Prior to the establishment of the province, the sub-provinces of Kalinga and Apayao, upon their establishment throughAct No. 1642 in 1907, were used to be part ofLepanto-Bontoc (as Kalinga was taken fromCagayan andIsabela) and Cagayan provinces respectively.[4][5] The sub-provinces were annexed into theMountain Province which was established throughAct No. 1876 in 1908.[6]
In the early years, the sub-provinces underwent series of territorial changes:[7]
Part of Kalinga was transferred to another sub-province Bontoc (Executive Order 53, 1914); same as part of Apayao to the province ofIlocos Norte (EO 21, 1920).
1922: In Apayao, a barrio of municipal district of Bayag (Calanasan) to Namaltugan.
1926: In Kalinga, barrios in municipal district ofPinukpuk toBalbalan.
1927: Parts of the municipal district of Pinukpuk in Kalinga toConner in Apayao.
The sub-provinces became part ofKalinga-Apayao which was created along with three other new provinces comprising the oldMountain Province throughRepublic Act 4695 on June 18, 1966.[1] Those provinces, withAbra, would become part of theCordillera Administrative Region, created throughEO 220 on July 15, 1987.[8]
Since the creation of the sub-provinces,Tabuc (Tabuk) was designated as the capital of Kalinga. In Apayao, its first sub-provincial capital was Tauit until mid-1915, when it was moved toKabugao viaEO 45.[4][5][7][9]
The beginning months of the 1970s marked a period of turmoil and change in the Philippines, as well as in Kalinga-Apayao.[10] During hisbid to be the first Philippine president to be re-elected for a second term, Ferdinand Marcos launched an unprecedented number of public works projects. This caused[11][12] the Philippine economy took a sudden downwards turn known as the1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis, which in turn led to a period of economic difficulty and social unrest.[13][14]: "43" [15][16]
With only a year left in his last constitutionally allowed term as president Ferdinand Marcos placed the Philippines undermartial law in September 1972 and thus retained the position for fourteen more years.[17] This period in Philippine history is remembered for the Marcos administration's record ofhuman rights abuses,[18][19] particularly targeting political opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against the Marcos dictatorship.[20] The Kalinga-Apayao became known as a flashpoint of conflict between the Marcos dictatorship and the various indigenous peoples who lived in the area, because of theChico River Dam Project,[21][22] which, even if only the most essential part of it were built, would have encompassed the municipalities ofTinglayan,Lubuagan,Pasil, and parts ofTabuk inKalinga Province, as well as numerous municipalities inMountain Province; and would have displaced about 100,000 indigenous people.[23] Because the great value placed on deceased ancestors who were buried within these communities, the issue was not just one of livelihood, but also one of sacred grounds.[22] Marcos sent three armed brigades[22] to quell down the protests, resulting in heightened tensions in the area. In 1977 alone, numerous Kalinga dam protesters — including tribal leaders Lumbaya Aliga Gayudan and Macli-ing Dulag,[21] and even a 12-year-old child[22] — were rounded up by these forces and incarcerated for up to two months.[21][22]
The April 24, 1980 murder ofMacli-ing Dulag became a turning point when coverage of the murder led to public outrage. It was the first time since the 1972 declaration of Martial Law where the mainstream Philippine press managed to report on the arrests of civilians under martial law,[24] and the turn of public opinion against both the Chico River Dam and Martial law, coupled with the united anger of the various peoples of theCordillera Mountains led theFerdinand Marcos administration to give up on the dam project.[25] As a result, the Chico River Dam Project is now considered a landmarkcase study concerningancestral domain issues in the Philippines.[26][27]
After Marcos was finally deposed by the civilian-ledPeople Power Revolution in 1986, many of the activists who had joined the underground movement decided to "surface," as the new administration of Corazon Aquino released political prisoners and initiated peace talks.[28] However, anti-left sentiment in Aquino's new cabinet, which included figures who had sided with theReform the Armed Forces Movement, made the peace process difficult, and negotiations eventually collapsed, and the insurgency in Kalinga-Apayao persisted.[29][30] By December 1988, 52% of thebarangays in the province were controlled by theNew People's Army communist insurgent group while 43% are "under its influence" according to theHouse of RepresentativesCommittee on National Defense.[31]
