TheKambala,Kambla orKambula is an annualbuffalo race held in the southwestern Indian state ofKarnataka.It is similar to maramadi from Kerala Traditionally, it is sponsored by localTuluva landlords and households in the coastal districts ofDakshina Kannada,Udupi andBhatkal of Karnataka andKasaragod ofKerala, a region collectively known asTulu Nadu.

The Kambala season generally starts in November and lasts until March. The Kambalas are organized through Kambala samithis (Kambala Associations), of which there are currently 18. Over 45 races are held annually in coastal Karnataka, including smaller remote villages such as Vandaru, Thonnase and Gulvadi.

Kambala is derived from 'kampa-kala', where the word 'Kampa' is related slushy, muddy field. TheDravidian origin of the word Kampa is kan+pa and 'kala' means field, where it is conducted. Another interpretation of modern Kambala is derived from 'Kamba', a pole used for water spurt during race by buffalo pairs.^[1]

Kambala is a sport.^[2] The Kambala racetrack is a slushy paddy field,^[3] and the buffaloes are driven by a whip-lashing farmer.^[4]

Traditional Kambala was non-competitive, and the pair was run one by one. In modern Kambala, the contest generally takes place between two pairs of buffaloes. In villages such as Vandar(vandaru) in Udupi and Chordi(choradi) in Shivamogga, there is also a ritualistic aspect, as farmers race their buffaloes to give thanks to the deities for protecting them from diseases.

Historically, the winning pair of buffaloes was rewarded with coconuts and bananas. Today, winning owners earn gold and silver coins.^[5] Some organising committees award an eight-gram gold coin to the winner.^[6] In some competitions, cash prizes are awarded.

The buffaloes are decorated with coloured jhūls and head-pieces made of brass and silver (sometimes bearing the emblems of the sun and moon), and ropes which make a sort of bridle. The special towel used to cover the buffalo's back is called thepaavade (Tulu:ಪಾವಡೆ).

The kambla influenced byNatha pantha,^[7] in earlier days, the Kambla starts previous day evening with tradition dance ofKoraga communities mostly by men. They performing full night with following allPanchamakara madya (Alcohol), māṃsa (Meat), matsya (Fish), mudrā (Gesture), maithuna (Sexual). The Koragas were sit up through the night before the Kambla day, performing a ceremony calledpanikkuluni, the meaning of word sitting under thedew. They sing songs to the accompaniment of their special kind of banddudi, about their special spirit daiva Nīcha, and offer toddy and a rice-pudding boiled in a large earthen pot, which is broken so that the pudding remains as a solid mass. This pudding is calledkandēl addyē, or pot pudding.^[8]

Kambala has become an organised rural sport, with elaborate planning and scheduling to accommodate competitions at different places.^[9] A "Kambala Committee" arranges races in several categories describing the outfitting of the buffaloes. Typical categories are:

• Nāyer(ನಾಯೆರ್): The runner have hold kind of special plough, it is not an actual plough which is heavy and bulky made by wood or iron, it is just a representation that is tied to a pair of buffalo. This type is mostly for the junior buffaloes or entry-level buffaloes. In the competition there are junior and senior rounds in this race.
• Bal (ಹಗ್ಗ: rope), A rope is directly tied to the buffalo pair. And this is for senior buffaloes as the speed is greater here and the participating buffaloes are well experienced. Runner running aside of buffalo holding knots in the rope. This has junior and senior levels.
• Aḍḍa palāyi (ಅಡ್ಡ ಪಲಾಯಿ: cross wooden block),A cross wooden plank is tied to the pair and the runner stands on it while racing. The wooden plank horizontally placed to muddy water, the runner stands on the plank. This is just for the senior category.^[10]
• Kaṇe palāyi (ಕಣೆ ಪಲಾಯಿ: round wooden block), a special made round wooden block where the runner stands on it on his single leg. There will special techniques with two holes in the block of wooden, which act like orifice, out of which the water forces out while running. The height of the water forcing out is measured to choose the winner. The more the speed is more the water height is. It would be 6kolu or 7Kolu there will a horizontal white cotton flag is installed so the general people judge the winner by eyewitness. Commonly it is calledNishaneg Neer Padune and this is only for senior most category.^[11]

Kambala draws large rural crowds, as it has done for the last three hundred years.^[12] People bet on the buffaloes, and one can witness more than 20,000 spectators in a well-organised Kambala, egging on and cheering the buffaloes to complete the race.

