| Kagu | |
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Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Eurypygiformes |
| Family: | Rhynochetidae |
| Genus: | Rhynochetos |
| Species: | R. jubatus |
| Binomial name | |
| Rhynochetos jubatus Verreaux, J &des Murs, 1860 | |
Thekagu orcagou (Rhynochetos jubatus) is a crested, long-legged, and bluish-grey birdendemic to the dense mountain forests ofNew Caledonia. It is the only surviving member of the genusRhynochetos and the familyRhynochetidae,[3] although a second species has been described from thefossil record.
Measuring 55 cm (21+1⁄2 in) in length, it has pale greyplumage and bright red legs. Its 'nasal corns' are a unique feature not shared with any other bird. Almost flightless, it spends its time on or near the ground, where it hunts its invertebrate prey and builds a nest of sticks on the forest floor. Both parents share incubation of a singleegg, as well as rearing the chick. It has proven vulnerable to introduced predators and is threatened with extinction.
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The name kagu is derived from theMelanesian names for the species.[4] The species is variously known as thekavu orkagou in theKanak languages, and as thecagou in French (also used as an alternative spelling in English).[5]
The generic nameRhynochetos, and theclade name Rhynochetidae, are derived from theGreekῥίςrhis meaning "nose" andχαίτηkhaitē meaning "long hair", referring to its long stiff hairs over the nostrils. The specific namejubatus is derived from theLatiniubātus meaning crested.[6]
The kagu's affinities are not well resolved. It was long one of the most enigmatic birds and in more recent times is usually affiliated with theGruiformes. It was initially classed as a member of thecladeArdeae because of the presence ofpowder down, similarities inplumage colour and internal anatomy, the colour of the chicks and eggs, and the change in colouration of the chick as it grows.[5][page needed]
When seen as a gruiform, the kagu is generally considered related to the extinctadzebills fromNew Zealand and thesunbittern fromCentral andSouth America. Recent studies do indicate that the sunbittern is the closest living relative of the kagu. For example, Fain & Houde found these to be certainlysister taxa.[7] They and themesites did not group with traditional Gruiformes in their study, but instead with their proposedcladeMetaves, which also includes thehoatzin,pigeons,nightjars,flamingos,tropicbirds,Apodiformes,sandgrouse, andgrebes. The internal structure of this group was not well resolvable by their data, although later studies confirmed a close relationship between the kagu and sunbittern.[8]
The kagu and sunbittern, and possibly theadzebills, seem to form a distinctGondwanan lineage of birds, either as one order or possibly more. Although the relationships between them and groups previously considered related, such as the mesites and the "core Gruiformes," are not yet resolved. It is notable, however, that the sunbittern and the mesites possess powder down too, whereas the "core Gruiformes" do not. The ancestors of the kagu are believed to have diverged from the sunbittern in theOligocene, 45 to 17 million years ago, and colonized New Caledonia 60 to 25 million years ago. In the absence of terrestrial predators, it eventually became flightless.[9]
While the kagu is the only living species in theclade Rhynochetidae, a larger species, thelowland kagu (Rhynochetos orarius), has been described fromHolocenesubfossil remains. The measurements of this species were 15% bigger thanRhynochetos jubatus, with no overlap in measurements except those of the forelimbs. Given that the sites from whichR. orarius remains have been recovered are all lowland sites, and that no fossils ofR. jubatus have been found in these sites, the scientists that described the fossils have suggested that they represent highland and lowland species respectively.R. orarius is one of many species to have become extinct in New Caledonia after the arrival of humans.[10] The validity of the species has been questioned by some authors,[5] but accepted by others.[11]
The kagu is a ground-living bird,55 cm (21+1⁄2 in) in length. The weight can vary considerably by individual and by season, ranging from 700 to 1,100 g (25–39 oz). Itsplumage is unusually bright for a bird of the forest floor; ash-grey and white coloured. There is littlesexual dimorphism beyond a difference in the amount of barring in the primary feathers.[5][page needed] It possessespowder down which helps keep it dry andinsulates it in the extremes of New Caledonia's tropical climate. The crest, which is used to display to other members of the species, is barely noticeable when at rest but can be erected and fanned out.