Another event in 1986 marked the beginning of political change in the region, however - the splitting of theCordillera People's Liberation Army from the New People's Army. Former Catholic priestConrado Balweg, who had left his calling and joined the NPA in 1979, had been having disagreements with the NPA leadership over tactics and objectives in the Cordillera for four years when he finally decided to split from the NPA in early April 1986,[32] believing that Igorot interests were better served through regional struggles for liberation, rather than the national-scale conflict pursued by the NPA.[33]
Peace accord and creation of the Cordillera Autonomous Region
In September 1986, the CPLA signed theMount Data Peace Accord with the government, which led to the creation of what became called theCordillera Autonomous Region, although attempts to ratify actual autonomy in the region have failed due to non-ratification during plebiscites.[34][35] On November 19, 1986, formerKBL assemblyman David Puzon of Kalinga-Apayao was assassinated inSan Jose del Monte,Bulacan along with his driver and a business associate by six armed men disguised in women's clothing; Puzon's daughter-in-law Evangeline was injured but managed to survive the incident.[36]National Democratic Front spokesmanSatur Ocampo soon expressed his view that theNew People's Army was likely behind the assassination.[36]
Having later been divided into two new provinces, Kalinga and Apayao were separately declared insurgency-free in 2010: Apayao in February,[37] Kalinga in November.[38][39]
By virtue of Republic Act. No 7878, signed on February 14, 1995, the sub-provinces in Kalinga-Apayao were partitioned into two new provinces,Kalinga andApayao, with their capitals remaining as before.[2] Both comprise the same municipalities formerly part of these sub-provinces.[8]
A majority of voters in Kalinga-Apayao ratified the law in a plebiscite on May 8, 1995.[40]
1995 plebiscite on the separation of Kalinga and Apayao
All municipal districts had been converted into regular municipalities prior to the establishment of the province in 1966.[1]
By the time Kalinga-Apayao was established, eight municipalities remained part of the subprovince of Kalinga, six municipalities in the Subprovince of Apayao as well.[1]
Within almost three decades, two new municipalities were later created. On the same day of the creation of the province,Pasil in Kalinga was created (RA 4741); also,Santa Marcela in Apayao in 1967 (RA 4974). Meanwhile, the municipality of Quirino in Kalinga, which had established before, was abolished sometime between 1975 and 1980. Before the division in 1995, the province had 15 municipalities and 283 barangays.[8]
^Created in 1929 as municipal district ofMacatel viaEO 200, later renamed through a resolution, taken from Tauit.[46]
^Created in 1956 viaEO 217, taken from Luna.[47][48]
^Created in 1963 viaRA 3672, taken from Pudtol.[8]
^Abolished in 1936 viaEO 13, annexed to Luna.[49] At present, it also comprises parts of the municipalities of Flora, Pudtol, Sta. Marcela, as well asAllacapan (separated from this municipal district and organized into a new one in 1927 viaEO 68)[7] andLasam in the province ofCagayan.[47]
^Abolished in 1936 viaEO 78, annexed to present-day Calanasan and Kabugao.[50]
^Created in 1966, same day as establishment of Kalinga-Apayao, viaRA 4741, taken from Balbalan and Lubuagan.[8]
^Created on June 17, 1967 viaRA 4974, taken from Flora and Luna.[8]
^Magno, Alexander R., ed. (1998). "Democracy at the Crossroads".Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn. Hong Kong: Asia Publishing Company Limited.
^Abinales, P.N.; Amoroso, Donna J. (2005).State and society in the Philippines. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.ISBN978-0742510234.OCLC57452454.
^abcDoyo, Ma. Ceres P. (2015).Macli-ing Dulag: Kalinga Chief, Defender of the Cordillera. Diliman, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.ISBN978971542772-2.
^ab"Death wore Dusters".National Midweek. Vol. II, no. 5. Lagda Publishing Inc. December 3, 1986. p. 45.[David] Puzon,[...] reportedly a friend and political ally of Defense MinisterJuan Ponce Enrile, was killed along with his driver, Manuel Viloria, and a business associate, Romeo Ramos[...]
2Dissolved and divided between neighboring (sub-)provinces.
3Became the only sub-province left comprising Mountain Province in 1966, and therefore assumed the name of the mother province.
4Became the only sub-province left comprising Agusan in 1914, and therefore assumed the name of the mother province.
5Delimited to the downtown area of present-dayIsabela City in 1973; dissolved in 1975.
6Legazpi City from 1948 to 1954 consisted of the present-day territories ofLegazpi City andDaraga; this city was dissolved in 1954 into its two former constituent municipalities. Legazpi became a city on its own in 1959.
Yes
