Movatterモバイル変換


[0]ホーム

URL:


Jump to content
WikipediaThe Free Encyclopedia
Search

Kabiye language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Eastern Gurunsi language primarily of northern Togo
Not to be confused withKhabi language orKabyle language.
Kabiye
kabɩyɛ
RegionBenin,Ghana,Togo
EthnicityKabye
Native speakers
(1.0 million cited 1991–2012)[1]
Latin (Kabiye alphabet)
Ghanaian braille
Official status
Recognised minority
language in
Benin
Language codes
ISO 639-3kbp
Glottologkabi1261

Kabiye ([kàbɪ̀jɛ̀]; also renderedKabiyé,Kabiyè,Kabye,Kabyé,Kabyè,Cabrai orCabrais) is an EasternGurunsiGur language spoken primarily in northernTogo. Throughout the 20th century, there was extensive migration to the centre and south ofTogo and also toGhana andBenin. Kabiye speakers made up over 23% of the Togolese population in 1999.[2]

Status

[edit]

Kabiye is one of twonational languages ofTogo (along withEwe). In theTogolese context,national language currently means that the language is promoted in national media and, in the formal education sector, as an optional exam subject in grades 9 and 10.[3]

Linguistic research

[edit]

The missionary-linguist Jacques Delord published the first descriptive grammar of Kabiye in 1976.[4] This was followed by Kezié Lébikaza's descriptive grammar in 1999,[5] which remains the key reference work in Kabiye linguistics. There is also a Kabiye-Frenchdictionary.[6] Other topics that have been the focus of research include:Comparative linguistics,[7][8][9][10]Discourse analysis,[11][12]Language contact,[13]Lexicology,[28]Morphology,[39]Phonology,[45]Sociolinguistics,[52]Syntax,[53]Toneorthography,[59]Tonology,[67] and theverb system.[75]

Publications

[edit]

The earliest known publications in Kabiye appeared in the 1930s.[79] Altogether there have been about 200 publications in Kabiye, though not all of these are still in print or easily available for purchase. For an inventory up to the turn of the century see Pouwili, 1999.[80] Publications include two books ofproverbs,[83] folktales,[88]poetry,[89] medical booklets,[97] agricultural booklets,[98][99] translations of theBible,[100][101] political tracts,[102][103][104] religious tracts,[105][106] a short novel,[107] primers,[108][109] and other pedagogical materials.[110][111]

Kabiye Wikipedia

[edit]

The Kabiye Wikipedia was initiated in June 2014 by Gnasse Atinèdi, the secretary of the Académie Kabiye. It currently (July 2017) has 1185 articles on a wide range of international subjects.[112][circular reference]

Phonology

[edit]

Consonants

[edit]
LabialAlveolarRetroflexPalatalVelarLabial-velarGlottal
Stop/
Affricate
voicelessptʈkk͡p
voicedbd(ɖ)ɡɡ͡b
Fricativevoicelessfsh
voicedvz
Approximantljw
Nasalmnɲŋ

The five voiced consonant sounds/bvɡɡ͡b/ only occur either word-medially or as allophones.[113]

The retroflex sound/ʈ/ can occur as voiced allophones of[ɖ],[ɽ], or[r] in medial position.[114]

Vowels

[edit]

Short vowels

[edit]
FrontBack
UnroundedRounded
−ATR+ATR−ATR+ATR
Closeɪiʊu
Midɛeɔo
Opena

Long vowels

[edit]
FrontBack
UnroundedRoundedUnrounded
−ATR+ATR−ATR+ATR−ATR+ATR
Closeɪːʊːɯ̙ːɯ̘ː
Midɛːɔːʌːɤː
Openɑː

The long backunroundedvowels only occur atmorpheme boundaries.

Tones

[edit]

Kabiye is atonal language, meaning that pitch differences are used to distinguish one word from another. These contrasts may belexical (e.g.ɖálʊ́ "elder brother" ~ɖálʊ̀ "intestinal worm") orgrammatical (e.g.ɛɛkɔŋ́ "he isn't coming" ~ɛɛ́kɔŋ "(when) he comes" ~ɛ́ɛkɔ́ŋ "if he doesn't come).

There are twotones, high (H) and low (L). Sixtone contours are possible on mono- and disyllabicnouns (H, L, HL, LH, HLH, LHL) and three on theimperative form of theverb (H, L, HL).

Kabiye also hasautomatic downstep, where a H following a L is always pronounced on a lowerpitch than the preceding H within the samephonological phrase. Numeroustonal processes occur once words are placed in context.

The contour HLH always surfaces as HꜜHH ~ HHꜜH (depending on theconsonant–vowel structure that it associates to). This is apostlexical process that occurs wherever the context permits, withinwords and acrossword boundaries.

There islexical Ltone spreading in theverb phrase and theassociative noun phrase.

