Kalimpong | |
|---|---|
Town | |
| Kalimpong Municipality | |
 View of Kalimpong town | |
  Kalimpong  Kalimpong | |
| Coordinates:27°04′N88°28′E / 27.06°N 88.47°E /27.06; 88.47 | |
| Country |  India |
| State | West Bengal |
| District | Kalimpong |
| Named after | Kaley Bung |
| Government | |
| • Type | Municipality |
| • Body | Kalimpong Municipality |
| • Chairman | Rabi Pradhan |
| Area | |
• Total | 9.168 km2 (3.540 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1,247 m (4,091 ft) |
| Population (2011)[1] | |
• Total | 49,403 |
| • Density | 5,400/km2 (14,000/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| • Official | Nepali andBengali[2][3] |
| • Additional official | English[2] |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 734 301/734 316 |
| Telephone code | 03552 |
| Vehicle registration | WB-78, 79 |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Darjeeling |
| Vidhan Sabha constituency | Kalimpong |
| Website | kalimpong |
Kalimpong is a town and the headquarters of aneponymous district in theIndianstate ofWest Bengal. It is located at an average elevation of 1,250 metres (4,101 ft).[4] The town is the headquarters of theKalimpong district.[5] The region comes underGorkhaland Territorial Administration which is an autonomous governing body within the state ofWest Bengal. TheIndian Army's 27 Mountain Division is located on the outskirts of the city.[6]
Kalimpong is known for its educational institutions, many of which were established during theBritish colonial period.[7] It used to be a gateway in the trade betweenTibet and India beforeChina's annexation of Tibet and theSino-Indian War. Kalimpong and neighbouringDarjeeling were major centres calling for a separateGorkhaland state in the 1980s, and more recently in 2010.
The municipality sits on a ridge overlooking theTeesta River and is a tourist destination owing to its temperate climate, natural environment and proximity to popular tourist locations in the region.Horticulture is important to Kalimpong: It has a flower market notable for its wide array oforchids; nurseries, which export Himalayan grown flower bulbs, tubers and rhizomes, contribute to the economy of Kalimpong.[4] TheTibetan Buddhist monasteryZang Dhok Palri Phodang holds a number of rare Tibetan Buddhist scriptures.[8]
The Kalimpong Science Centre, established under theDarjeeling Gorkha Hill Council in 2008 is a recent addition to its many tourist attractions. The Science Centre, which provides for scientific awareness among the students of the town and the locals sits atop theDeolo Hill.
The preciseorigin of the nameKalimpong remains unclear. There are many theories on the origin of the name. One widely accepted theory claims that the name "Kalimpong" means "Assembly (or Stockade) of the King's Ministers" inTibetan, derived fromkalon ("King's ministers") andpong ("stockade").[9] The name may be derived from the translation "ridge where we play" fromLepcha, as it was known to be the place for traditional tribal gatherings for summer sporting events. People from the hills call the areaKalempung ("the black spurs").[citation needed]
According to K.P. Tamsang, author ofThe Untold and Unknown Reality about the Lepchas, the term Kalimpong is deduced from the nameKalenpung, which in Lepcha means "Hillock of Assemblage";[10] in time, the name was distorted toKalebung, and later further contorted to Kalimpong. Another possible derivation points to Kaulim, locally known as odal Scientific nameSterculia Villosa, a fibrous plant found in abundance in the region.[11]
Until the mid-19th century, the area around Kalimpong was ruled in succession by theSikkimese andBhutanese kingdoms.[10][12]Kalimpong is said to have come under the control of Bhutan in the year 1706.[13] However, according to historians, the Bhutanese encroachments had been in effect for about two decades by then, following the defeat ofGyalpo Ajok and other Lepcha chieftains.[14]
The area was sparsely populated by the indigenousLepcha andLimbu community and migrantBhutia andKirati tribes.[citation needed]
After theAnglo-Bhutan War in 1864, the Treaty of Sinchula (1865) was signed, in which Bhutanese-held territory east of theTeesta River was ceded to theBritish East India Company.[10][clarification needed] It was administered as the 'Western Duars' district for a few years, and divided into three tehsils. Kalimpong fell into theDalingkot tehsil, which consisted of all the mountainous part of the annexed territory. In 1867, the Dalingkot tehsil was merged with the Darjeeling district, and eventually renamed the Kalimpong Subdivision.[15]
