Kachin State (Burmese:ကချင်ပြည်နယ်;Kachin:Jinghpaw Mungdaw) is the northernmoststate ofMyanmar. It is bordered by China to the north and east (Tibet andYunnan, respectively),Shan State to the south, andSagaing Region andIndia (Arunachal Pradesh) to the west. It lies between north latitude 23° 27' and 28° 25' longitude 96° 0' and 98° 44'. The area of Kachin State is 89,041 km2 (34,379 sq mi). The capital of the state isMyitkyina. Other important towns includeBhamo,Mohnyin andPutao.
Kachin State has Myanmar's highest mountain,Hkakabo Razi at 5,889 metres (19,321 ft), forming the southern tip of theHimalayas, and a large inland lake,Indawgyi Lake. It also has the mostnational parks of any administrative division in Myanmar, that being three.
The Nanzhao Kingdom controlled much of Upper Burma, including modern-day Kachin State.[3] The kingdom also used the territory as a staging ground to invade thePyu city-states in modern-daySagaing.[4] E.R. Leach claimed that the Chinese referred to theJingpo as Pu Man (蒲蠻) as a leftover from Nanzhao descriptions ofMon-Khmer speakers. However, there is little evidence to support this assertion.[5]
Kachin state was part of theNanzhao kingdom in the 9th century CE
The Qing dynasty of China briefly controlled the present Kachin state during the 1760Sino-Burmese War.
What is now Kachin State was historically inhabited by a diverse population of various ethnolinguistic groups, including theRawang, theLisu, theJingpo, theZaiwa, theLashi/Lachik and the Lawngwaw/Maru, all of whom had overlapping territories and varying social structures.[7][8] The term "Kachin" is a term given by the British during the colony period referring to ethnic groups living between the central Bamar heartland to the south and China to the north.
TraditionalKachin society was based on shifting hill agriculture. According to "The Political Systems of Highland Burma: A Study of Kachin Social Structure", written by E. R. Leach, Kachin was not a linguistic category. Political authority was based on chieftains who depended on support from immediate kinsmen. Considerable attention has been given by anthropologists of the Kachin custom of maternal cousin marriage, wherein it is permissible for a man to marry his mother's brother's daughter, but not with the father's sister's daughter. In pre-colonial times, the Kachin wereanimist.
After the 1760sQing-Konbaung war, the Chinese exercised a degree of control over the present-day northeastern Kachin State. During the British colonization of Burma, theKachin Hills tribal autonomy was accepted by the British government. British forces carried out two expeditions against the Kachin in 1892 and 1896. In 1910, the British occupied Hpimaw (Pianma) in thePianma Incident.[9]
The pre-independence Burmese government underAung San reached thePanglong Agreement with the Shan, Kachin, and Chin peoples on 12 February 1947. The agreement accepted "Full autonomy in internal administration for the Frontier Areas" in principle and envisioned the creation of a Kachin State by the Constituent Assembly. Burma attained independence on 4 January 1948. Kachin State was formed in the same year out of the formerBritish Burma civil districts ofBhamo andMyitkyina, together with the larger northern district ofPuta-o. Kachin State was officially announced on 10 January 1948 and Kachin State Government held "Mungdaw Masat Masat Manau" (forming of Kachin State Manau) for three consecutive days since 9 to 11 January as happiness since that year they held Manau on 10 January every year until the1962 Burmese coup d'état.[10] The vast mountainous hinterlands are predominantlyKachin, whereas the more densely populated railway corridor and southern valleys are mostlyShan andBamar. The northern frontier was not demarcateduntil the 1960s. Various Chinese governments had claimed thenorthern-half of Kachin State as Chinese territory since the 18th century.[citation needed] Before the British rule, roughly 75% of all Kachinjadeite ended up in China, where it was prized much more highly than the local Chinesenephrite.
The complex political situation started when the Kachin armed group was established on 25 October 1960, after the UN government announced the state religion as Buddhism, as the Kachin people stopped believing in the government administration system, established after the federal union was agreed upon in the 1947 Panglong agreement. Between 1962 and 2010, the military government ruled over Myanmar. Cease fire agreements between ethnic armed groups and the government were made starting in 1989. And then in 2011 the new government led by President Thein Sein, broke the cease fire agreement which was agreed upon by the former military government and the Kachin ethnic armed group in 1994, resuming fighting against the Kachin who are living in the northern part of Myanmar, northern part of Shan, near the China border on 9 June 2011. Because of the abrupt internal conflict, thousands of internally displaced people fled to refugee camps which are located in the government-controlled area as well in the Kachin Independence Army controlled area (Hlaing, 2005).
