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TheKalbelia are asnake charming tribe from theThar Desert inRajasthan, India.[1] Dance is an integral part of their culture and performed by men and women.
Kalbelias are followers of Sage Kanifnath, who according to a legend, drank a bowl of poison and was blessed with control over venomous snakes and animals.[2][3]
Kalbelias are divided into two main groups, the Daliwal and Mewara. The Kalbelias moved frequently from one place to another in ancient times. Their traditional occupation is catching snakes and tradingsnake venom. They rear snakes, dogs, hens, horses, donkeys, pigs and goats. Hence, the dance movements and the costumes of their community bear a resemblance to those of the serpents. They are also called Sapera and Jogira, Gattiwala and Poogiwara. The largest cluster of the Kalbelias is inPali district, followed by significant other groups inAjmer,Chittorgarh andUdaipur district. They live anomadic life and belong to thescheduled tribes.[4][5]
Traditionally, Kalbelia men carried cobras in cane baskets from door to door in villages while their women sang, danced and begged for alms. They revere thecobra and advocate the non-killing of such reptiles. In the villages, if a snake inadvertently happened to enter a home, a Kalbelia would be summoned to catch the serpent and to take it away without killing it. Kalbelias have traditionally been a fringe group in the society, living in spaces outside the village where they reside. They live in makeshift camps calledderas. The Kalbelias move theirderas from one place to another in a circuitous route repeated over time. Over the generations, the Kalbelias acquired a unique understanding of the local flora and fauna, and are aware ofherbal remedies for various diseases which, in turn, is an alternative source of income for them.[6]
Since the enactment of theWildlife Act of 1972, the Kalbelias have been pushed out of their traditional profession of snake handling. Now performing arts are a major source of income for them and these have received widespread recognition within and outside India. Opportunities for performance are sporadic, and also depend on tourism, which is season specific, so members of the community work in the fields, or graze cattle to sustain themselves.[7]
The Kalbelias areCultural Hindus and practicesnake worship; they worship theNāga andManasa, and their holy day isNaga Panchami. The Kalbelias have different traditions from the majority of Hindus. The Kalbelia men wear aApadravya. Kalbelias bury their dead, instead of cremating them (as is common with Hindus in the rest of the country). The groom has to pay the bride's father a price for the bride and the groom's father has to pay for the wedding.[8]
The Kalbelia dance, folk dance of rajasthan performed as a celebration, is an integral part of Kalbelia culture. Their dances and songs are a matter of pride and a marker of identity for the Kalbelias, as they represent the creative adaptation of this community of snake charmers to changing socio-economic conditions and their own role in ruralRajasthani society.
The dancers are women in flowing black skirts who dance and twirl, replicating the movements of a serpent. They wear an upper body cloth called anangrakhi and a headcloth known as theodhani; the lower body cloth is called alehenga. All these clothes are of mixed red and black hues and embroidered.
The male participants play musical instruments, such as thepungi, a woodwind instrument traditionally played to capture snakes, thedufli,been, thekhanjari - a percussion instrument,morchang,khuralio and thedholak to create the rhythm on which the dancers perform. The dancers are tattooed in traditional designs and wear jewelry and garments richly embroidered with small mirrors and silver threads. As the performance progresses, the rhythm becomes faster and faster and so does the dance.[7]
Kalbelia songs are based on stories taken from folklore and mythology and special dances are performed duringHoli. The Kalbelias have a reputation for composing lyrics spontaneously and improvising songs during performances. These songs and dances are part of an oral tradition that is handed down generations and for which there are neither texts nor any training manuals. In 2010, the Kalbelia folk songs and dances ofRajasthan were declared a part of itsIntangible Heritage List by theUNESCO.[7]