Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DS4 is aprotein that in humans is encoded by theKIR2DS4gene.[3][4][5]
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed by natural killer cells and subsets of T cells. The KIR genes are polymorphic and highly homologous and they are found in a cluster on chromosome 19q13.4 within the 1 Mbleukocyte receptor complex (LRC). The gene content of the KIR gene cluster varies among haplotypes, although several "framework" genes are found in all haplotypes (KIR3DL3, KIR3DP1, KIR3DL4, KIR3DL2). The KIR proteins are classified by the number of extracellular immunoglobulin domains (2D or 3D) and by whether they have a long (L) or short (S) cytoplasmic domain. KIR proteins with the long cytoplasmic domain transduce inhibitory signals upon ligand binding via an immune tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM), while KIR proteins with the short cytoplasmic domain lack the ITIM motif and instead associate with the TYRO protein tyrosine kinase (DAP12) binding protein to transduce activating signals. The ligands for several KIR proteins are subsets of HLA class I molecules; thus, KIR proteins are thought to play an important role in regulation of the immune response.[5]
KIR2DS4 is a product of a gene conversion withKIR3DL2.[6] KIR2DS4 has unusual HLA-I specificity binding some HLA-C allotypes and HLA-A*11.[6] A common allele ofKIR2DS4 encodes a truncated version (KIR-1D) that has no HLA-I binding ability.[6][7] Recent evidence suggests KIR2DS4 detects HLA-C presented peptides in a peptide-specific manner, detecting peptides conserved in bacteria.[8][9][10]
^"Human PubMed Reference:".National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^Bottino C, Sivori S, Vitale M, Cantoni C, Falco M, Pende D, et al. (August 1996). "A novel surface molecule homologous to the p58/p50 family of receptors is selectively expressed on a subset of human natural killer cells and induces both triggering of cell functions and proliferation".European Journal of Immunology.26 (8):1816–1824.doi:10.1002/eji.1830260823.PMID8765026.S2CID23526107.
^Middleton D, Gonzalez A, Gilmore PM (February 2007). "Studies on the expression of the deleted KIR2DS4*003 gene product and distribution of KIR2DS4 deleted and nondeleted versions in different populations".Human Immunology.68 (2):128–134.doi:10.1016/j.humimm.2006.12.007.PMID17321903.
^Sim MJ, Brennan P, Wahl KL, Lu J, Rajagopalan S, Sun PD, et al. (September 2023). "Innate receptors with high specificity for HLA class I-peptide complexes".Science Immunology.8 (87) eadh1781.doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.adh1781.PMID37683038.
Döhring C, Samaridis J, Colonna M (1996). "Alternatively spliced forms of human killer inhibitory receptors".Immunogenetics.44 (3):227–230.doi:10.1007/BF02602590.PMID8662091.S2CID38478576.
Kim J, Chwae YJ, Kim MY, Choi IH, Park JH, Kim SJ (October 1997). "Molecular basis of HLA-C recognition by p58 natural killer cell inhibitory receptors".Journal of Immunology.159 (8):3875–3882.doi:10.4049/jimmunol.159.8.3875.PMID9378975.S2CID21878260.
Chwae YJ, Cho SE, Kim SJ, Kim J (June 1999). "Diversity of the repertoire of p58 killer cell inhibitory receptors in a single individual".Immunology Letters.68 (2–3):267–274.doi:10.1016/S0165-2478(99)00062-0.PMID10424431.
Maxwell LD, Wallace A, Middleton D, Curran MD (September 2002). "A common KIR2DS4 deletion variant in the human that predicts a soluble KIR molecule analogous to the KIR1D molecule observed in the rhesus monkey".Tissue Antigens.60 (3):254–258.doi:10.1034/j.1399-0039.2002.600307.x.PMID12445308.
Yen JH, Lin CH, Tsai WC, Wu CC, Ou TT, Hu CJ, et al. (2006). "Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor gene's repertoire in rheumatoid arthritis".Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology.35 (2):124–127.doi:10.1080/03009740500381252.PMID16641046.S2CID29445959.