Kachin troops formerly formed a significant part of the Burmese army. With the unilateralabrogation of theUnion of Burma constitution by theNe Win regime in 1962, Kachin forces withdrew and formed theKachin Independence Army (KIA) under theKachin Independence Organization (KIO). Aside from the major towns and railway corridor, Kachin State has been virtually independent from the mid-1960s through 1994, with an economy based on agriculture and trade with China, including of jade. After a Myanmar army offensive in 1994 seized the jade mines from the KIO, a peace treaty was signed, permitting continued KIO effective control of most of the State, under aegis of the Myanmar military. This ceasefire immediately resulted in the creation of numerous splinter factions from the KIO and KIA of groups opposed to theSPDC's controversial peace accord, and the political landscape remains highly unstable.
Hukaung Valley, Kachin State
KIO made aceasefire agreement with themilitary government in 1994 while leaving political issues to be discussed with the next elected government. Throughout its struggle, both in the ceasefire and non-ceasefire period, KIO also made agreements with other ethnic rebels and alliances including the Democratic Alliance of Burma (DAB), the National Democratic Front (NDF), and United Nationalities Federal Council (UNFC). The main goal was to pressure the military government and restore the federal democratic government with greater autonomy to Kachin State. During its 17 years of ceasefire from 1994 to 2011 the KIO actively participated in the military-led constitution-drafting-process, attending the National Convention, which was boycotted by the democratic icon Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy and ethnic political parties. The KIO together with 12 other ethnic groups demanded amendments of the draft to be more in line with a federal democratic system and to give autonomy to states (Zaw Oo & Win Min 2007).
The seventeen-year ceasefire broke down and fighting between the Kachin Independence Organization and the government resumed in June 2011 after the Kachin Independent Army disallowed the government's order to transform into a Border Guard Force and it claimed that the regime's 2008 Constitution lacked federal democratic principles and equal political rights for ethnic minorities based on the Panglong Agreement. Renewed fighting between theKachin Independence Army and theBurmese army began on 9 June 2011 atTa-pein hydropower plan and continued throughout 2012. Initial reports suggested that from June to September 2011 a total of 5,580Internally Displaced Persons from 1,397 households arrived at 38 IDP camps under Myanmar Government control.[11] In August 2012 thousands of Kachin refugees were forced by theChinese Government back intoMyanmar despite the continued fighting there; NGOs likeHuman Rights Watch called to cease such action and pointed the illegality of doing so under international law.[12] As of 9 October 2012, over 100,000 IDPs are taking shelter in various camps across Kachin State. The majority of IDPs (est. 70,000) are currently sheltering in KIA controlled territory.[13] Fatality estimates were difficult to estimate but most reports suggested that between government troops,Kachin Independence Army rebels, and civilians upwards of 1,000 people had died in the conflict.
Even though many Kachins were already displaced internally, only around 150,000 people are reported as IDPs. The Kachins are currently the major target for theBurmese government,[citation needed] yet relatively few Kachins have chosen to resettle in countries such as the United States or Australia, in comparison to other Myanmar ethnic minorities, such as the Karens and Chins.
The Kachin make up a slight plurality of Kachin State's population, while the Bamar and Shan comprise significant minorities, making up almost half of the state's population.
After the 2014Census in Myanmar, the Burmese government indefinitely withheld release of detailed ethnicity data, citing concerns around political and social concerns surrounding the issue of ethnicity in Myanmar.[14] In 2022, researchers published an analysis of theGeneral Administration Department's nationwide 2018-2019 township reports to tabulate the ethnic makeup of the Kachin State.[15][14]
St. Columban's Catholic Cathedral, in Myitkyina, Kachin State
According to the2014 Myanmar Census,Buddhists, who make up 64.0% of Kachin State's population, form the largest religious community there.[17] Religious minority communities include Christians (33.8%),Muslims (1.6%),Hindus (0.4%), andanimists (0.2%) who collectively comprise the remainder of Kachin State's population.[17] 2.8% of the population listed no religion, other religions, or were otherwise not enumerated.[17]
According to theState Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee's 2016 statistics, 7,966 Buddhist monks were registered in Kachin State, comprising 1.5% of Myanmar's totalSangha membership, which includes both novicesamanera and fully-ordained bhikkhu.[18] The majority of monks belong to theThudhamma Nikaya (95.3%), followed by theShwegyin Nikaya (4.7%), with the remainder of monks belonging to other smallmonastic orders.[18] 1,103thilashin were registered in Kachin State, comprising 1.8% of Myanmar's total thilashin community.[18]
Burmese andJingpho arelingua francas of Kachin State. Since Burma achieved independence in 1948, significant numbers of Burmese speakers have settled in Kachin State, which has accelerated alanguage shift from Jingpho to Burmese. Other Kachin tribes speak and write their own language: theZaiwa, theRawang, and theLisu, who speak both theLisu language and theLipo language.English is also widely spoken as a working language.
The economy of Kachin State is predominantly agricultural. The main products include rice,teak,sugarcane,opium. Mineral products include gold,jade, andrare-earth elements.[citation needed] Hpakant is well known for its jade mines.[19] Bhamo is one of the border trading points between China and Myanmar.[20] A significant amount of legal and illegal cross-border trade along theChina–Myanmar border passes through Kachin State, through border posts operated by both the central government (e.g.,Lweje) andethnic armed organisations (e.g.,Laiza andKanpaikti).