It is nearly flightless, using its wings for displays (itsprimary wing feathers are patterned), and for moving quickly through the forest. It can also use them to glide when fleeing danger. The wings are not reduced in size like some other flightless birds, and have a span of around77.5 cm (30+1⁄2 in), but they lack the musculature for flight.[5][page needed][9] These wings are also used for a 'broken-wing' display, a behaviour shared with their relative sunbittern, used to fake an injury and draw the attention of a predator away from their chick. It possesses bright red legs which are long and strong, enabling the bird to travel long distances on foot and run quickly.
It has large eyes, positioned so that they give goodbinocular vision which is helpful in finding prey in theleaf litter and seeing in the gloom of the forest. It possesses 'nasal corns', structures covering its nostrils, which are a feature not shared by any other bird. These are presumed to prevent particles entering the nostrils when probing in soil during feeding. Another unique characteristic of the species is that it has only one-third as manyred blood cells and three times morehemoglobin per red blood cell than is usual in birds.[5][page needed]
The kagu isendemic to theforests andshrubland ofNew Caledonia. Within that island group it is restricted to the main island ofGrande Terre. There is no evidence that it occurred on theLoyalty Islands, although fossil remains of the extinct lowland formR. orarius have been found on theIle des Pines.[11] The kagu is a habitat generalist and able to exist in a range of different forest types if sufficient prey is present, fromrain forest to drier lowland forest. They are also able to feed in some drier shrubland associated with the island'sultrabasic rocks, although not in the poorest, low-prey shrubland of this type. They are also absent from areas where extensive ground cover makes foraging difficult, such as grassland or areas with high fern cover, but may pass through such areas to reach other foraging areas. The species has undergone some range contraction due to hunting and predation byintroduced species.[5] Its original, pre-human distribution, and the extent to which it and its sister speciesR. orarius coexisted in lowland areas of New Caledonia, is still not fully understood and awaits further research into the subfossil record.[10]
Kagu areterritorial, maintaining year-round territories of around 10–28 hectares (25–69 acres).[12] They have a clan-basedsocial organization, with families composed of one breeding female andone to three breeding males. Male offspring also help to defend their parents' territorial claims.[9][13] However the social organisation of kagu has been disrupted in recent years due to attacks by dogs and families. Cases where either the breeding male or female have been killed have led to non-fraternal polyandrous behaviour. Cooperative and unrelated polyandry is rare in birds, but has been seen in species such as thedunnock and theTasmanian nativehen.
Within the territory the pairs are solitary during the non-breeding season, and may have separate but overlapping foraging areas. Kagus make a range of different sounds, most commonly while duetting in the morning, each duet lasting about 15 minutes. The kagu's crest and wings are used in territorial displays towards other kagu, slightly different displays are used towards potential predators. Territorial disputes may be resolved by fighting using wings and bills; in the wild this seldom results in serious injuries.[5][13]
The kagu is exclusively carnivorous, feeding on a variety of animals, withannelid worms,snails andlizards being amongst the most important prey items.[5] Also taken are larvae, spiders, centipedes and insects, such asgrasshoppers, bugs, andbeetles. The majority of the diet is obtained from the leaf litter or soil, with other prey items found in vegetation, old logs and rocks. Sometimes kagus will hunt small animals in shallow water. Their hunting technique is to stand motionless on the ground or from an elevated perch, and silently watch for movingprey. They may stand on one foot and gently move the leaf litter with the other foot in order to flush prey. Having located prey they will move towards the prey and stand over it, ready to strike, or make a dash towards the prey from their watching location. If digging is required to obtain the prey this is done with the bill, the feet are not used to dig or scratch away debris.[5]
