TheKorean Broadcasting System (KBS;Korean: 한국방송공사;Hanja: 韓國放送公社;RR: Hanguk Bangsong Gongsa;MR: Han'guk Pangsong Kongsa) is thenational broadcaster of South Korea. Founded in 1927, it is one of the leading South Korean television and radio broadcasters under the Ministry of Economy and Finance.
The KBS operates seven radio networks, ten television channels and multiple Internet-exclusive services. Its flagshipterrestrial televisionstation,KBS1, broadcasts onchannel 9 whileKBS2, an entertainment-oriented network, broadcasts on channel 7. KBS also operates the international serviceKBS World, which provides television, radio and online services in 12 languages.
The KBS began as Gyeongseong Broadcasting Station (경성방송국;京城放送局) with call signJODK, established by theGovernor-General of Korea on 16 February 1927.[1] It became the Chōsen Broadcasting Corporation (Japanese:朝鮮放送協會,Hepburn:Chōsen Hōsō Kyōkai) in 1932. After Korea was liberated from Japanese rule at the end ofWorld War II, this station started using the call sign HLKA in 1947 after theUS-occupied Korea was granted theITU prefix HL. After a national broadcast, the station was renamed Seoul Central Broadcasting Station in 1948.
KBS changed its focus from being a state-controlled media and adopted the concept of being a public-oriented broadcaster on 3 March 1973. Construction of KBS headquarters inYeouido started in 1976. In 1979 KBS radio began broadcasting on the FM band with the launch of KBS Stereo (nowKBS 1FM). Colour television began that year.
KBS began broadcasting advertising in 1980, differing from the norm of public broadcasters, after the forced merger of several private broadcasters into KBS by the military government ofChun Doo-hwan.[2] It also bought 65% of the shares of theMunhwa Broadcasting Corporation and theKyunghyang Shinmun.[3]
During the rule ofChun Doo-hwan,a new law in 1980 forced public broadcasters to merge with KBS. These broadcasters had shown news stories against Chun, leading him to stifle their criticism. These included:
Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation (MBC) was also affected. MBC was, at first, a federation of 20 loosely affiliated member stations across South Korea. Although they shared programming, each station was privately owned (similar to the UKITV network before the passing of theBroadcasting Act 1990). After the consolidation, however, affiliates were forced to give up a majority of shares to MBC Seoul. MBC Seoul, in turn, was forced to give up 65% of its shares to KBS.[4] In 2009, presidentLee Myung-bak said that the law was unconstitutional, and in 2011 TBC and DBS were revived asJTBC andChannel A, respectively.
Journalists protest in front of the KBS headquarters in April 1990
In 1981, KBS launched KBS 3TV and Educational FM and on 27 December 1990, both were officially separated from KBS to form theEducational Broadcasting System (EBS).
After a revision of the television licensing fee system in 1994,1TV andRadio1 stopped broadcasting commercials altogether.
After first broadcasting HD programmes in 2001, KBS completely switched to digital broadcasting in 2012.
On 16 January 2012, a dispute broke out between KBS and the Korea Cable TV Association (KCTA) over carriage fees. KCTA sought to reduce fees from major national networks for carrying their feeds through subscription providers. KBS had demanded 280 won per subscriber, while the TV providers offered only 100 won per subscription. Negotiations reached a standstill, and so the providers decided to stop carryingKBS2.[5] KBS2 experienced major decline in their ratings, affecting shows such asBrain at the time.[6] Following the blackout, the Korea Communications Commission (KCC) ordered the TV providers to resume distributing the channel or face a hefty fine. They initially refused, but on 17 January, they agreed to resume the channel's carriage.[7]
In 2011, Sohn Hak-kyu, the chairman of theDemocratic Party, accused KBS of wiretapping the party's closed-door meeting on TV subscription charges.[8]
Journalists working for KBS (along withMBC,SBS andYTN) protested against journalism practices that favored theLee Myung-bak government in 2012.[9][10][11] The union for KBS released a video clip "Reset KBS News 9" (리셋 KBS 뉴스9) on the internet that discussed thePrime Minister's Office Civilian Surveillance Incident and the controversial money-spending on renovating PresidentLee's alleged birth house on 13 March 2012.[12]
50th anniversary logo of its founding as public broadcasting organization.
On 3 March 2013, computer shutdowns hit South Korean television stations including KBS.[13] The South Korean government asserted a North Korean link in theMarch cyberattacks, denied by Pyongyang.[14]
In 2013, KBS World Radio commemorated its 60th anniversary, and KBS World TV celebrated 10 years of its foundation.
In 2014, KBS World 24 was launched, mainly for Koreans abroad.
