action.[9]
| Word | Definition |
|---|---|
| togda | eat lunch |
| tilid | carry something on one shoulder |
| tob-ong | put a relatively small amount of something into a relatively large amount of water |
| todyok | jab or poke upwards at something |
| mangan | to eat |
Multiple types ofreduplication are used when forming words in Kankanaey. Unaffixed or affixed roots may experience reduplication, and have their first CV, CVC, or CV(C)CV of the base form copied, with each type of base executing different functions. Kankanaey has many roots that have canonical shapes that appear to possess reduplication. These irreducible roots can contain one syllable that is repeated such astaktak andbaba, but other roots can contain a repeated syllable with aprefix orinfix such astogingging andwagawag. All of these irreducible roots are not examples of reduplication as a word-building process.[10]
Many Kankanaeyaffixes are normal prefixes that come directly before the root such as theka- inkatokdo, "seat-mate," fromtokdo. A lot of reduplicative affixation is used before the prefixation such as theCV- andna- innabebeteng, 'was drunk', frombeteng, 'drunk'. However, some CVC reduplication is applied after the prefix is added to the beginning of the stem such as thema- andCVC- inmagmageyek, 'ticklish', fromgeyek, 'to tickle'. Some roots lose their first vowel when they are prefixed such as thee inemis, 'sweet, tasty', when prefixed tomam-is, 'sweet, tasty'. This is because the glottalmetathesizes with the second consonant under phonological constraints. If the root is one-syllable or if it is vowel reduced, then the reduplication is applied after the predicative affixation such as thema- andCVC- inmatmatey, 'dying', fromtey, 'dead'.[11]
According to Janet Allen'sKankanaey: A Role and Reference Grammar Analysis, only "two predicating affixes are suffixes, -en and -an. Some roots drop their last vowel when suffixed, as indatngan (come upon, find) fromdateng (arrive)."[11]
To changeayos, 'flow down', toomayos, 'flows down', the predicating affix-om- is infixed after the first consonant of the root word. Inkinaan, 'removed', the perfective affix-in- is infixed after the first consonant ofkaan, 'to remove'.[12]
Pinmanapanakpak, 'was repeatedly hitting/slapping', is formed by first reduplicating the wordpanakpak, 'hit with slapping sound', intopanapanakpak, and then the predicating infixation and aspect infixation are added. This is because reduplication usually precedes both the predicating infixation and aspect infixation. However, in this example, vowel reduction occurred when the infixes were added before the vowel, causing the infixes -in- and -om- to become -inm-. When formingbinombomtak, 'were exploding', frombetak, 'explode', the reducible vowel and reduplication steps were re-ordered so no vowel reduction was experienced.[12]
Some highly marked affixes have an infixedglottal stop leading the second vowel such as when formingbangbang-a, 'little old pots, toy pots', frombanga, 'pot'.[12]
A lot of affixes consist of a prefix or an infix, which is also followed by a suffix. These are calledcircumfixes and have their own unique meanings, not a combination of the two parts.[13]
| Original (and meaning) | Circumfix | Circumfixed version (and meaning) |
|---|---|---|
| ila ('to see') | ka-...-an | ka-ila-an ('appearance') |
| oto ('to cook') | i-...-an | i-oto-an ('to cook for someone') |
The Kankanaey vocabulary is arranged by rootmorphemes, and points out the important semantic properties of each root. Kankanaey roots deeply rely on the combination with their affixes to determine their meaning in phrases and clauses. The predicates that form are determined by the interaction of the affixation to the semantic properties of the root that are relevant in its context.Aktionsart is a way to categorize event semantics, proposed by Vendler (1967), by if they are "happening" or are static, and it distinguishes them by their temporal properties and its dynamicity. According to Janet Allen'sKankanaey: A Role and Reference Grammar Analysis, "VVLP (1997) and Van Valin (2005) expanded the list of categories to reflect resultant situations, adding semelfactives and complex predicates–active accomplishments and causatives."[7]
In 2016, theCommission on the Filipino Language published a standardized orthography for Kankanaey, titledOrtograpiya di Kankanaëy.[14]
Indigenous Peoples of the Cordillera (Igorot) | ||
|---|---|---|
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