Over 600 tons of jade stones, which were unearthed from Lone-Khin area inHpakant Township in Kachin State, had been displayed in Myanmar Naypyidaw to be sold in November 2011. Most of the jade stones extracted in Myanmar, 25,795 tons in 2009–10 and 32,921 tons in 2008–09, are from Kachin State. The largest jade stone in the world, 3000 tons, 21 metres long, 4.8 metres wide and 10.5 metres high was found in Hpakant in 2000.[21] The Myanmar government pays little attention to the deterioration of environment in Kachin because of jade mining. There has been erosion, flooding and mudslides. Several houses are destroyed every year.[22]
In 2006, the Prime Minister General Thein Sein made an agreement with the China Power Investment Cooperation in Beijing to build seven dams in Kachin State.[23] The controversial construction project of a huge 1,055 megawatt hydroelectric power plant dam, theMyitsone Dam, is ongoing.[24] It is funded by China Power Investment Cooperation. When completed, the dam will measure 152 metres high and the electricity produced will be sold to China. This project displaced about 15,000 people and is one of 7 projects planned for the Irrawaddy River.[25]
Kachin State is the world's largest source ofrare earths, which are critical in the supply chains of many multinational corporations, including Tesla and General Motors.[26] In 2021, China importedUS$200 million of rare earths from Myanmar in December 2021, exceeding 20,000 tonnes.[27] Rare earths were discovered nearPang War inChipwi Township in the late 2010s.[28]
As China has shut down domestic mines due to the severe environmental impact, it has largely outsourced rare earth mining to Kachin State.[27] Chinese companies and miners illegally set up operations in Kachin State without government permits, and instead circumvent the central government by working with aBorder Guard Force militia under theTatmadaw, formerly known as theNew Democratic Army – Kachin, which has profited from this extractive industry.[27][29] Mining operations also began in areas controlled by theKachin Independence Organisation in 2022.[30]
Rare earth mining has contaminated and polluted the local environment, including waterways and forests, and eroded mountainous landscapes, and impacted the health of locals.[27][26] Since the2021 Myanmar coup d'état, mining of rare earths in Kachin State has accelerated, due to lack of proper oversight.[28][31] Land has also been seized from locals to conduct mining operations.[27] As of March 2022[update], 2,700 mining collection pools scattered across 300 separate locations were found in Kachin State, encompassing the area ofSingapore, and an exponential increase from 2016.[27]
Educational opportunities in Myanmar are extremely limited outside the main cities ofYangon andMandalay. It is especially a problem in Kachin State where over 60 years of fighting between the government and insurgents has displaced thousands of people. The following is a summary of the education system in the state.[33]
The general state of health care in Myanmar is poor. The military government spends anywhere from 0.5% to 3% of the country's GDP on health care, consistently ranking among the lowest in the world.[34][35] Although health care is nominally free, in reality, patients have to pay for medicine and treatment, even in public clinics and hospitals. Public hospitals lack many of the basic facilities and equipment. In general, the health care infrastructure outside ofYangon andMandalay is extremely poor but is especially worse in remote areas like Kachin State. The following is a summary of the public health care system in the state.[36]
^Sadan, M. 2007, TRANSLATING GUMLAU:HISTORY, THE ‘KACHIN’ AND EDMUND LEACH. in Sadan, M and Robinne, F. (eds) 2007. Social Dynamics in the Highlands of Southeast Asia, Reconsidering Political Systems of Highland Burma by E. R. Leach. Brill. Leiden, Boston.
^"Yunnan | province, China".Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved30 October 2023.In 1910 the British, then established in Burma, induced thetusi of Pianma (Hpimau) to defect from the centralChinese government, and they then occupied his territory in northwestern Yunnan. Britain also forcedChina to give up a tract of territory in what is now the Kachin state of Myanmar (1926–27), as well as the territory in the Wa states (1940).
^Wabaw, Zau Rip (1983).Jinghpaw Mung Hte Ngai. Myitkyina. p. 112.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Clarke Seng, Sarah L; Seng Aung Sein Myint; Zabra Yu Siwa (31 May 2019)."RE-EXAMINING ETHNIC IDENTITY IN MYANMAR"(PDF).Reliefweb.In a speech delivered on 2016,Min Aung Hlaing gave the ethnic composition of the Kachin state as follows: Bamar – 29.2%, Shan – 23.6%, Jingphaw – 18.97%, Lisu – 7%, Rawam – 5%, Lawwaw – 3.33%, Lacheik – 2.89%, Zaikwa – 1.57% and Others – 8%.
^"Archived copy". Shane Abrahams. October 2009. Archived fromthe original on 28 December 2011. Retrieved10 March 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^Kachin State Natural Resources Development Policy Discussion Paper, June,2015
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