Vowel harmony

[edit]

Kabiye hasvowel harmony, meaning that the quality of thevowel in anaffix is determined by that of therootvowel. There are two kinds:

  1. ATRvowel harmony, in which words contain either the −ATRvowelsɛʊɔ/ (e.g.ɛ-ñɩmɩ́-yɛ "his key") or the +ATRvowels/ieuo/ (e-kalími-yé "his chicken"). The vowel/a/ is unspecified for ATR and can occur in either set.
  1. Lip roundingvowel harmony, in which some affixes contains eitherunroundedvowels/iɪeɛ/ orroundedvowels/uʊoɔ/. This process is much more limited, occurring in someTAMsuffixes (e.g.è-kpéz-íɣ́ "he coughs" /è-ɖóz-ùù "he dreams") and someadjectivalprefixes (e.g.kɩ́-kpɛ̀d-ʊ̀ʊ́ "black",kʊ́-hʊ̀lʊ̀m-ʊ́ʊ̀ "white"). Again, the vowel/a/ is unspecified for ATR and can occur in either set.

A limited number ofprefixes undergo bothvowel harmony processes, e.g. the firstpersonpluralsubject pronoun:pà-kpàzá-à "they coughed",pɛ̀-wɛ̀ɛ́tà-à "they whispered",pè-wèlìsàá "they listened",pɔ̀-cɔ́nà-à "they looked",pò-ɖòzà-á "they dreamt".

Orthography

[edit]

Kabiye was first written in the 1930s,[76][77][78] but it was in the early 1980s that theComité de Langue Nationale Kabiyè (now theAcadémie Kabiyè), an organ of the Togolese Ministry of Education, standardized the orthography. Kabiye is written in modifiedRoman script based on the character inventory of theAfrican reference alphabet. An alternativeorthography, devised and promoted by R.P. Adjola Raphaël, is widely used amongCatholics; it uses the same letters but with different spelling rules.[113] The following tables show the grapheme-phoneme correspondences in the Standard orthography.

Consonants

[edit]
LabialAlveolarRetroflexPalatalVelarLabial-velarGlottal
StopvoicelessP pT tC cK kKP kp
voicedB bD dƉ ɖJ jG gGB gb
FricativevoicelessF fS sH h
voicedV vZ z
ApproximantL lY yW w
FlapR r
NasalM mN nÑ ñŊ ŋ

Theorthography contains a significant amount of overspecification, since the 5voicedobstruentgraphemesb,g,gb,v,j are superfluous from a strictlyphonemic point of view.

Thegrapheme⟨r⟩ is reserved forloanwords.

Vowels

[edit]

Short vowels

[edit]
FrontBack
UnroundedRounded
−ATR+ATR−ATR+ATR
CloseƖ ɩI iƱ ʊU u
MidƐ ɛE eƆ ɔO o
OpenA a

Long vowels

[edit]
FrontBack
UnroundedRoundedUnrounded
-ATR+ATR-ATR+ATR-ATR+ATR
CloseƖƖ ɩɩII iiƱƱ ʊʊUU uuƖƔ ɩɣIƔ iɣ
MidƐƐ ɛɛEE eeƆƆ ɔɔOO ooƐƔ ɛɣEƔ eɣ
OpenAA aaAƔ aɣ

Tones

[edit]

The standardorthography of Kabiye does not generally marktone. The single exception is the spelling of twosubject pronouns that aretonal minimal pairs:

SpeechWritingMeaning
3rdpersonsingular[ɛ̀~è]ɛ ~e"he"
2ndpersonplural[ɛ́~é]ɩ ~i"you (pl.)"

Punctuation

[edit]

Thehyphen is used in the standardorthography in order to distinguishhomophones. It appears between thepossessive pronoun and thenoun in theassociative noun phrase, and between theverb root and theobject pronoun in theverb phrase, e.g.:[115]

ɛsaŋ[ɛzáŋ]he praises
ɛ-saŋ[ɛzáŋ]his showers
ɛsa-ŋ[ɛzáŋ]he scratched you

Grammar

[edit]

Kabiye is anSVO language. Thepossessive precedes thehead noun.Adjectives,numerals,demonstratives,locatives andrelative clauses follow thehead noun.

Noun classes

[edit]

Kabiye has tennoun classes. The first eight are grouped in pairs ofsingulars andplurals that are sometimes referred to asgenders. Some limited cross-pairing occurs.Class 9 containsuncountables (leaves, dust, mosquitos...), whileclass 10 contains liquids (milk, blood, oil...). There are certain othersemantic tendencies (e.g., humans inclasses 1 and 2, tools inclasses 3 and 4), but these are by no means systematic. Theclass of anynoun is identifiable by itsclasssuffix and by theagreement of other potential elements in thesentence with it, such aspronouns,demonstratives,interrogatives,adjectives,determiners and thenumerals one to five. The following table gives an example of anoundeterminer construction from eachclass. In each case, theclasssuffix is separated from theroot with ahyphen:

classexampletranslation
1hàl-ʊ́ nɔ̀ɔ́yʊ̀"a certain woman"
2hàl-áà nàbɛ̀yɛ̀"certain women"
3hàk-ʊ́ nàkʊ́yʊ̀"a certain hoe"
4hàk-ɩ́ŋ̀ nɩ̀ɩ́yɛ̀"certain hoes"
5sùmɑ̀-ɑ́ nàkɛ́yɛ̀"a certain bird"
6sùmá-sɩ̀ nàsɩ́yɛ̀"certain birds"
7hɩ́-ɖɛ̀ nàɖɩ́yɛ̀"a certain name"
8hɩ̀-lá nàáyɛ̀"certain names"
9há-tʊ̀ nàtʊ́yʊ̀"certain leaves"
10càlɩ́-m̀ nàbʊ́yʊ̀"certain blood"

Verb conjugations

[edit]

Theverb phrase is composed of an obligatoryroot andTAM (tenseaspectmood)suffix. TheTAMsuffix may indicateimperative (hàzɩ̀ "sweep!"),aorist (ɛ́házɩ̀ "and he swept"),perfective (ɛ̀hàzàá "he swept"),imperfectivepresent (ɛ̀házɩ̀ɣ̀ "he is sweeping"),imperfectivepast (ɛ̀hàzàɣ́ "he was sweeping") orinfinitive (hàzʊ́ʊ̀ "to sweep").

