Cape Crozier (77°31′S169°24′E / 77.517°S 169.400°E /-77.517; 169.400) is the most easterly point ofRoss Island in Antarctica. It was discovered in 1841 duringJames Clark Ross's polarexpedition of 1839 to 1843 withHMSErebus andHMSTerror, and was named after CommanderFrancis Crozier, captain of HMSTerror, one of the two ships of Ross' expedition.[1]
The extinct volcanoMount Terror, also named during the Ross expedition, rises sharply from the Cape to a height of 3,230 m (10,600 ft),[2] and the edge of theRoss Ice Shelf (formerly known as the Barrier or Great Ice Barrier) stretches away to its east.
The first landing at Cape Crozier was on 22 January 1902, duringCaptain Scott'sDiscovery Expedition. A party fromRRSDiscovery landed by small boat on a stony beach area a little to the west of the Cape. Scott,Edward Wilson andCharles Royds climbed the slope to a vantage point from which they could view the Barrier surface, and they were also able to observe the largeAdelie penguin colony which inhabited the surrounding ice-free terrain.
A message box was erected that day, prominently marked, for messages to be collected by any future relief ship. At the time it held a metal message cylinder, which has since been removed. The site has been designated aHistoric Site or Monument (HSM 69), following a proposal by New Zealand, Norway and the United Kingdom to theAntarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting.[3]
Captain Scott seriously considered Cape Crozier as the base for his second Antarctic expedition.[4] On the previous trip, theDiscovery had been frozen into its McMurdo Sound berth for nearly two years, and had barely escaped in February 1904, a circumstance that had led to an expensive relief operation and some opprobrium for Scott. There would be no chance of theTerra Nova being icebound in the open seas off Cape Crozier, but the unsheltered location would make landings of stores and personnel difficult, the shore base would be at the mercy of rough weather, and the land route to the Barrier surface was problematic. Scott decided to return to McMurdo Sound for his base, though to a more northerly anchorage (Cape Evans).
Wilson was keen to continue researching theemperor penguin embryo, and needed to obtain eggs at an early stage of incubation, which meant collecting them in the depth of the Antarctic winter. In the Zoology section of the Discovery Expedition's published Scientific Report he suggested a plan for a "winter journey" whereby these eggs could be retrieved.[5] This journey, with Captain Scott's approval,[6] was undertaken between 27 June and 2 August 1911, by Wilson,Apsley Cherry-Garrard andHenry Robertson Bowers. Cherry-Garrard later described the trek in his book,The Worst Journey in the World. In the winter darkness and extreme weather conditions the journey proved slow and hazardous, but despite mishaps three eggs were retrieved and later presented by Cherry-Garrard to the Natural History Museum.[7] Ultimately, however, their scientific value proved minimal.[8] The remains of a stone hut, constructed in July 1911 by Wilson's winter journey party, have been designated aHistoric Site or Monument (HSM 21), following a proposal by New Zealand to theAntarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting.[9]
Cape Crozier is within a restricted area and permission is required to visit it. Cape Crozier is home to one of the largestAdélie penguin colonies in the world (~270,000 breeding pairs as of 2012),[10] one of the two southernmost emperor penguin colonies (>1900 breeding pairs as of 2018),[11] and one of the largestsouth polar skua colonies in the world (~1,000 breeding pairs).[12] It also hosts several species of lichens, including at least three not previously found in this part of Antarctica.[13] It has been designated anAntarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA 124),[14] and designated anImportant Bird Area (IBA) byBirdLife International.[15] From 2001 to 2005, two enormous icebergs known asIceberg B-15 and C16 were present near shore and affected the Adelie and Emperor penguin colonies.[16][17]
Named features around Cape Crozier include Wood Point, Williamson Rock, Post Office Hill, Topping Cone, The Knoll, Kyle Cone, Bomb Peak and Igloo Spur.[18]
77°25′S168°57′E / 77.417°S 168.950°E /-77.417; 168.950. A point on the north coast of Ross Island, 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) east-southeast of Cape Tennyson.Named by the United StatesAdvisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) in 1964 for Robert C. Wood,United States Antarctic Research Program (USARP) biologist who carried on investigations at nearby Cape Crozier in the summer seasons 1961-62, 1962–63, and 1963–64.[19]
77°27′S169°15′E / 77.450°S 169.250°E /-77.450; 169.250. A rock lying 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) northwest of Cape Crozier, close off the north coast of Ross Island. Charted by theBritish Antarctic Expedition, 1910–13, under Scott. Named for Thomas S. Williamson, who as able seaman and petty officer accompanied Scott's expeditions of 1901-04 and 1910-13.[20]
77°33′S169°16′E / 77.550°S 169.267°E /-77.550; 169.267. A small, isolated spur 160 metres (520 ft) high high at the culmination of the general ridge extending southeast from Bomb Peak.Mapped and so named by the NZGSAE, 1958–59, because it was on this feature that Doctor E.A. Wilson and his party built a stone igloo during the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910-13.[21]
77°36′S168°57′E / 77.6°S 168.95°E /-77.6; 168.95. A bold ice-covered bluff that rises to over 200 metres (660 ft) high near the shore in southeast Ross Island. The bluff is midway between Cape Mackay and Cape Crozier. At the suggestion of P.R. Kyle, named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) (2000) after Katsutada Kaminuma, National Institute of Polar Research, Japan, who was a founding member of the International Mount Erebus Seismic Study (IMESS), 1980-81 through 1986. This was a joint project with the United States, Japan, and New Zealand. Kaminuma was the lead Japanese member and continued to work in Antarctica and on Mount Erebus for many years.[22]
This article incorporatespublic domain material from websites or documents of theUnited States Board on Geographic Names.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) This article incorporatespublic domain material from websites or documents of theUnited States Geological Survey.
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