In some places, night races are arranged under floodlights.^[6]

The buffaloes developed for the race are carefully fed and some owners have even built separate swimming pools for competing buffaloes.^[13]

Thonnase Kambala used to be held in the month of December every year at Thonnase, Hebri taluk, Udupi district and it is calledDēvara Sampradayika Kambala as it is associated with Sri Dhoomavathi, Sri Gopalakrishna and Swami Parivara in the village.

Kadri Kambala used to be held at Kadri, Mangalore and it is calledDēvere Kambla (God's Kambala) as it is associated with Sri Manjunatha Temple in that city.^[9] This event was patronised by theAlupa kings of Mangalore, 300 years ago. For this reason, Kadri Kambala is also known asArasu Kambala (King's Kambala).^[9]

Many have criticised Kambala as cruel to the racing buffaloes, which are driven by whips.^[14] Noted animal-rights activistManeka Gandhi expressed concerns about the ill treatment of buffaloes during the race. While Kambala organizers contend that whips are necessary to elicit maximum speed, government officials advise the riders to be gentle on buffaloes and avoid using whips during the race.^[14]

In 2014, based on lawsuits filed by animal welfare organizations, the Supreme Court of India ordered a ban on Kambala. The ban also coveredJallikattu, a sport of hands-on bull taming. A government order lifted the ban on Jallikattu in January 2017,^[15] and the public asked for the ban on Kambala to be lifted, too.^[16]

The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Karnataka Amendment) Ordinance, 2017^[17] re-legalized the Kambala festival inKarnataka.^[18] Then-President of India,Pranab Mukherjee, promulgated the new law on 3 July 2017. Litigation continued but was resolved by the passage of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Karnataka Amendment) Bill, 2018, which then-PresidentRam Nath Kovind approved on 19 February 2018.^[19]

However, after the relegalization, it was found that the buffaloes were still being whipped during the race.^[20]

Town/Village	Taluk	Date of Kambala	Appx. pairs	Image	Remarks
Kadri	Mangalore	December			Competitive race / Much famed
Vandaru	Kundapura	December	300		Non competitive race
Thonnase	Hebri	December	100		Non competitive race
Pilikula[5]	Mangalore	December/January	150[21]		Competitive race
Choradi	Kundapura	December	150		Non competitive rural sport
Gulvadi	Kundapura	December	200		Non competitive rural sport
Baradi beedu	Karkala	December			Competitive race
Venur Permuda	Belthangadi	December
Moodabidri	Mangalore	December			Competitive race
Miyar	Karkala	January			Lava Kusa Jodukere Kambala.
Katapadi beedu	Udupi	January			Competitive race
Aikala Bava	Mangalore	February			Competitive race
Adve, Nandikur	Udupi	January			Competitive race
Pajir	Bantwala	February
Yeedu	Karkala	February
Puttur	Puttur	March
Jappina Mogaru[6]	Mangalore	March[6]	150[6]
Uppinangadi	Puttur	March
Bangadi Kolli	Belthangadi	March
Thalapady Panjala	Mangalore	March/April
Althar	Udupi	March/April
Parika Aramane	Udupi	November/December
Hokkadi goli	Bantwala	December
Handadi	Udupi	December
Vaddambettu[22]	Udupi	December[22]
Ajri[23]	Udupi	December
Mulki seeme	Mangalore	December			Competitive race

This is the calendar forKambala 2023-24.

Calendar forKambala 2024-25.

• Pacu jawi, a similar type of race held inTanah Datar,West Sumatra, Indonesia.
• Sport in India - overview of sport
• Jallikattu - Traditional man- bullfight in Tamilnadu
• Pola race - Annual Bull racing inMaharashtra onPola festival day
• Flying duck race (pacu itiak) inPayakumbuh, West Sumatra
• Karapan sapi, chariot-style bull racing inMadura, Indonesia

Wikimedia Commons has media related toKambala.

• Specialities -> KambalaArchived 27 February 2017 at theWayback Machine
• More about KambalaArchived 26 October 2020 at theWayback Machine
• A photo documentary on Kambala
• Modbidri Kambala

• Bunt (community)
• Culture of Mangalore
• Animal racing
• Cruelty to animals
• Dakshina Kannada district
• Culture of Tulu Nadu
• Water buffalo
• Animal rights

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