Kabiye is unusual in also having two designated paradigms for expressingcomparatives in asubordinate clause: animperfective form (ɛ̀zɩ́ ɛ̀hàzʊ̀ʊ̀ʊ́ yɔ́ "as he sweeps") and aperfective form (ɛ̀zɩ́ ɛ̀hàzʊ́ʊ̀ yɔ́ "as he swept").

Theperfective has two forms: unbound (not followed by acomplement:ɛ̀hàzàá "he swept") and bound (followed by acomplement:ɛ̀hàzá ɖèdè "he swept yesterday").

Theverb phrase may also optionally include modalprefixes that add nuances of meaning:adversative (ɛ̀tɩ́ɩ̀hàzɩ̀ɣ́ "he swept in spite of it"),habitual (ɛ̀tɩ́ɩ́házɩ̀ɣ̀ "he usually sweeps"),expectative (ɛ̀tɩ́ɩ́házɩ́ɣ́ "he sweeps in the meantime"),immediative (ɛ̀tɩ̀hàzàá "he swept straightaway"),pluperfect (ɛ̀ɛ̀hàzàá "he had swept"),future (ɛ̀ɛ́hàzɩ̀ɣ̀ lɛ́ "when he will sweep") andnegative (ɛ̀tàhàzɩ́ "he didn't sweep"). Some of these modalprefixes may also appear in combination with each other so that, for example,negative +adversative indicates anegative categorical meaning (ɛ̀tàtɩ́ɩ̀hàzɩ́ "he didn't sweep at all").

Theverb phrase may optionally add asubject pronounprefix (written joined to theroot or the modalprefix as in the examples above) and/or anobject pronounsuffix (written joined to theroot with ahyphen:ɛ̀hàzá-kɛ́ "he swept it").

There is one modalsuffix. It is used in conjunction with anegative modalprefix to indicate a Provisional meaning. It is written joined to theverbroot (ɛ̀tàhàzɩ̀tá "he has not swept yet").

Theverb phrase can also be extended by means of thesuffix-náʊ̀ to indicate instrumentality, accompaniment, manner, simultaneity or conformity (ɛ̀hàzɩ́nàà "he swept with").

Allverbroots can benominalised asagentives (házɩ́yʊ́ "sweeper"),adjectives ("kɪ̀hàzʊ̀ʊ́" "swept") orlocatives (ɖɩ̀hàzɩ̀yɛ́ "sweeping place").

Sample text

[edit]

Man-kabɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ, ŋɖewa pɩfɛyɩ naʊ. Yee pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-ŋ nɛ ɛyʊ welesi yɔ, pɩwɛ-ɩ ɛzɩ wondu peteɣ. Ɛlɛ, yee ɛyʊ ɛwɛɛ nɛ ɛɛmaɣzɩɣ ñɔ-yɔɔ camɩyɛ yɔ, ɛɛnaɣ ñe-ɖeu. Nɔɔyʊ ewelesiɣ pɩŋŋ nɛ ɛnɩɩ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-ŋ yɔ, pɩlakɩ-ɩ ɛzɩ ɛtazɩ nɛ ɛna ñɛ-wɛtʊ yɔ, pɩɩsaŋɩ-ɩ se eyele. Ŋwɛ yuŋ weyi nɛ ɛyʊ ɛɛtɛŋ ñɔ-tɔm yɔ, pɩtɩna nɛ ɛyʊ ɛɖɔkɩ-ŋ pɩfɛyɩ yebu; Ñɛ-wɛtʊ lɩnɩ le nɛ paasɩŋ ñɔ-tɔm ? Tɔm kɔpɔzaɣ ŋga ɖicosuu-kɛ tobi. Ñɛ-wɛtʊ nɛ tɩ-tɩ solo, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɖooo ŋŋwɛɛ, natʊyʊ taasoki ña-taa se tɩpɩsɩ-ŋ nɔɔyʊjaʊ. Kabɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ, ña-pɩɣa canɩɣna-ŋ nɛ kewiliɣ-ŋ, nɛ kasaŋ-ŋ ño-yuŋ, ñe-ɖeu nɛ ñe-leleŋ yɔɔ.[116]