In 2015, KBS was honoured to have its archives of the KBS Special Live Broadcast, Finding Dispersed Families, inscribed on theUNESCO Memory of the World Register. This makes KBS only the world's second broadcaster to have a broadcast programme on the prestigious list.
The KBS network delivered the exclusive Special Live Broadcast, Finding Dispersed Families, via its primary channel, KBS1. KBS News was the program's producer. The program premiered on 10:15 pm KST on 30 June 1983. After more than 6 months, the special live programme ended at 4 am on 14 November 1983. This marks a total duration of 453 hours and 45 minutes of live broadcast over 138 days, aired nationwide on KBS1. The KBS's archives of Special Live Broadcast, Finding Dispersed Families include; 463 videotapes of the original recordings, and many associated materials, generated in the course of the broadcast, such as the posters carrying the participating dispersed family members' capsule stories, cue sheets, programming schedules, radio recording materials, and related photographs. A total of 20,522 such assorted materials are preserved in the archives.[15] The program was the biggest public affairs program ever produced by KBS and was the first to tackle the issue of families separated because of the longKorean War (1950–1953), which garnered even international coverage.
In 2017, KBS launched the world's first terrestrial UHD broadcasting service.
In June 2018, KBS led the operation of the IBC (International Broadcasting Centre) inside theKINTEX (Korea International Exhibition Center), located inGoyang, as Host Broadcaster for theApril 2018 inter-Korean summit.[16] During the summit, KBS successfully delivered all the moments associated with the historic summit for more than 3,000 local and overseas media representatives, gathered at the IBC. Throughout the day of the summit, KBS delivered live coverage through its continuous special news bulletins. Its prime-time news programmes,KBS News 9 andKBS Newsline provided audiences with highlights and implications of the historic summit through comprehensive reports. Also, KBS World TV delivered Live Coverage of April 2018 Inter-Korean summit with English subtitles for its audiences across 117 countries worldwide.
In May 2019, as the public service broadcaster in South Korea, KBS undertook a major reform in its Disaster Broadcast System in order to provide emergency services in times of emergency. To be headed by President and CEO of KBS, the renewed system allowed the use of maximum resources of the organization under emergency circumstances. Under the reform, KBS focused on: swift and efficient emergency broadcast and coverage; delivering essential information in innovative ways with the ultimate aim to minimise losses and damage; and strengthening its digital platforms to better serve wide-ranging audience groups. In particular, KBS signed contracts with sign language interpreters in an effort to enhance broadcast services for audiences with disabilities. In addition, KBS is committed to improve its English subtitle services for people from overseas.
KBS is an independently managed public corporation (공사;公社) funded by theSouth Korean government and license fees. As part of theConstitution, the KBS president is chosen by thePresident of South Korea, as recommended by its board of directors. Political parties in South Korea have the right to name members of the KBS board of directors.
This system gives politicians effective control over choosing the president of KBS, as well as its board of directors. People who are critical of the system cite political intervention in KBS's governance as reason for revising the current system of recruiting.
In order to uphold and defend independence, KBS, since 2018, created a 'Public Advisory Group', as part of the selection process of new KBS President and CEO. Each President and CEO of KBS is recommended by the KBS Board of Governors. The Group examines Presidential candidates via a presentation, a panel discussion, and an interview. Each is ultimately appointed by the President.
Around 49% of KBS's revenue comes from a mandatorytelevision licence fee of 2,500won, on top of 18.7% from commercial advertisement sales.[17]
In addition to 18 regional stations and 12 overseas branches, eight subsidiary companies such as KBSN, KBS Business and KBS Media manage KBS content.
The flagship channel of KBS. It broadcasts news and current affairs, education, drama, sports, children's programming and culture. It launched in 1961 as HLKA-TV and is solely funded by the license fee, airing commercial-free. It is available nationally on channel 9, broadcasting viadigital terrestrial television. KBS1 also airs public information films and minor entertainment programming.[21]
The entertainment channel of KBS. It was launched in 1980 as a replacement for theTongyang Broadcasting Corporation, which was controversially merged with KBS. It is available on digital channel 7 via digital terrestrial television. KBS2 also airs live sports coverage, children's programming, public information films and limited amounts of news, current affairs and drama programming.[21]
The 24-hour news and weather channel started as an online news channel called KBS 24 News. Unlike KBS1 and KBS2, it is also shown freely onthe KBS News YouTube channel.
KBS UHD
The Ultra High-Definition channel, using theATSC 3.0 format. The channel airs music videos, plus re-runs of TV series and various programming.[22]
KBS1 and KBS2 switched to digital, phasing out analogue services on 31 December 2012. However, both channels reportedly continued to be unofficially broadcast in analogue via UHF, presumably near theDMZ, albeit using the SECAM D/K standard.[23]
KBS Life – A culture and drama channel, it launched in 1995 as KBS Satellite 2. It was renamed KBS Korea in 2002, KBS Prime in 2006 and KBS N Life in 2015 before becoming KBS Life.
