Kalicho
Kalicho in a picture byJohn White
Born	c.1550 Baffin Island
Died	8 November 1577 (aged approx. 25-26) Bristol, England
Cause of death	Complications stemming from broken ribs
Known for	Travelling to Britain

Kalicho was the name assigned to anInuk man from theFrobisher Bay area ofBaffin Island (now inNunavut Canada). He was brought back to England as a captive by SirMartin Frobisher in 1577. He was taken along with an unrelatedInuk woman and her infant, who were named by the English asArnaq and Nutaaq. The three were among the first Inuit and the first indigenous people fromNorth America to be brought to England and among the best documented of theTudor period.

Kalicho was most likely born in or aroundFrobisher Bay onBaffin Island in the mid-16th century. He was part of a community of hunters and fishers in the area up to the time of his capture on 19 July 1577 by the English explorer, SirMartin Frobisher. Kalicho's capture and experiences with the expedition in the bay were described byGeorge Best in his 1578 account of Frobisher's three expeditions.^[1] Frobisher was leading an expedition organised by the EnglishCathay Company ofLondon, which had been set up to locate aNorthwest Passage around America to the Pacific. The ultimate aim of the company was to establish direct trade between England andCathay (China).

Kalicho and Arnaq were initially taken by Frobisher as a hostages in the hope of securing the return of five Englishmen who had disappeared on an expedition to the Bay the previous summer, which Frobisher had also led.^[2] Once it became clear that a prisoner exchange would not be possible, Frobisher decided to bring the Inuit back to England. He intended to present them toQueen Elizabeth I of England and teach them to speak English. Kalicho could then be employed as a guide and interpreter on future voyages.^[3]

Kalicho, Arnaq and Nutaaq attracted considerable interest when they were brought back to the English port ofBristol at the end of September 1577. Numerous portraits were made of them. Kalicho was painted five times by the Flemish artistCornelis Ketel, acting as an official artist of theCathay Company of London, with other artists also taking their likenesses.^[4] They were also subject to well-documented medical examinations.^{[citation needed]}

In Bristol, Kalicho was put up in private lodgings and dined on at least one occasion at the Mayor's house. Kalicho's kayaking and duck-hunting displays in the harbour attracted large audiences, which were remembered and described in local chronicles decades later. William Adams' Chronicle, written around the 1640s, says of the expedition:

They brought likewise a man called Callicho, and a woman called Ignorth : they were savage people and fed only upon raw flesh. On 9 October he rowed in a little boat made of skin in the water at the Backe, where he killed 2 ducks with a dart, and when he had done carried his boat through the marsh upon his back: the like he did at the Weir and other places where many beheld him. He would hit a duck a good distance off and not miss. They died here within a month.^[5]

Kalicho died in Bristol on 8 November 1577. A postmortem carried out by the physician,Edward Dodding, suggested that the death was a result of complications resulting from fractured ribs. This injury had most likely been sustained during Kalicho's capture in July.^[6] Following his death, Kalicho was buried inSt Stephen's Parish Church on 8 November, described in the parish burial register as a 'heathen man'.^[7]

Kalicho was the best documented indigenous person to visit England before the 17th century.^[8] At least one of the portraits of him, along with one of Arnaq, was presented toQueen Elizabeth I of England.^[9][10] The artworks were hung inHampton Court Palace until at least the late 17th century. While none of Ketel's paintings survive today, drawings made in Bristol by the English artist,John White, did survive and were acquired by the British Museum in 1866.^[11]

The depictions of Kalicho, Arnaq and Nutaaq formed the basis for numerous prints that circulated throughout Europe, providing a major reference point for the European understanding ofInuit, known asEskimos at the time, during theearly modern period.^[12][13] This includedLucas de Heere's, 'Portrait of Inuit man, 1577' in his influential ethnographic work:Theatre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre.^[14]

https://americainclass.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Inuit-Autopsy-Report.pdf

• 1550s births
• 1577 deaths
• 16th-century indigenous people of the Americas
• Inuit from Nunavut
• Inuit from the Northwest Territories

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