mankabɪjɛkʊnʊŋ,ŋɖewapɪfɛjɪnaʊ.jeːpɔjɔːdʊːŋɛjʊwelesijɔ,pɪwɛɪɛzɪwondupetɤː.ɛlɛ,jeːɛjʊɛwɛːɛmɑːzɯ̙ːɲɔjɔtʃamɪjɛjɔ,ɛːnɑːɲeɖeu.nɔːjʊewelesɯ̘ːpɪŋːɛnɪːpɔjɔːdʊːŋjɔ,pɪlakɪːɛzɪɛtazɪɛnaɲɛwɛtʊjɔ,pɪːsaŋɪːseejele.ŋwɛjuŋwejiɛjʊɛːtɛŋɲɔtɔmjɔ,pɪtɪnaɛjʊɛɖɔkɪŋpɪfɛjɪjebu;ɲɛwɛtʊlɪnɪlepaːsɪŋɲɔtɔm?tɔmkɔpɔzɑːŋgaɖitʃosuːkɛtobi.ɲɛwɛtʊtɪtɪsolo,mbʊpʊjɔːɖo.oːŋːwɛː,natʊjʊtaːsokiɲataːsetɪpɪsɪŋnɔːjʊdʒaʊ.kabɪjɛkʊnʊŋ,ɲapɯ̙ːatʃanɯ̙ːnaŋkɛwilɯ̘ːŋ,kasaŋːɲojuŋ,ɲeɖeuɲeleleŋjɔː.

"My Kabiye language, you are so beautiful! When anyone pronounces you and another listens, you are like a song. But anyone who does not ponder you deeply will not perceive your beauty. Anyone who listens attentively when you are being spoken must, as it were, dig deeply to discover your character. It is because of this inexhaustible weightiness that we cannot let go of you. From where does this impenetrable character come? We can reply straight away to this question. Your character is unique, because ever since you came into being, you have never suffered any outside influences which could turn you into something else. Kabiye language, your child is glad for you, cherishes and praises you, because of your strength, your beauty and your sweetness.