KBS Drama – Formerly KBS Sky Drama, launched in 2002.
KBS N Sports – Formerly KBS Sports/KBS Sky Sports, launched before the2002 FIFA World Cup.
KBS Joy – A comedy and quiz show channel, launched in 2006.
KBS Kids – A children's channel, launched in 2012.[24]
KBS Story – A channel aimed at a female audience, launched in 2013.[25]
These channels are managed and operated by KBS N, a subsidiary of KBS. 100+ cable operators operate in the country whileSkylife is the sole satellite television service provider.
is the international television and radio service of KBS. It launched on 1 July 2003. It broadcasts on a 24-hour schedule with programs including news, sports, dramas, entertainment and children's shows. KBS World Television is broadcast locally and around the world. As of July 2007, around 65% of its programs are broadcast with English subtitles. It is available in 32 countries, and reportedly more than 40 million households around the world can access KBS World.[citation needed] It has two overseas subsidiaries:KBS America andKBS Japan. KBS Japan is independently operated by a KBS subsidiary in Japan, and most programs are provided with Japanese subtitles.
KBS World Television mainly broadcasts programs commissioned for KBS's 2 terrestrial networks: KBS1 andKBS2. KBS World Television is distributed over international communication and broadcasting satellites. Local cable and/or satellite operators receive the signal from one of these satellites and carry it to subscribers of their own networks. KBS does not allow individual viewers to receive the signal from most satellites. The signal from Badr 6 and Eutelsat Hotbird 13A isFree-to-Air.
KBS World TV commenced its service via YouTube in 2007. Its subscriber count reached 10 million in May 2019 and 13.5 million in July 2020. KBS World TV is available on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and LINE. Its social media handles surpassed 20 million subscribers in April 2020.
KBS Korea (previously KBS World 24), a spin-off channel of KBS World, is targeted at Koreans living overseas.
KBS Radio 1 (711 kHzAM/97.3 MHzFM KBS Radio Seoul) – News, current affairs, drama, documentary, and culture. Launched in 1927 as Gyeongseong Broadcasting Corporation JODK, it became HLKA in 1947 and KBS Radio 1 in 1981.[26]
KBS Radio 2 (603 kHz AM/106.1 MHz FM KBS Happy FM) – Popular music. Launched in 1948 as HLSA.[26]
KBS Radio 3 (1134 kHz AM/104.9 MHz FM KBS Voice of Love FM) – Launched in 1980 and ceased broadcasting in 1981. It was later replaced by KBS Radio 2's regional radio service and Educational FM (nowEBS FM). It was re-launched in 2000 as a spin-off fromKBS Radio 2. For the first time in 2010, it was launched onFM and restructured as a radio station for the disabled.[26]
KBS 1FM (93.1 MHz Classic FM) – Classical music and folk music. Launched in 1979 as KBS Stereo, adopted current name in 1980.[26]
KBS 2FM (89.1 MHz/DMB CH 12B Cool FM) – Entertainment and news. Launched in 1966 as Radio Seoul Broadcasting (RSB), renamed TBC-FM in the 1970s and KBS Radio 4 in 1980 after TBC-FM forced merger to KBS. The current name was adopted in 2003.[26]
KBS carried out organizational reform on 1 March 2019 to strengthen KBS capabilities of content creation; enhance digital work flow; and improve audience services. KBS created Content Production 2 Division that is responsible for production, marketing, as well as content businesses. The new division aims to bring outstanding dramas and entertainment programming by boosting creative nature of the production function, and minimizing its decision-making process.[27]
The strategy introduced Public Service Media Strategy team under Strategy and Planning Division. Public Service Media Strategy is mainly responsible for developing KBS's digital programs via assorted digital media platforms. The reform brought changes in Programming Division as Digital Media department expanded its roles. Digital News department attached to News and Sports Division strengthened its functions. Another significant change is that the 'Audience Relations Center' has become an executive department, operated directly by KBS President and CEO. The Audience Relations Center dedicates its resources to enhance audience services, and create participation opportunities for audiences. Local Stations Management was reorganized to be supervised under KBS Executive Vice President, in response to a growing demand for greater regional autonomy.
^Yang, Seung-joon (18 January 2012).'브레인' 신하균이 날린 역전만루홈런.Edaily [ko] (in Korean).Archived from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved15 August 2021.
World.KBS.co.krArchived 17 November 2019 at theWayback Machine – official KBS World website(in Korean, Arabic, German, Spanish, French, Indonesian, Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Russian)
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