Oréng Kangéan (Kangean) | |
|---|---|
_op_het_eiland_Kangean.jpg) | |
| Total population | |
| c. 125,840[1][2] (2013) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 Indonesia (Kangean Islands) | |
| Languages | |
| Kangean | |
| Religion | |
| Islam (Sunni) | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Madurese,Buginese, and otherAustronesian peoples |
TheKangean people (Kangean:Oréng Kangéan;Indonesian:Orang Kangean;IPA:Indonesian:[kaˈŋean],Javanese:[kaˈŋe(j)an]) is anAustronesianethnic group native to theIndonesian island ofKangean and its surroundingislands.[3] The Kangeanese population ofc.125,840[4] live mostly on the island of Kangean, making upc.90% of the island's population.
ThePangkak tradition is native toKangean.Pangkak derived fromKangean word ofaranggak,aranggĕk,paranggak orparanggĕk which means 'cut' or 'cutting', referred to reaping process inpaddy (rice) harvesting activities.Pangkak is a tradition to celebrate the rice harvest. The implementation of this traditional art is a form of gratitude for the natural products that people get through agriculture. Kangeanese people believespangkak ceremony is a pure spiritual form and a sign of gratitude towards God in return for a successful harvest.Pangkak also referred to thea cappella singing style played during thepangkak harvest ceremony.[5][6][7]Pangkak also later reformed as a proposal rituals tradition among Kangeanese people. It is a meeting of agricultural and life cycle rituals that makes sense: the celebration of fertility found inpangkak would carry on for an especially fertile marriage. This connection betweenpangkak and the engagement process is made explicit in the lyrics of thepangkak song tune: "Calm your mind, engaged one; Your bride-to-be will come to your home; When you see her, you’ll find your spirit.".[8] Thepangkak ceremony often accompanied by traditional arts usingGendeng Dumik means the littlegendang (traditional drums), and sometimesPencak Silat is also performed.[9]
"Ambololo hak-hak,
Ambololo harra,
Akadi ombĕk gulina padi,
Masa aranggĕk terbhik padi,
Togur réng tani lebur éola diyĕ,
Māsa réng tani aranggĕk padi.
Ambololo hak-hak,
Ambololo harra,
Gumbhira kejung sambi ātāndhĕng,
Ka’dissa oréng laké nabbu gendĕng,
Tāl-ontālan pālotan sambi ātandhĕng,
Tandĕ nyaré juduh ate lodang,
Ambololo hak-hak,
Ambololo harra."
"Ambololo hak-hak,
Ambololo harra,
Thepaddy (rice) swings like the ocean waves,
The harvest time is near,
The farmers' cabin has wonderful views,
It's the time for farmers to harvest thepaddy (rice).
Ambololo hak-hak,
Ambololo harra,
Cheerful song while dancing,
There the man beats thegendang (drums),
Throwingpalotan (glutinous rice) one after another,
It's the sign of soulmates are sought,
Ambololo hak-hak,
Ambololo harra."— Themantra chanted during thepangkak proposal rituals by the localpawang (a type ofshaman).[10]
Gotong-royong is a conception of sociality ethos familiar toIndonesia (and to a wider extent might also includeMalay world countries). InIndonesian languages especiallyJavanese,gotong means 'carrying a burden using one's shoulder', whileroyong means 'together' or 'communally', thus the combined phrasegotong royong can be translated literally as 'joint bearing of burdens'. It translates to working together, helping each other, or mutual assistance.[11] Village's public facilities, such as irrigations, streets, and the house of worship (village'smosques,churchs, andpuras) are usually constructed ingotong royong way, where the funds and materials are collected mutually. The traditional communal events, such asslametan ceremony are also usually held ingoyong royong ethos of communal work spirit, which each member of society are expected to contribute and participate in the endeavor harmoniously.[citation needed]
The phrase has been translated into English in many ways, most of which hearken to the conception of reciprocity ormutual aid. ForM. Nasroen,gotong royong forms one of the core tenets of Indonesian philosophy. Paul Michael Taylor and Lorraine V. Aragon state that "gotong royong is cooperation among many people to attain a shared goal."[12]