References

[edit]
  1. ^Kabiye atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
  2. ^Lébikaza, Kézié Koyenzi (1999).Grammaire kabiyè: une analyse systématique - phonologie, tonologie et morphosyntaxe. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe. p. 33.
  3. ^Roberts, David (2011). "The development of written Kabiye and its status as one of the "national" languages of Togo". In Orwenjo, Ochieng; Ogone, Obiero (eds.).Language and Politics In Africa: Contemporary Issues and critical perspectives. Newcastle-on-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 468–494.Archived from the original on 2021-05-05.
  4. ^Delord, Jacques (1976).Le kabiyè. Lomé: lnstitut national de la recherche scientifique.
  5. ^Lébikaza, Kézié Koyenzi (1999).Grammaire kabiyè: une analyse systématique - phonologie, tonologie et morphosyntaxe. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.
  6. ^Marmor, Thomas, ed. (1999).Tɔm kpou kabɩyɛ-fransɩɩ (Dictionnaire kabiyè-français). Lomé: Comité de Langue Nationale Kabiyè and SIL Togo.
  7. ^Delord, Jacques (1988).Les dialectes kabiyè: étude synoptique et comparative. Lomé:Université du Bénin.
  8. ^Delord, Jacques (1968). "Le Kauré de la Polyglotta Africana et le Kabrè d'aujourd'hui".African Language Review.7:114–139.
  9. ^Padayodi, Cécile Mamalinani (1997).A Contrastive Analysis of Derivation in Kabiye and English Lexical Formation Processes (MA thesis). Lomé: Université de Lomé.
  10. ^Tchazim, Essohouna Hyacinthe (1997).A comparative analysis of modifiers in English and Kabiye (Mémoire de maîtrise). Lomé: Université du Bénin.
  11. ^Karan, Mark E. (1983). "Comparaison entre les discours narratifs kabiyè et lukpa". In Nicole, Jacques (ed.).Études linguistiques préliminaires dans quelques langues du Togo. Lomé: Société Internationale de Linguistique. pp. 158–164.
  12. ^Marmor, Thomas W. (1980).A comparison of kabiye adult and child narrative discourse (MA thesis). Arlington, TX: University of Texas at Arlington.
  13. ^Pèrè-Kewezima, Essodina (1994).Linguistic interference: the case of the interference of Kabiyè into English (Mémoire de maîtrise). Lomé: Université de Lomé.
  14. ^Lébikaza, Kézié K. (1992). "L'interférence des termes de parenté français dans le kabiyè des locuteurs natifs scolarisés".Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere.32:65–84.
  15. ^Mouzou, Palakyém (2010).Terminologie linguistique français - kabiyè (Mémoire de maîtrise). Kara: Université de Kara.
  16. ^Pèrè-Kewezima, Essodina (2004).Approche lexico-sémantique du système onomastique du kabiyè, langue gur du Togo (Thèse de doctorat). Lomé: Université de Lomé.
  17. ^Pèrè-Kewezima, Essodina (1996).L'onomastique kabiyè : lexicologie des anthroponymes (Mémoire de DEA.). Lomé: Université de Lomé.
  18. ^Pèrè-Kewezima, Essodina (2007). "Dynamique du lexique kabiyè".Sciences sociales et humaines, revue du C.A.M.E.S. Nouvelle Série B.9 (2):65–76.
  19. ^Pèrè-Kewezima, Essodina (2007). "Les pratiques lexicographiques kabiyè: bilan et perspectives".Mosaïque, Revue interafricaine de philosophie, littérature et sciences humaines.7:55–75.
  20. ^Pèrè-Kewezima, Essodina (2007). "Le discours de la déprécation en kabiyè (langue gur du Togo) : étude lexicométrique et sémantique".Annales de l'Université de Lomé, Série Lettres et Sciences Humaines.27 (1):43–55.
  21. ^Pèrè-Kewezima, Essodina (2008). "Structuration du temps dans la langue kabiyè, de la notion de evemiye "journée" et ses macro-/microespaces : étude morpho-sémantique".Mosaïque, revue interafriacaine de philosophie, littérature, et sciences humaines.8:1–13.
  22. ^Pèrè-Kewezima, Essodina (2010). "La mémoire lexicale du concept d'esclave dans quatre langues togolaises : yom en kabiyè, yom en tem, yomg en moba et uyumbu en ncam".Geste et voix, revue scientifique de l'Université d'Abomey Calavi au Bénin.10:40–75.
  23. ^Pèrè-Kewezima, Essodina (2010). "Contribution des systèmes de numération et monétaire des langues africaines à la maîtrise des concepts mathématiques en français par les élèves : le cas du kabiyè".Journal de le recherche scientifique de l'Université de Lomé, série lettres et sciences humaines Série B.12 (1):13–27.
  24. ^Pèrè-Kewezima, Essodina (2010). "Problématique de la néologie dans les langues africaines : le cas du kabiyè".Geste et voix, revue scientifique de l'Université d'Abomey Calavi au Bénin.9:37–85.
  25. ^Pèrè-Kewezima, Essodina (2011). "Lexical Categorisation and Cognitive Experience of Designating Colours in Kabiyè".Geste et voix (GEVOIX-BENIN), revue de l'Université d'Abomey Calavi au Bénin.12:2–21.
  26. ^Pèrè-Kewezima, Essodina (2012). "Structure du calendrier kabiyè, ses sous-systèmes et son intérêt au plan acquisitionnel de la terminologie liée".Particip'Action, revue Interafricaine de littérature, linguistique et philosophie.4 (1):169–189.
  27. ^Samah, Essossolam (1995).Structures du lexique kabiyè (Mémoire de DEA). Lomé: Université de Lomé.
  28. ^[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]
  29. ^Delord, Jacques (1974).Morphologie abrégée du kabrè (manuel à l'usage des classes secondaires). Dakar, Sénégal: Université de Dakar.
