| Kalapuya | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | NorthwestOregon |
| Ethnicity | Kalapuya people |
| Linguistic classification | Penutian ?
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | kala1402 |
 | |
Kalapuyan (alsoKalapuya) is a smallextinctlanguage family that was spoken in theWillamette Valley ofWestern Oregon, United States. It consists of three languages.[1]
The Kalapuya language is currently in a state of revival.Kalapuyan descendants in the southernmost Kalapuya region ofYoncalla, Oregon, published 100 copies of a comprehensive dictionary, with plans to expand.[2][3]
Kalapuyan consists of
Kalapuyan is usually connected with the variousPenutian proposals. This was originally part of anOregon Penutian branch along withTakelma,Siuslaw,Alsea andCoosan.[4] A special relationship with Takelma had been proposed, together forming a "Takelma–Kalapuyan" or "Takelman" family.[5][6][7][8] However, an unpublished paper by Tarpent & Kendall (1998)[9] finds this relationship to be unfounded because of the extremely different morphological structures of Takelma and Kalapuyan.
| Proto-Kalapuyan | |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction of | Kalapuyan_languages |
Below is a list of Proto-Kalapuyan reconstructions by Shipley (1970):[10]
| no. | gloss | Proto-Kalapuyan |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | all | *pu- |
| 2 | bad | *khaskha |
| 3 | big | *pala |
| 4 | bird | *twi(ː)ca |
| 5 | bite | *yiːk |
| 6 | black | *muː |
| 7 | blood | *nu |
| 8 | blow | *puː- |
| 9 | bone | *ca |
| 10 | burn | *y- |
| 11 | cold | *tuːku |
| 12 | come | *ma- |
| 13 | come | - |
| 14 | cut | - |
| 15 | dig | *hu- |
| 16 | dog | *tal |
| 17 | drink | *kʷh- |
| 18 | dry | *chakkaluː |
| 19 | dull | *tu- |
| 20 | dust | *skuːp |
| 21 | earth | *nuwa |
| 22 | eat | *kʷVnafu |
| 23 | egg | *pha |
| 24 | eye | *kʷhillaːk, *kʷhalliːk |
| 25 | fall | |
| 26 | father | *-fa- |
| 27 | father | *maːma |
| 28 | fear | *n- |
| 29 | fear | *yakla |
| 30 | feather | *lunka |
| 31 | few | *puː(n) |
| 32 | five | *waːn |
| 33 | flower | *puːk |
| 34 | four | *tapa |
| 35 | fruit | *kayna |
| 36 | give | *tiː |
| 37 | good | *suː |
| 38 | grass | *luːkʷa |
| 39 | green | *ci- |
| 40 | guts | *niːya |
| 41 | hair, head | *kʷaː |
| 42 | hand | *laːkʷa |
| 43 | he | *kʷawk |
| 44 | hear | *kapt |
| 45 | heart | *-uːpna |
| 46 | heavy | *kayt |
| 47 | hot | *ʔuːk |
| 48 | I | *chi |
| 49 | ice | *tic |
| 50 | kill | *tah- |
| 51 | know | *yukhu |
| 52 | lake | *paːɫ |
| 53 | leaf | *takhVɫ |
| 54 | left | *kay |
| 55 | liver | *paw |
| 56 | long | *puːs |
| 57 | louse | *t- |
| 58 | man | *ʔuːyhi |
| 59 | many | - |
| 60 | meat | *muːkhi, *muːkʷhi |
| 61 | mother | *naːna |
| 62 | mountain | *maːfuː |
| 64 | name | *kʷat |
| 65 | neck | *puː- -k |
| 66 | new | *pa(n)ɫa |
| 67 | nose | *nuːna |
| 68 | not | *waːnk |
| 69 | old | *yuː(k) |
| 70 | one | - |
| 71 | other | *wana |
| 72 | path | *kawni |
| 73 | person | *mim |
| 74 | pierce | *twa- |
| 75 | push | *t- |
| 76 | red | *c- -l |
| 77 | river | *cal |
| 78 | rope | *cal |
| 79 | round | *(wi)luː |
| 80 | saliva | *ta(w)f |
| 81 | say | *na(ka) |
| 82 | sea | *minlak |
| 83 | see | *huːthu |
| 84 | sew | *-aːkʷaː(t) |
| 85 | short | *-u(w)pna |
| 86 | sing | *kawt |
| 87 | sit | *tastu |
| 88 | sit | *yuː |
| 89 | sky | *yank |
| 90 | sleep, lie | *way |
| 91 | smell | *h- |
| 92 | snake | *(t)kaː |
| 93 | snow | *-uː(p)paː(y)k |
| 94 | split | *plVk |
| 95 | stand | *taːp |
| 96 | stone | *taː |
| 97 | straight | *yalk |
| 98 | suck | - |
| 99 | sun | *pyan |
| 100 | swell | *kuːf |
| 101 | swim | *kʷay(n) |
| 102 | tail | *tkuː |
| 103 | they | *k(ʷ)i(n)nVk |
| 104 | thick | *fip |
| 105 | thin | *kliʔk |
| 106 | think | *m- -t |
| 107 | this | *kʷus(a) |
| 108 | this | *haːs(a) |
| 109 | thou | *maː(ha) |
| 110 | three | *psin |
| 111 | throw | *kawi |
| 112 | tie | *takt |
| 113 | tongue | - |
| 114 | tooth | *ti |
| 115 | tree | *watVk |
| 116 | two | *kaːmi |
| 117 | walk | *ʔiːti |
| 118 | wash | *kaw(a)ɫ |
| 119 | wash | *cawC |
| 120 | water | *pk(y)aː |
| 121 | we | *stuː |
| 122 | what | *ʔa(k)kaː |
| 123 | white | *maw |
| 124 | wind | *-iːʈwa |
| 125 | wing | *wa(ː)n |
| 126 | ye | *mV(t)tiː |
| 127 | year | *miːcwa |
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