| Kamerun campaign | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of theAfrican theatre of World War I | |||||||||
 BritishQF 12-pounder 8 cwt firing at Fort Dachang in 1915 | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
 Charles M. DobellFrederick H. Cunliffe Joseph G. Aymerich Félix Fuchs |  Karl EbermaierCarl H. Zimmermann | ||||||||
| Units involved | |||||||||
 WAFF WIR[1] Force Publique | Schutztruppe | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| September 1914:[2] 2,695 soldiers 2,267 soldiers 4,563 carriers[3] 16 guns[4] January 1916:[5] 6,400 soldiers 8,000 soldiers 500 soldiers34 guns[6] Total:[7] 8,000 soldiers 10,000 soldiers 600 soldiers40,000 carriers | 1914:[8]
February 1916:[9]  6,575 soldiers | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| 1,590[10] 316+ dead 587+ wounded 34+ missing 2,608[11]1,004 dead 1,567 wounded 37 missing Carriers:[12] 102+ killed or wounded 472+ died of disease Total:[13] 4,600 killed, wounded, and died of disease 10,035+ 'invalided'[14] | 5,000[15] | ||||||||
| Hundreds to thousands ofDuala civilians killed[16] | |||||||||
 | |||||||||
TheKamerun campaign took place in the German colony ofKamerun in the African theatre of theFirst World War when theBritish,French andBelgians invaded theGerman colony from August 1914 to March 1916. Most of the campaign took place in Kamerun but skirmishes also broke out inBritish Nigeria. By the Spring of 1916, followingAllied victories, the majority of German troops and the civil administration fled to the neighbouring neutral colony ofSpanish Guinea (Río Muni). The campaign ended in a defeat for Germany and the partition of its former colony between France and Britain.
Germany had established a protectorate over Kamerun by 1884 during theScramble for Africa, and expanded its control in theBafut Wars andAdamawa Wars. In 1911, France cededNeukamerun (New Cameroon), a large territory to the east of Kamerun, to Germany as a part of theTreaty of Fez, the settlement that ended theAgadir Crisis. In 1914, the German colony of Kamerun made up all of modernCameroon as well as portions ofNigeria,Chad,Gabon, theRepublic of the Congo and theCentral African Republic.Kamerun was surrounded on all sides byEntente territory. British-heldNigeria was to the north-west. TheBelgian Congo bordered the colony to the south-east andFrench Equatorial Africa lay in the east. The neutral colony ofSpanish Guinea was bordered by German Kamerun on all sides but one, which faced the sea. In 1914, on the eve of World War I, Kamerun remained largely unexplored and unmapped by European invaders.[17] In 1911–1912 the border with the French colonies of Gabon, Middle Congo, Ubangi-Shari and Chad was established and in 1913 theborder between the colonies of Nigeria and Kamerun was defined.[18]
The German military forces stationed in the colony at the time consisted of around 1,855 Schutztruppen (protection troops). However, after the outbreak of war by mid-1915, the Germans were able to recruit an army of around 6,000. Allied forces on the other hand in the territories surrounding Kamerun were much larger. French Equatorial Africa alone could mobilize as many as 20,000 soldiers on the eve of war while British Nigeria to the west could raise an army of 7,550.[19]
At the outbreak of war in Europe in early August 1914, the German colonial administration in Kamerun attempted to offer neutrality with Britain and France in accordance with Articles 10 and 11 of theBerlin Act of 1885.[20] However this was rejected by the Allies. The French were eager to regain the land ceded to Germany in theTreaty of Fez in 1911. The first Allied expeditions into the colony on 6 August 1914 were from the east conducted by French troops fromFrench Equatorial Africa under GeneralJoseph Gaudérique Aymerich. This region was mostly marshland, undeveloped, and was initially not heavily contested by Germans.[21]
By 25 August 1914, British forces in present-day Nigeria had moved into Kamerun from three different points. They pushed into the colony towards Mara in the far north, towards Garua in the centre, and towards Nsanakang in the south. British forces moving towards Garua under the command of Colonel MacLear were ordered to push to the German border post at Tepe near Garua. The first engagement between British and German troops in the campaign took place at theBattle of Tepe, eventually resulting in German withdrawal.[22]
In the far north British forces attempted to take the German fort at Mora but initially failed. This resulted in a long siege of German positions which would last until the end of the campaign.[23] British forces in the south attacking Nsanakang were defeated and almost completely destroyed by German counter-attacks at theBattle of Nsanakong.[24] MacLear then pushed his forces further inland towards the German stronghold of Garua but was repulsed in theFirst Battle of Garua on 31 August.[25]
