Kaiseki (懐石) orkaiseki-ryōri (懐石料理) is a traditional multi-courseJapanese dinner. The term also refers to the collection of skills and techniques that allow the preparation of such meals and is analogous to Westernhaute cuisine.[1]
There are two kinds of traditional Japanese meal styles calledkaiseki orkaiseki-ryōri. The first, wherekaiseki is written as"会席" andkaiseki-ryōri as"会席料理", refers to a set menu of select food served on an individual tray (to each member of a gathering).[2] The second, written as"懐石" and as"懐石料理", refers to the simple meal that the host of achanoyu gathering serves to the guests before a ceremonial tea,[2] and is also known ascha-kaiseki (茶懐石).[3] The development ofnouvelle cuisine was likely inspired bykaiseki principles.[4][5]
Thekanji characters used to write"kaiseki" (懐石) literally mean "breast-pocket stone". These kanji are thought to have been incorporated bySen no Rikyū (1522–1591) to indicate the frugal meal served in the austere style ofchanoyu (Japanese tea ceremony). The idea came from the practice whereZenmonks would ward off hunger by putting warm stones into the front folds of their robes, near their stomachs.
Before these kanji started to be used, the kanji for writing the word were simply ones indicating that the cuisine was for a gathering (会席料理).[6] Both sets of kanji remain in use today to write the word; the authoritative Japanese dictionary'Kōjien' describeskaiseki (literally, "cuisine for a gathering") as a banquet meal where the main beverage issake (Japanese rice wine), and the "bosom-stone" cuisine as the simple meal served inchanoyu. To distinguish between the two in speech and, if necessary, in writing, thechanoyu meal may be referred to as "tea"kaiseki orcha-kaiseki.[7][8]
Modernkaiseki draws on a number of traditional Japanese haute cuisines, notably the following four traditions: imperial court cuisine (有職料理,yūsoku ryōri), from the 9th century in theHeian period;Buddhist cuisine of temples (精進料理,shōjin ryōri), from the 12th century in theKamakura period; samurai cuisine of warrior households (本膳料理,honzen ryōri), from the 14th century in theMuromachi period; and tea ceremony cuisine (茶懐石,cha kaiseki), from the 15th century in theHigashiyama period of theMuromachi period. All of these individual cuisines were formalized and developed over time, and continue in some form to the present day, but have also been incorporated intokaiseki cuisine. Different chefs weigh these differently – court and samurai cuisine are more ornate, while temple and tea ceremony cuisine are more restrained.
In the present day,kaiseki is a type of art form that balances the taste, texture, appearance, and colors of food.[7] To this end, only fresh seasonal ingredients are used and are prepared in ways that aim to enhance their flavor. Local ingredients are often included as well.[9] Finished dishes are carefully presented on plates that are chosen to enhance both the appearance and the seasonal theme of the meal. Dishes are beautifully arranged and garnished, often with real leaves and flowers, as well as edible garnishes designed to resemble natural plants and animals.
Originally,kaiseki comprised a bowl ofmiso soup and three side dishes;[10] this is now instead the standard form of Japanese-style cuisine generally, referred to as a セット (setto, "set").Kaiseki has since evolved to include an appetizer,sashimi, a simmered dish, a grilled dish and a steamed course,[10] in addition to other dishes at the discretion of the chef.[11]
This is the meal served in the context ofchanoyu (Japanese tea ceremony). It precedes the serving of the tea at a formal tea function (chaji). The basic constituents of acha-kaiseki meal are theichijū sansai or "one soup, three side dishes", and the rice, plus the following:suimono,hassun,yutō, andkōnomono. The one soup referred to here is usuallysuimono (clear soup) ormiso soup and the basic three side dishes are the following:
Here under is a description of the additional items mentioned above:
Extra items that may be added to the menu are generally referred to asshiizakana and these attend further rounds ofsake. Because the host leaves them with the first guest, they are also referred to asazukebachi (lit., "bowl left in another's care").[12]
Casualkaiseki meals theatrically arrange ingredients in dishes and combine rough textured pottery with fine patterned bowls or plates for effect. Thebento box is another casual, common form of popularkaiseki.
Kaiseki is often served inryokan in Japan, but it is also served in small restaurants, known asryōtei (料亭).Kyoto is well known for itskaiseki, as it was the home of the imperial court and nobility for over a millennium. In Kyoto,kaiseki-style cooking is sometimes known as Kyoto cooking (京料理,kyō-ryōri), to emphasize its traditional Kyoto roots, and includes some influence from traditional Kyoto home cooking, notablyobanzai (おばんざい), the Kyoto term forsōzai [ja](惣菜) orokazu (おかず).
Kaiseki is often very expensive –kaiseki dinners at top traditional restaurants generally cost from 5,000 yen to upwards of 40,000 per person,[13] without drinks. Cheaper options are available, notably lunch (from around 4,000 to 8,000 yen (US$37 to $74), and in some circumstancesbento (around 2,000 to 4,000 yen (US$18 to $37)). In some cases counter seating is cheaper than private rooms. Atryokan, the meals may be included in the price of the room or optional, and may be available only to guests, or served to the general public (someryokan are now primarily restaurants). Traditional menu options offer three price levels,Sho Chiku Bai (traditional trio of pine, bamboo, and plum), with pine being most expensive, plum least expensive; this is still found at some restaurants.
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