At the time of annexation, Kalimpong was a hamlet, with only two or three families known to reside there.[16] The first recorded mention of the town was a fleeting reference made that year byAshley Eden, a government official with the Bengal Civil Service. Kalimpong was added to district of Darjeeling in 1866. In 1866–1867 an Anglo-Bhutanese commission demarcated the common boundaries between the two, thereby giving shape to theKalimpong subdivision and the Darjeeling district.[17]
After the war, the region became a subdivision of theWestern Duars district, and the following year it was merged with the district of Darjeeling.[10] Thetemperate climate prompted the British to develop the town as an alternative hill station toDarjeeling, to escape the scorching summer heat in theplains. Kalimpong's proximity to theNathu La andJelep La passes (La means "pass") for trading with Tibet was an added advantage. It soon became an important trading outpost in the trade offurs,wools and food grains between India and Tibet.[18] The increase in commerce attracted large numbers of Nepali's from the neighbouringNepal and the lower regions ofSikkim, the areas where, Nepali's were residing since the Gorkha invasion of Sikkim in 1790. The movement of people into the area, transformed Kalimpong from a small hamlet with a few houses, to a thriving town with increased economic prosperity. Britain assigned a plot within Kalimpong to the influentialBhutaneseDorji family, through which trade and relations with Bhutan flowed. This later becameBhutan House, a Bhutanese administrative and cultural centre.[19][20][21]
The arrival of Scottish missionaries saw the construction of schools and welfare centres for the British.[16] Rev. W. Macfarlane in the early 1870s established the first schools in the area.[16] The Scottish University Mission Institution was opened in 1886, followed by the Kalimpong Girls High School. In 1900, ReverendJ.A. Graham founded theDr. Graham's Homes for destituteAnglo-Indian students.[16] The young missionary (and aspiring writer and poet)Aeneas Francon Williams, aged 24, arrived in Kalimpong in 1910 to take up the post of assistant schoolmaster atDr. Graham's Homes,[22] where he later became Bursar and remained working at the school for the next fourteen years.[23] From 1907 onwards, most schools in Kalimpong had started offering education to Indian students. By 1911, the population comprised many ethnic groups, including Nepalis, Lepchas, Tibetans, Muslims, the Anglo-Indian communities. Hence by 1911, the population had swollen to 7,880.[16]
FollowingIndian independence in 1947, Kalimpong became part of the state of West Bengal, after Bengal was partitioned between India andEast Pakistan. WithChina's annexation ofTibet in 1959, many Buddhist monks fled Tibet and established monasteries in Kalimpong. These monks brought many rare Buddhist scriptures with them. In 1962, the permanent closure of theJelep Pass after theSino-Indian War disrupted trade between Tibet and India, and led to a slowdown in Kalimpong's economy. In 1976, the visitingDalai Lama consecrated theZang Dhok Palri Phodang monastery, which houses many of the scriptures.[16]
Between 1986 and 1988, the demand for a separate state ofGorkhaland andKamtapur based on ethnic lines grew strong. Riots between theGorkha National Liberation Front (GNLF) and the West Bengal government reached a stand-off after a forty-day strike. The town was virtually under siege, and the state government called in the Indian army to maintain law and order. This led to the formation of theDarjeeling Gorkha Hill Council, a body that was given semi-autonomous powers to govern the Darjeeling district, except the area under theSiliguri subdivision. Since 2007, the demand for a separate Gorkhaland state has been revived by theGorkha Janmukti Morcha and its supporters in the Darjeeling hills.[24] TheKamtapur People's Party and its supporters' movement for a separate Kamtapur state coveringNorth Bengal have gained momentum.[25]