  30. ^Kassan, Balaïbaou Badameli (1984).Les système des pronoms personnels en kabiyè. Lomé:Université du Bénin.
  31. ^Kassan, Balaïbaou Badameli (1987).La morphologie du verbe kabiyè : les temps simple (memoire de maîtrise). Lomé:Université du Bénin.
  32. ^Kassan, Balaïbaou Badameli (2001). "Morphologie des noms propres de personne en kabiyè".Journal de la Recherche Scientifique de l'Université de Lomé (Togo).5 (2):67–78.
  33. ^Kassan, Balaïbaou (2001). "Des constructions prédicatives injonctives et interrogatives pour former des noms propres en Kabiyè".Annales de l'Université de Lomé, Séries Lettres.21 (2):229–312.
  34. ^Lébikaza, Kézié K. (1996). "Les locatifs relationnels en kabiyè; leurs propriétés sémantiques et morphosyntactiques".The Journal of West African Languages.26 (1):103–119.
  35. ^Lébikaza, Kézié Koyenzi (1998). "The item NA, a multifunctional syntactic relator".Annales de l'Université du Bénin, Séries Lettres.18:51–71.
  36. ^Lébikaza, Kézié Koyenzi (2003). "Réanalyse : le trait locatif latent dans les substantifs et ses implications sématico-syntaxiques". In Lébikaza, Kézié Koyenzi (ed.).Actes du 3e Congrès Mondial de Linguistique Africaine (Lomé 2000). Cologne: Rüdige Köppe. pp. 177–188.
  37. ^Lébikaza, Kézié Koyenzi (2005). Voeltz, F. K. Erhard (ed.)."Deictic categories in particles and demonstratives in three Gur languages".Typological Studies in Language - Studies in African Linguistic Typology. Typological Studies in Language.64. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins:229–249.doi:10.1075/tsl.64.13leb.ISBN 9789027293572. Retrieved18 May 2020.
  38. ^Pali, Tchaa (1999).Le syntagme adverbial et la fonction adverbiale en kabiyè (Mémoire de maîtrise). Lomé: University of Lomé.
  39. ^[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]
  40. ^Delord, Jacques (1966). "Nasale préposée dans les noms kabrè".Bulletin de l'Institut Fondamental de l'Afrique Noire (IFAN).28 (1–2):476–480.
  41. ^Goss, Nisha Merchant; Doran, Amanda R. (2003)."Voicing of stops in Kabiye".MIT Working Papers in Linguistics (45):131–145. Retrieved19 May 2020.
  42. ^Lébikaza, Kézié Koyenzi (1989). "L'alternance consonantique et le problème de l'interaction entre traits segmentaux et suprasegmentaux en kabiye".Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere.19:147–163.
  43. ^Padayodi, Cécile M. (2010).A revised phonology of Kabiye segments and tones (PhD dissertation). Arlington, TX: University of Texas at Arlington.hdl:10106/5433.S2CID 60633157.
  44. ^Pèrè-Kewezima, Essodina (2009). "Essai d'analyse contrastive des phonèmes du kabiyè et de l'anglais".Annales de l'Université de Lomé, Série Lettres et Sciences Humaines.29 (2):77–85.
  45. ^[40][41][42][43][44]
  46. ^Delord, J. (2000).La langue kabiyè et ses divers aspects : correspondance avec le Comité de Langue Nationale Kabiyè. Lomé: Editions Haho.
  47. ^Essizewa, Komlan E. (2006)."A Sociolinguistic Survey of Language Contact in Togo: a Case Study of Kabiye and Ewe".Journal of West African Linguistics.33 (1):35–51. Archived fromthe original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved5 June 2020.
  48. ^Essizewa, Komlan E. (2007). "Language Contact Phenomena in Togo: A Case Study of Kabiye-Ewe Code-switching". In Payne, Doris; Pena, Jaime (eds.).Selected Proceedings of the 37th Annual Conference on African Linguistics(PDF). Somerville: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. pp. 30–42.ISBN 978-1-57473-420-1. Retrieved5 June 2020.
  49. ^Essizewa, Komlan Essowe (2007).Sociolinguistic aspects of Kabiye-Ewe bilingualism in Togo (PhD dissertation). New York: New York University. Retrieved5 June 2020.
  50. ^Essizewa, Komlan Essowe (1 August 2009)."The Vitality of Kabiye in Togo".Africa Spectrum.44 (2):53–76.doi:10.1177/000203970904400203.ISSN 0002-0397. Retrieved5 June 2020.
  51. ^Marmor, Thomas W. (1979).Enquete sur le langage des enfants kabiyè. Lomé: Ministère de l'éducation nationale et de la recherche scientifique, Institut national de la recherche scientifique.
  52. ^[46][47][48][49][50][51]
  53. ^Collins, Chris; Essizewa, Komlan E. (2007). "The Syntax of Verb Focus in Kabiye". In Payne, Doris; Peña, Jaime (eds.).Selected Proceedings of the 37th Annual Conference on African Linguistics. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. pp. 191–203.ISBN 978-1-57473-420-1. Retrieved5 June 2020.
  54. ^Roberts, David (2008).L'orthographe du ton en kabiyè au banc d'essai(PDF) (Thèse de doctorat (INALCO, Paris)). Villeneuve d'Ascq: Atelier national de reproduction des thèses. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2 November 2017. Retrieved5 June 2020.
  55. ^Roberts, David (3 January 2012)."Hidden morpheme boundaries in Kabiye: A source of miscues in a toneless orthography"(PDF).Writing Systems Research.2 (2):139–153.doi:10.1093/wsr/wsq011.ISSN 1758-6801.S2CID 143942372. Retrieved5 June 2020.[dead link]
  56. ^Roberts, David; Walter, Stephen L. (1 January 2012)."Writing grammar rather than tone: An orthography experiment in Togo".Written Language & Literacy.15 (2):226–253.doi:10.1075/wll.15.2.06rob.ISSN 1387-6732. Retrieved5 June 2020.