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TheLanun (also known asLanon orLanong) orKésah Lanun is the folklore ofKangean. The termlanun is believed to be derived fromMaguindanao word oflanao which referred toLanao lake inMindanao,Philippines.Spanish andTausūg people called theMaranao asillano,illanun, orilanun. The historical reconstruction shows that theMaguindanao carried out pirate activities and controlled the territorial waters ofRiau,Java Sea, theMakassar Strait toPapua. People who were targeted byMaguindanao pirates called the pirate activities aslanun. The termLanun later became a new vocabulary in the areas targeted by theMaguindanao pirates.Lanun as the people's vocabulary who were targeted by pirates especially fromMaguindanao and is used to refer to the pirates. The pirates by Kangeanese people are calledlanun. This means that in this area pirate activities are carried out by theMaguindanao people. The emergence of the vocabulary is related to the historical background of the local community, in this case, pirates.[13]
According toJan Harold Brunvand in his book "The Study of American Folklore", the folklore can be classified into three main categories: verbal, partly verbal, and non-verbal.[14][15][16] Referring to the division of folklore,Kangeanese folklore ofLanun includes verbal and partly verbal folklore. Verbal folklore is because its inheritance is carried out verbally, while folklore is partly verbal because of the verbal folklore partly manifested in the form of food calledjejen lanun which means the traditional snacks oflanun. Thejejen lanun represents a symbolic strategy for the Kangeanese people to fight against thelanun (pirates).[13]
Thelanun story explains the history of human settlements, and the power relations with the political, economic, and cultural power of the Kangeanese people with people from various regions and members of the world system. On the other hand, these various forces explain the integration process in theKangean area. By itself, thelanun story can be used as a source of regional history. One of the most important pirate bases isToli-Toli,North Sulawesi. Next to theMakassar Strait, the pirates had bases so this traffic was not safe for commercial shipping at that time. In the southern part of theMakassar Strait they established a base onLaut Island (South Kalimantan) nearKangean Island. According to Pangeran Said Al Habsyi (1830), theLanun people onLaut Island collaborated with the leader ofBangkalan calledHaji Jawa (who came fromKalimantan), and theBajau andTobelo fromHalmahera.Laut Island is used to explore the waters of theFlores Sea and theJava Sea. The historical reconstruction shows the position of theKangean Island being in the middle of the intersection of several pirate bases (lanun), so it makes sense for Kangeanese people to have folklore aboutlanun. The Kangeanese people mentionlanun whenever they are asked about the occurrence of settlement in the hills (dera`). The settlement pattern in the hills is surrounded by living fences, thickets with one big door made of wood to protect againstlanun attacks. The existence of one entrance has the function of supervising the activities of residents and outsiders. When there was alanun attack, the door was closed and residents tried to defend themselves. Settlements in hilly areas (dera`) are scattered in the regions of Kangayan, Torjek, Laok Jangjang, Cangkramaan, and Dandung.[13]
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The majority of Kangeanese people areMuslims (Sunni Islam). Before the adoption ofHinduism,Buddhism andIslam, the natives of theIndonesian archipelago believed in powerful but unseen spiritual entities that can be both benevolent or malevolent. They also believed that the deceased ancestor is not gone away or disappeared completely. The ancestral spirit may gaingod-like spiritual power and remain involved in their offspring's worldly affairs. That is why the veneration and reverence to honor ancestors is an important element in the belief system of nativeethnic groups in Indonesia, including the Kangeanese. Some Kangeanese people still preserved this ancient beliefs and also assimilated into the common religion in Kangean (notably Islam), resulting in the new belief known as theFolk Islam.[citation needed]
Kangean's districts of Sapeken, Arjasa, Kangayan
Kangean's districts of Sapeken, Arjasa, Kangayan
Kangean's districts of Sapeken, Arjasa, Kangayan