The town centre is on aridge connecting two hills,Deolo Hill andDurpin Hill,[16] at an elevation of 1,247 m (4,091 ft). Deolo, the highest point in Kalimpong, has an altitude of 1,704 m (5,591 ft) and Durpin Hill is at an elevation of 1,372 m (4,501 ft). TheRiver Teesta flows in the valley below and separates Kalimpong from the state of Sikkim. The soil in the Kalimpong area is typically reddish in colour. Occasional dark soils are found due to extensive existence ofphyllite andschists.[26] TheShiwalik Hills, like most of the Himalayan foothills, have steep slopes and soft, loose topsoil, leading to frequentlandslides in themonsoon season.[26] The hills are nestled within higher peaks and the snow-clad Himalayan ranges tower over the town in the distance.Kanchenjunga, at 8,586 m (28,169 ft) the world's third tallest peak,[27] is clearly visible from Kalimpong.[4]
Kalimpong has a temperate, monsoon-influencedsubtropical highland climate (Köppen:Cwb). It has five distinct seasons: spring, summer, autumn, winter and the monsoons. The annual temperature is 18 °C (64 °F). Summers are mild, with an average maximum temperature of 25.5 °C (77.9 °F) in August.[28] Summers are followed by the monsoon rains which lash the town between June and September. The monsoons are severe, often causing landslides which sequester the town from the rest of India. Winter lasts from December to February, with the minimum temperature being around 8 °C (46 °F). During the monsoon and winter seasons, Kalimpong is often enveloped by fog.[29]
| Climate data for Kalimpong (1991–2020, extremes 1920–2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 29.9 (85.8) | 29.9 (85.8) | 31.9 (89.4) | 32.4 (90.3) | 35.0 (95.0) | 33.6 (92.5) | 34.1 (93.4) | 31.4 (88.5) | 32.0 (89.6) | 31.1 (88.0) | 30.1 (86.2) | 29.9 (85.8) | 35.0 (95.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 16.3 (61.3) | 16.8 (62.2) | 20.5 (68.9) | 24.2 (75.6) | 25.3 (77.5) | 25.5 (77.9) | 25.1 (77.2) | 25.6 (78.1) | 24.7 (76.5) | 23.5 (74.3) | 20.9 (69.6) | 17.6 (63.7) | 22.2 (72.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 6.8 (44.2) | 8.4 (47.1) | 11.3 (52.3) | 14.0 (57.2) | 15.2 (59.4) | 16.3 (61.3) | 16.6 (61.9) | 17.7 (63.9) | 16.3 (61.3) | 14.0 (57.2) | 11.2 (52.2) | 8.7 (47.7) | 13.0 (55.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 0.4 (32.7) | 0.5 (32.9) | 3.8 (38.8) | 6.4 (43.5) | 4.4 (39.9) | 4.6 (40.3) | 6.4 (43.5) | 7.4 (45.3) | 5.9 (42.6) | 6.0 (42.8) | 3.9 (39.0) | −0.6 (30.9) | −0.6 (30.9) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 16.1 (0.63) | 20.2 (0.80) | 27.3 (1.07) | 85.9 (3.38) | 153.0 (6.02) | 349.9 (13.78) | 628.1 (24.73) | 457.9 (18.03) | 329.8 (12.98) | 62.6 (2.46) | 4.5 (0.18) | 6.1 (0.24) | 2,141.3 (84.30) |
| Average rainy days | 1.2 | 1.8 | 2.5 | 6.1 | 10.0 | 14.7 | 21.4 | 17.1 | 13.1 | 3.1 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 92.0 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%)(at 17:30IST) | 88 | 87 | 85 | 85 | 89 | 93 | 94 | 93 | 93 | 90 | 88 | 88 | 89 |
| Source:India Meteorological Department[30][31][32] | |||||||||||||
Tourism is the most significant contributor to Kalimpong's economy.[33] Thesummer andspring seasons are the most popular with tourists, keeping many of town's residents employed directly and indirectly. The town—earlier an important trade post between India and Tibet—hoped to boost its economy after the reopening of theNathu La pass in April 2006.[34] Though this resumed Indo–China border trades, local leaders requested that theJelep La pass also be reopened to allow trade.[35]
Kalimpong is a majorginger growing area of India. Kalimpong and the state ofSikkim together contribute 15 per cent of the ginger produced in India.[36] TheDarjeeling Himalayan hill region is internationally famous for itstea industry.[37] However, most of thetea gardens are on the western side ofTeesta river (towards the town of Darjeeling) and so tea gardens near Kalimpong contribute only 4 percent of total tea production of the region. In Kalimpong division, 90 percent of land is cultivable but only 10 percent is used for tea production.[38] Kalimpong is well known for its flower export industry—especially for its wide array of indigenousorchids andgladioli.[39]
A significant contributor to the town's economy is education sector.[33] The schools of Kalimpong, besides imparting education to the locals, attract a significant number of students from the plains, the neighbouring state of Sikkim and countries such asBhutan,Bangladesh,Nepal and Thailand.[33]
Many establishments cater to the Indian army bases near the town, providing it with essential supplies. Small contributions to the economy come by the way of the sale of traditional arts and crafts of Sikkim and Tibet. Government efforts related tosericulture, seismology, and fisheries provide a steady source of employment to many of its residents.