  57. ^Roberts, David (1 January 2010)."Exploring written ambiguities can help assess where to mark tone"(PDF).Writing Systems Research.2 (1):25–40.doi:10.1093/wsr/wsq003.ISSN 1758-6801.S2CID 144825339. Retrieved5 June 2020.
  58. ^Roberts, David (2013)."A tone orthography typology". In Borgwaldt, Susanne R.; Joyce, Terry (eds.).Typology of Writing Systems. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 85–111.ISBN 978-90-272-7185-3. Retrieved5 June 2020.
  59. ^[54][55][56][57][58]
  60. ^Delord, Jacques (1968). "Sur le kabrè du Togo - jeux de tons".Bulletin de l'IFAN.30b (7):256–269.
  61. ^Essizewa, Komlan E. (2003). "Aspects of Kabiye tonal phonology and implications for the correspondence theory of faithfulness".MIT Working Papers in Linguistics.45. Cambridge MA:35–47.
  62. ^Kassan, Balaïbaou Badameli (2000). "De l'influence du ton consécutif dans les formes de l'aoriste en kabiyè".Cahiers voltaïques / Gur Papers.5:13–22.
  63. ^Roberts, David (2002).Les classes tonales du verbe en kabiyè (Mémoire de maîtrise). Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle, Paris III.
  64. ^Roberts, David (2003).La tonologie des préfixes de modalité en kabiyè (Mémoire de DEA). Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle, Paris III.
  65. ^Roberts, David (2003)."Tone spreading in the Kabiye associative noun phrase"(PDF).Cahiers voltaïques / Gur Papers.6:95–100. Retrieved6 June 2020.[dead link]
  66. ^Roberts, David (2004). "Tonal processes in the Kabiye verb phrase".24th West African Linguistics Congress, 1–6 August 2004. University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
  67. ^[60][61][62][63][64][65][66]
  68. ^Kassan, Balaïbaou Badameli (1 January 1996).Système verbal et énonciation en kabiyè (Thèse de doctorat). Paris: Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle, Paris III. Retrieved15 July 2020.
  69. ^Kassan, Balaïbaou Badameli (1989).Aperçu sur le système verbal du kabiyè (Togo) (Mémoire de DEA). Paris: Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle Paris III.
  70. ^Lébikaza, Kézié K. (1998). "Les verbes à arguments prééminents et arguments symétriques, et la forme stimuli-passive en kabiyè".Gur papers / Cahiers voltaïques.3:63–76.
  71. ^Lébikaza, Kézié K. (2000). "Les contraintes exercées par les propriétés sémantiques des verbes dans la dérivation et au niveau des catégories TAM".Cahiers voltaïques / Gur Papers.5:103–114.
  72. ^Lébikaza, Kézié Koyenzi (1996)."L'aspect, la référence temporelle et le processus de grammaticalisation dans les langues du gurunsi oriental (kabiyè, tem, lamba, dilo)".Afrika und Ubersee.79 (1):37–56.ISSN 0002-0427. Retrieved15 July 2020.
  73. ^Roberts, David (2013).La conjugaison des verbes en kabiyè, une langue du Togo : tableaux-types, règles d'emploi et index kabiye-̀ français français-kabiyè des verbes. Paris: Harmattan.
  74. ^Rongier, Jacques (1987).Quelques aspects du système verbal en kabiyè. Lomé: Ministère de l'éducation nationale et de la recherche scientifique,Université du Bénin.
  75. ^[68][69][70][71][72][73][74]
  76. ^abBrungard, Antoine (1932).Taakayã kɔɔnɔŋga. Lomé: Mission Catholique, vicariat apostolique du Togo.
  77. ^abBrungard, Antoine (1937).Dictionnaire kabiyè-français. Lomé: Imprimerie ND de la providence.
  78. ^abBrungard, Antoine (1937). "Takayo Kiɖeɖea ta tom".Histoire Sainte. The holy book. Rome: La solidarité de St Pierre Claver..
  79. ^[76][77][78]
  80. ^Pouwili, Abalossosso (1999).Entre l'oral et l'écrit : naissance de la littérature kabiyè (Mémoire de maîtrise). Lomé:Université du Bénin.
  81. ^Batchati, Bawubadi (1997).Culture kabiyè à travers ses proverbes. Vol. 1. Kara: SIL-Togo.
  82. ^Batchati, Bawubadi (2003).du temps où les animaux parlaient. Culture kabiyè à travers ses proverbes. Vol. 2. Kara: SIL-Togo.
  83. ^[81][82]
  84. ^AFASA (1998). "Mʊya takayaɣ".Livre de contes. Folktales. Kara: Association des femmes pour l'alphabétisation, la santé et les activités génératrices de revenus.
  85. ^Kamuki, S. Abalo (1982).Kabɩyɛ mʊya. (Contes kabiyè, Kabiyè folktales). Kara: Ministère des affaires sociales et la condition féminine avec le concours de la SIL.
  86. ^Kijeu, Tomasi; Borone, Kémarè (1983).Yaɣdɛ sɔsaa tɔm (L'histoire des aïeux de Yadè. Stories of the old men of Yadè). Kara, Togo: Comité régional de langue kabiyè, SIL-Togo.
  87. ^MAS (1983). "Kabɩyɛ mʊya".(Contes kabiyè. Kabiyè folk-tales). Kara: Commission régionale de langue kabiyè du ministère de la santé publique et des affaires sociales avec le concours de la SIL.
  88. ^[84][85][86][87]
  89. ^Baza, Mao (1989). "Kabɩyɛ koosi".Poèmes kabiyè. Kabiye poems. Kara: Commission régionale de langue nationale.
  90. ^AFASA (1996). Aseɣɖe takayaɣ : halaa kʊdʊmɩŋ tɔm (ed.) Témoignages sur les santé des femmes. Testimonies about women's health issues. Kara, Association des femmes pour l'alphabétisation, la santé et les activités génératrices de revenus.
  91. ^MAS (1987).Ɛzɩma pɛfɛkɩ kɩcɩkpʊʊ (Comment soigner une plaie. How to treat a wound). Kara: Commission régionale de langue kabiyè du ministère des affaires sociales et de la condition féminine avec le concours de la SIL.