Kagus aremonogamous breeders, generally forming long-term pair bonds that are maintained for many years, even possibly life.[disputed –discuss] Kagu can be long lived, with birds in captivity living for over 20 years.[5] A single nesting attempt is made each year, although should the first nesting attempt fail a second attempt is made that year.[12] A simplenest is constructed, which is little more than a heaped pile of leaves, although in some cases theegg may be laid directly on the ground. Thenest is not concealed but is usually adjacent to a tree trunk, log or low vegetation. A single grey slightly blotched egg is laid which weighs 60–75 g.Incubation duties are shared by the parents. Each bird will incubate the egg for 24 hours, with the changeover occurring around noon each day. During each incubation stint the parent will remain on the egg the whole time except early in the morning, when the bird will briefly move away to call to its mate and occasionally forage quickly. The incubation period lasts for 33–37 days, which is long for the size of the egg.[5]
Offspring may remain in their parents' territory for many years afterfledging, sometimes up to six years.[5] These chicks do not help in incubating the eggs or raising the chicks, but nevertheless improve the breeding success of the parents. The older offspring do apparently help in territory defence, responding to playback of rivals and also participating in territorial fights, and it has been suggested that this should be treated as a form of cooperative breeding. The kagu has also been observed adopting an unrelated chick, a behaviour more common in species with low reproductive output, high social organisation, and extensive parental care of the young, all traits shared by the kagu.[9]
The kagu's initial decline was caused by subsistencehunting. The bird was trapped extensively for the European pet trade[5] and for museums and zoos until it was afforded protection.[14] It is threatened by introducedcats,pigs anddogs.[15] New Caledonia lacked mammals (except for bats) before the arrival of humans,[16] and many of its native species have been negatively affected by introduced mammals. Rats have a big impact on nestlings, accounting for 55% of nestling losses.[17] Kagus also suffer fromhabitat loss caused bymining andforestry.
Concern was first raised about the future of the kagu in 1904.[18] A visiting American scientist noted in 1948 that the extinction of the species was probable, and identified the many threats the species faced.[14] The first concrete evidence of the impact of dogs came when a New Zealand researcher's study population was quickly exterminated by dogs in the 1990s,[19] although suspicions about the importance of dogs and other predators had been voiced before this and dog control measures had been enacted in some areas in the 1980s.[20] The kagu is listed asendangered (CITES I) and enjoys full protection in New Caledonia. It has been the subject of dedicatedconservation efforts and is receptive toex-situ conservation, breeding well inNouméa Zoo. It is also prospering inRivière Bleue Territorial Park,[21] which has apest-management programme and has been the site of releases into the wild of captive-bred birds.[15]
Recent research has shown that naturally occurring heavy metals in the soil may affect Kagu through their food supply. Kagu in areas where soil levels of heavy metals were low laid more eggs and had higher numbers of fledglings, as well as having smaller home-ranges and higher body mass, than Kagu in areas where the soil was heavy-metal rich. It has therefore been suggested that Kagu conservation is likely to be more effective in areas where heavy-metal levels in the soil are low.[22]
The kagu had an important role in the traditional lives of theKanak tribes of New Caledonia. Among the tribes found in the vicinity ofHienghène in the north of Grande Terre, its name was given to people, its crest was used in the head-dresses of chiefs, and its calls were incorporated into war dances and considered messages to be interpreted by the chiefs. Kanaks in the vicinity ofHouaïlou referred to the species as the "ghost of the forest."[5]
The species was not discovered by Europeans until the French colonisation of New Caledonia in 1852 and was not described until a specimen was taken to theColonial Exhibition in Paris in 1860.[18] This led to a surge in scientific interest in the species, which resulted in many birds being trapped for museums and zoos. The species was also trapped for food and was considered a delicacy by European colonisers. It was also fashionable to own kagus as pets. A campaign was run from 1977–1982 to phase out the pet trade in kagus. Today, the kagu is considered very important in New Caledonia; it is a high-profileendemic emblem for the territory. Its distinctive song used to be played to the nation every night as the island's TV station signed off the air. Its survival is considered important for the territory's economy and image.[5]
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