Kalimpong is well renowned for its cheese, noodles and lollipops. Kalimpong exports a wide range of traditional handicrafts, wood-carvings, embroidered items, bags and purses with tapestry work, copper ware, scrolls, Tibetan jewellery and artefacts.[39][40]
Kalimpong is located off theNH10, which linksSevoke to Gangtok.NH-717A connectingBagrakote withGangtok is located atAlgarah, 16 kilometres away from Kalimpong.[41] These two National Highways together, via Sevoke andLabha, links Kalimpong to the plains.[42] Regular bus services, Jeep Services and hired vehicles connect Kalimpong withSiliguri and the neighbouring towns and cities likeGangtok,Kurseong,Darjeeling,Namchi,Ravangla,Pakyong,Malbazar,Rhenock,Rongli,Algarah,Pedong,Labha,Gorubathan,Rangpo,Jaldhaka,Singtam,Pelling,Rorathang,Melli,Jorethang,Sevoke,Gyalshing andMirik.
The nearest airport isPakyong Airport 56 kilometres (35 mi) kilometres away andBagdogra International Airport about 80 kilometres (50 mi) from Kalimpong.Vistara,IndiGo,Go First,Akasa Air,AIX Connect,Air India,SpiceJet andDruk Air (Bhutan) are the major carriers that connect Bagdogra airport toChennai,Bangalore,Ahmedabad,Hyderabad,Mumbai,Delhi,Paro(Bhutan),Guwahati,Kolkata,Dibrugarh andBangkok (Thailand) whereasSpiceJet is the only carrier operating from Pakyong Airport which connectsDelhi,Kolkata andGuwahati.
Under construction
The closest currently operating major railway stations from Kalimpong are as follows:
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1991 | 38,832 | — |
| 2001 | 40,143 | +3.4% |
| 2011 | 42,988 | +7.1% |
| Source:Census of India[43] | ||
At the 2011 Indiacensus,[44] Kalimpong town area had a population of 42,988, of which 52% were male and 48% female.[44]
At the 2001 census,[45] Kalimpong had an average literacy rate of 79%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy was 84%, and female literacy was 73%. In Kalimpong, 8% of the population was under 6 years of age. TheScheduled castes and scheduled tribes population for Kalimpong was 5,100 and 5,121 respectively.[46]
Kalimpong is the headquarters of theKalimpong district. The semi-autonomous Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council, set up by the West Bengal government in 1988, administers this district as well as theDarjeeling Sadar andKurseong subdivisions.[48] Kalimpong elects eight councillors, who manage the departments of Public Health, Education, Public Works, Transport, Tourism, Market, Small scale industries, Agriculture, Agricultural waterways, Forest (except reserved forests), Water, Livestock, Vocational Training and Sports and Youth services.[49] The district administration of Darjeeling, which is the authoritative body for the departments of election,panchayat, law and order, revenue, etc., also acts as an interface of communication between the Council and theState Government.[49] The rural area in the district covers three community development blocksKalimpong I,Kalimpong II andGorubathan consisting of forty-twogram panchayats.[50] A Sub-Divisional Officer (SDO) presides over the Kalimpong subdivision. Kalimpong has a police station that serves the municipality and 18 gram panchayats ofKalimpong–I CD block.[51]
The Kalimpong municipality, which was established in 1945,[46] is in charge of the infrastructure of the town such aspotable water and roads. The municipal area is divided into twenty-three wards.[52] Kalimpong municipality is constructing additional water storage tanks to meet the requirement of potable water, and it needs an increase of water supply from the 'Neora Khola Water Supply Scheme' for this purpose.[53] Often, landslides occurring in monsoon season cause havoc to the roads in and around Kalimpong.[54] The West Bengal State Electricity Distribution Corporation Limited (WBSEDCL) provides electricity here.[55] Renewable Energy Development Agency of the state has plans to promote usage of solar street lights in Kalimpong and proposed an energy park here to sell renewable energy gadgets.[56] The Public Works Department is responsible for the road connecting the town to theNational Highway–NH-31A.[57] The Kalimpong municipality has a total of 10 health care units, with a total of 433 bed capacity.[58]