  92. ^MAS (1989).Pɔtʊ kʊdɔŋ. (Le paludisme. Malaria). Kara: Commission régionale de langue kabiyè du ministère des affaires sociales et de la condition féminine avec le concours de la SIL.
  93. ^Tchala, Biyadema (1984). Mbʊ ɖɩla nɛ ɖalaa ɛtaakpa-ɖʊ yɔ. (Traduction et adaptation en kabiyè de la brochure "Comment éciter les ascaris" avec la permission de l'atelier de matériel pour l'animation, Yaoundé, Cameroun (ed.) Piyaɣtɛma Calaa. How to avoid getting worms. Kara: Commission régionale de langue kabiyè du ministère de la santé publique des affaires sociales et de la condition féminine avec le concours de l'agence canadienne de développement international et le ministère canadien des affaires internationales intergouvernementales.
  94. ^Walla, Agba (1984).Ɖɩla we nɛ wɩsɩ kʊdɔŋ ɛtaakpa-ɖʊ. (Comment éviter le paludisme. How to avoid malaria). Kara: Commission régionale de langue kabiyè.
  95. ^Walla, Agba (1987).Ɛzɩma pɛfɛkɩ kicikpuu yɔ. (Comment soigner une plaie. How to dress a wound). Kara: Commission régionale de langue kabiyè.
  96. ^AFASA (1996). "Dɩla ɛzɩma nɛ kahʊyaɣ ɖɩɣ".Comment faire pour arrêter la diarrhée. Kara: Association des femmes pour l'alphabétisation, la santé et les activités génératrices de revenus.
  97. ^[90][91][92][93][94][95][96]
  98. ^MAS (1974).Pɩsatʊ haɖaʊ Togo taa. (La culture cotonnière au Togo. Cotton farming in Togo). Lomé: Ministère de la santé publique et des affaires sociales.
  99. ^Atamon, Essi (2001).kpaŋgbandɩɖɛ. (L'arbre "Moringa". The Moringa tree). Kara: AFASA.
  100. ^Adjola, R.N. (1997). Takayaɣ Kiɖeɖea (Bible en kabiyè). Kinshasa: Verbum Bible.
  101. ^ABT (1997). Nɔɔ haʊ kɩfam takayaɣ (Nouveau testament en kabiyè. Kabiye New Testament). Lomé: Alliance Biblique du Togo.
  102. ^PNUD (2003).Ɛbɛ yɔɔ Sjɛya Kigbɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ (ONU) ɖʊwa se ɖɩlakɩ tʊma naayɛ pɩŋzɩ kuoku taa se pɩsɩna kedeŋga kpeekpe huu nʊmaʊ taa ? (Pourquoi l'ONU entreprend certain travaux pour la promotion de l'humanité entière dans une période de mille ans ?). Programme des nations unies pour le développement.
  103. ^RPT.Ŋkpɛyɛ RPT taa-tʊ Takayaɣ kȋsȋnɣ. (Le livre du partisan du RPT. The RPT supporter's booklet).
  104. ^UNICEF.Tɔm siŋŋ susuu : mbʊ pʊmʊnaa se ɛyʊ ɛtɩlɩ nɛ ɛcaɣnɩ fezuu camɩyɛ yɔ (La proclamation d'une vraie parole : ce que l'homme doit savoir pour vivre bien. The proclamation of the truth : what people need to know to live well). Lomé: Imprimérie de l'alphabétisation.
  105. ^ABT (1988). Anɩ lɛ Yeesu ? (Qui est Jésus ? Who is Jesus?) Lomé: Alliance Biblique du Togo.
  106. ^ABT (2005). Ɖɩkpɛlɩkɩ Ɛsɔtɔm takayaɣ taa (Apprenons dans la Bible. Let's learn about the Bible) Lomé: Editions cité, Alliance biblique du Togo.
  107. ^Azoti, S.B. (2008). Paamaala : suye maɖʊ sɔsɔ. Kara: AFASA (Association des Femmes pour Alphabétisation, la Santé et les Activités génératrices de revenus).
  108. ^MAS (1995). Nakaa tɛ : Kɔɔnaɣ takayaɣ (Chez Naka : syllabaire kabiyè, 1e volume. At Naka's house : kabiyè primer, part 1). Kara: Commission régionale de langue kabiyè et SIL.
  109. ^MAS (1984). Nakaa nɛ Kpacaa : takayaɣ kɩkɛlaɣ (Naka et Kpatcha : syllabaire kabiyè, 2e livre. Naka and Kpacha : kabiye primer, book 2). Kara: Commission régionale de langue kabiyè du ministère de la santé publique, des affaires sociales et de la condition féminine avec le concours de la SIL.
  110. ^AFASA (1996). ABC kabɩyɛ tɔm masɩ. In Abcédaire en langue kabiyè. Kabiye ABC booklet. Kara: Association des femmes pour l'alphabétisation, la santé et les activités génératrices de revenus.
  111. ^AFASA (1999). Kabɩyɛ
  112. ^kbp:Talɩ ɖeu
  113. ^abRoberts, David (2008)."The Two Kabiye Orthographies: A Sociolinguistic and Linguistic Comparison"(PDF).Written Language & Literacy.11:49–72.doi:10.1075/wll.11.1.05rob.ISSN 1387-6732. Retrieved2018-12-17.
  114. ^Padayodi, Cecile M. (2008).Kabiye. Illustrations of the IPA, Volume 38, Issue 2: Journal of the International Phonetic Association.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  115. ^Roberts, David (2013).Parlons kabiyè(PDF). Paris: Harmattan. pp. 47–48. Retrieved18 March 2021.
  116. ^Alou, Kpatcha (1990). "Man-Kabɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ (Kabiye, my language)".Ɛbɛ Laba? The tri-annual journal of the CLNK (8):2–3. and reprinted in (1997) no. 22, p.33.

External links

[edit]
Kabiye edition ofWikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Official language
National languages
Working languages
Indigenous
languages
Gbe
Gur
Kwa
Yoruboid
Other
Official language
Indigenous
languages
Gbe
Gur
Kwa
Yoruboid
Other
Immigrant languages
Official language
Creole languages
Government-sponsored
Indigenous languages
Gur
Kwa
Mande
Others
Sign languages
Immigrant languages
Central Gur
Oti–Volta
Eastern
Western
Gurma
Other
Bwa
Gurunsi
Eastern
Northern
Western
Others
Senufo
Northern
Central
Southern
Kulango
Wara–Natyoro
Others
National
Other
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kabiye_language&oldid=1279572689"
Categories:
Hidden categories:

[8]ページ先頭

©2009-2025 Movatter.jp