In September 1914, the Germans had mined the Kamerun orWouri estuary and scuttled naval vessels there to protectDouala, the colony's largest city and commercial centre. British and French naval vessels bombarded towns on the coast and by late September had cleared mines and conducted amphibious landings in order to isolate Douala. On 27 September, the city surrendered to Brigadier GeneralCharles Macpherson Dobell, commander of the combined Allied force. The occupation of the entire coast soon followed as the French captured more of the territories to the south-east in an amphibious operation at theBattle of Ukoko.[26]
By 1915, the majority of German forces, except for those holding out at the strongholds of Mora and Garua had withdrawn to the mountainous interior of the colony surrounding the new capital atJaunde. In the spring of that year German forces were still able to significantly stall or repulse assaults by Allied forces. A German force under the command of Captain von Crailsheim from Garua even went on the offensive, engaging the British during a failed raid into Nigeria at theBattle of Gurin.[27] This surprisingly daring incursion into British territory prompted General Frederick Hugh Cunliffe to launch another attempt at taking the German fortresses at Garua at theSecond Battle of Garua in June, resulting in a British victory.[28] This action freed Allied units in northern Kamerun to push further into the interior of the colony. Approximately 5,400 soldiers from the Indian 5th Light Infantry Division arrived in November 1915 to support allied offensives deeper into Kamerun.[29][30] This push resulted in the Allied victory at theBattle of Ngaundere on 29 June. Cunliffe's advance south to Jaunde, however, was stalled by heavy rains, and his force instead participated in the continuingSiege of Mora.[31]
_-_M%25C3%25A9diath%25C3%25A8que_de_l%2527architecture_et_du_patrimoine_-_AP62T021053.jpg)
When the weather improved, British forces under Cunliffe moved further south, capturing a German fort at theBattle of Banjo in November and occupying a number of other towns by the end of the year.[32] By December, the forces of Cunliffe and Dobell were in contact and ready to conduct an assault of Jaunde.[33] In this year most ofNeukamerun was occupied by Belgian and French troops, who also began to prepare for an assault on Jaunde.[34]
In early 1916, the German commander, Carl Zimmermann came to the conclusion that the campaign was lost. With Allied forces pressing in on Jaunde from all sides and German resistance faltering, he ordered all remaining German units and civilians to escape to the neutralSpanish colony ofRio Muni.[35] By mid-February of that year the last German garrison at Mora surrendered, ending theSiege of Mora.[36] German soldiers and civilians which had escaped to Spanish Guinea were treated amicably by the Spanish, who had only 180 militiamen inRío Muni and were unable to forcibly intern them. Most native Cameroonians remained in Muni but the Germans eventually moved toFernando Po; some were eventually transported by Spain to the neutralNetherlands (from where they could reach home) before the war was over.[37] Many Cameroonians, including numerous chiefs of theBeti people, moved to Madrid, where they lived as visiting nobility on German funds.[38]
German forces ordered a scorched earth policy against the indigenousDuala people to repress an alleged "people's war." Duala women were victims ofwartime sexual violence by the German forces. Numerous killings were committed by German forces including inJabassi where a white commander reportedly gave the order to "kill every native they saw."[16]
In February 1916, before the campaign ended, Britain and France agreed to divide Kamerun along the Picot Provisional Partition Line.[20] This resulted in Britain obtaining approximately one fifth of the colony situated on the Nigerian border. France gained Duala and most of the central plateau, which consisted of the majority of former German territory. The partition was accepted at theParis Peace Conference and the former German colony became theLeague of Nations mandates ofFrench Cameroon andBritish Cameroon by theTreaty of Versailles.[39] In their region, the French enforced an assimilationist approach that prohibited German literature and launched an extensive effort to promote French education among the people. On the other hand, the British adopted a system of indirect rule, relying heavily on local German landowners and plantation managers who had a deep knowledge of the land.[40]
| National | |
|---|---|
| Other | |
.svg)