The Kalimpong assembly constituency, which is an assembly segment of theDarjeeling parliamentary constituency, elects one member of theVidhan Sabha of West Bengal.[59]
The majority of Indians in Kalimpong adhere toHinduism. The original settlers of Kalimpong are theLepchas,[60] who also form one of main ethnic groups ofSikkim andBhutan.[60][61] The majority of the populace are ethnicIndian Gorkhas.[citation needed]
Indigenous ethnic groups include theBhutia,Limbus,Rais,Sherpas,Magars,[62]Chettris,Bahuns,Thakuris,Gurungs,Tamangs,Yolmos,Bhujels,Yakkhas,Sunuwars,Sarkis,Damais and theKamis.[63] The other non-native communities as old as theIndian Gorkhas are theBengalis,Muslims,Anglo-Indians,Chinese,Biharis andTibetans who escaped to Kalimpong after fleeing theCommunist Chinese invasion of Tibet. Kalimpong is home toTrinley Thaye Dorje—one of the17th Karmapa incarnations.[64] Kalimpong is the closest Indian town to Bhutan's western border, and has a small number ofBhutanese nationals residing here.Hinduism is the largest religion followed byNijananda Sampradaya,Buddhism andChristianity.[62]Islam has a minuscule presence in this region, The Oldest settlers include people residing since the mid of 19th Century and also mostlyTibetan Muslims who fled in 1959 afterChinese invasion of Tibet.[65] The Buddhist monasteryZang Dhok Palri Phodang holds a number of rareTibetan Buddhist scriptures.[8] There is aMosque, Kalimpong Anjuman Islamia Established in 1887 in the bazaar area of Kalimpong.[66]
Local Hindu festivals includeDiwali,Holi,Dussehra,Tihar,Sakela Cultural Programme and the Tibetan festival ofLosar. The official languages areHindi,Bengali andNepali, withEnglish acting as the additional official language.[3][2]Languages spoken in Kalimpong includeNepali andHindi, which are the predominant languages;Lepcha,Limbu,Rai,Tamang, andEnglish.[4] Though there is a growing interest incricket as a winter sport in Darjeeling Hills,football still remains the most popular sport in Kalimpong.[67] Every year since 1947, the Independence Shield Football Tournament is organised here as part of the two-day-long Independence Day celebrations.[68] Former captain ofIndia national football team,Pem Dorjee Sherpa hails from Kalimpong.[69]
A popular snack in Kalimpong is themomo, steamed dumplings made of chicken, pork, beef or vegetable cooked in a wrapping of flour and served with watery soup.Wai-Wai is a packaged Thai snack made of noodles which are eaten either dry or in soup form.Churpee, a kind of hard cheese made fromyak's or chauri's (a hybrid of yak and cattle) milk, is sometimes chewed.[70] A form ofnoodle calledThukpa, served in soup form is popular in Kalimpong.[71] There are a large number of restaurants which offer a wide variety of cuisines, ranging from Indian to continental, to cater to the tourists. Tea is the most popular beverage in Kalimpong, procured from the famedDarjeeling tea gardens. Kalimpong has agolf course besides Kalimpong Circuit House.[4][72]
The cultural centres in Kalimpong include, the Lepcha Museum and the Zang Dhok Palri Phodang monastery. The Lepcha Museum, a kilometre away from the town centre, showcases the culture of the Lepcha community, the indigenous peoples of Sikkim. The Zang Dhok Palri Phodong monastery has 108 volumes of theKangyur, and belongs to theGelug of Buddhism.
Kalimpong has access to most of the television channels aired in the rest of India. Cable Television still provides service to many homes in the town and its outskirts, whileDTH connections are now practically mandatory throughout the country. Besides mainstream Indian channels, many Nepali-language channels such asDainandini DD,Kalimpong Television KTv,Haal Khabar (an association of the Hill Channel Network),Jan Sarokar,Himalayan People's Channel (HPC), andKalimpong Times are broadcast in Kalimpong. These channels, which mainly broadcast locally relevant news, are produced by regional media houses and news networks, and are broadcast through the local cable network, which is now slowly becoming defunct due to the Indian government's ruling on mandatory digitisation of TV channels. The movie production houses like JBU films produces the movies on the nepali and other languages.[73]
Newspapers in Kalimpong include English language dailiesThe Statesman andThe Telegraph, which are printed inSiliguri,[74][75] andThe Economic Times and theHindustan Times, which are printed inKolkata.
Among other languages, Nepali, Hindi and Bengali are prominent vernacular languages used in this region.[29] Newspapers in all these four languages are available in the Darjeeling Hills region. Of the largely circulated Nepali newspapersHimalay Darpan,Swarnabhumi and some Sikkim-based Nepali newspapers like Hamro Prajashakti and Samay Dainik are read most.[76] TheTibet Mirror was the first Tibetan-language newspaper published in Kalimpong in 1925.[77] while Himalayan Times was the first English to have come out from Kalimpong in the year 1947, it was closed down in the year 1962 after the Chinese aggression but was started once again and is now in regular print.
Internet service andInternet cafés are well established; these are mostly served throughbroadband,data card of different mobile services,WLL,dialup lines,[78][79]Kalimpong News,Kalimpong Online News,Kalimpong Times and KTV are the main online news sites that collect and present local and North Bengal & Sikkim news from its own agencies like KalimNews and other newspapers. Besides this there are others like kalimpong.info, kalimpongexpress.blogspot.com and several others.
All India Radio and several other National and Private Channels includingFM Radio are received in Kalimpong.
The area is serviced bymajor telecommunication companies of India with most types of cellular services in most areas.[80]
The area around Kalimpong lies in the Eastern Himalayas, which is classified as anecological hotspot, one of only three among theecoregions of India.Neora Valley National Park lies within the Kalimpong subdivision and is home to tigers.[81]Acacia is the most commonly found species at lower altitudes, whilecinnamon,ficus,bamboo andcardamom, are found in the hillsides around Kalimpong. The forests found at higher altitudes are made up ofpine trees and otherevergreenalpine vegetation. Seven species ofrhododendrons are found in the region east of Kalimpong. The temperate deciduous forests includeoak,birch,maple andalder.[82] Three hundred species oforchid are found around Kalimpong.[83]
TheRed panda,Clouded leopard,Siberian weasel,Asiatic black bear,[84]barking deer,[85]Himalayan tahr,goral,gaur[85] andpangolin are some of the fauna found near Kalimpong.Avifauna of the region include thepheasants,cuckoos,minivets,flycatchers,bulbuls, orioles,owls,partridges,sunbirds,warblers,swallows,swifts andwoodpeckers.[86]
Kalimpong is a major production centre ofgladioli in India,[87] andorchids, which are exported to many parts of the world. The Rishi Bankim Chandra Park is an ecological museums within Kalimpong.[88] Citrus Dieback Research Station at Kalimpong works towards control of diseases, plant protection and production of disease free orange seedlings.[89]
Kalimpong is also known for their rich practice ofcactus cultivation. Its nurseries attract people from far and wide for the absolutely stunning collection of cacti they cultivate. The strains of cacti, though not indigenous to the locale, have been carefully cultivated over the years, and now the town boasts one of the most fascinating and exhaustive collections of the familyCactaceae. The plants have adapted well to the altitude and environment, and now prove to be one of the chief draws of tourism to the township.[90][91]
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