Jutland (/ˈdʒʌtlənd/)[1] historically known as theCimbrian Peninsula, is a peninsula inNorthern Europe that forms the continental portion ofDenmark and part of northernGermany (Schleswig-Holstein). It stretches from theGrenen spit in the north to the confluence of theElbe and theSude in the southeast. The historic southern border river of Jutland as a cultural-geographical region, which historically also includedSouthern Schleswig, is theEider. The peninsula, on the other hand, also comprises areas south of theEider:Holstein, theformer duchy ofLauenburg, and most ofHamburg andLübeck.
Jutland's geography is flat, with comparatively steep hills in the east and a barely noticeable ridge running through the center. West Jutland is characterised by open lands,heaths, plains, and peatbogs, while East Jutland is more fertile with lakes and lush forests. The southwestern coast is characterised by theWadden Sea, a large, unique international coastal region stretching through Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands. The peninsula's longest river is theEider, which rises close to the Baltic but flows in the direction of the North Sea due to amoraine, while theGudenå is the longest river of Denmark. In order for ships not having to go around the whole peninsula to reach the Baltic, theKiel Canal – the world's busiest artificial waterway, crossing the peninsula in the south – was constructed.
Jutland is known by several different names, depending on the language and era, includingGerman:Jütland[ˈjyːtlant]ⓘ;Old English:Ēota land[ˈeːotɑˌlɑnd], known anciently as the Cimbric Peninsula or Cimbrian Peninsula (Latin:Cimbricus Chersonesus; Danish:den Cimbriske Halvø orden Jyske Halvø; German:Kimbrische Halbinsel orJütische Halbinsel). The names are derived from theJutes and theCimbri, respectively.
The Jutland peninsula reaches from the sandbar spit ofGrenen on theNorth Jutlandic Island in the north, to the banks of theElbe in the south. The peninsula is also called theCimbric peninsula.
Jutland as a cultural-geographical term mostly only refers to the Danish part of the peninsula, fromGrenen to the Danish-German border. Sometimes, the northern part ofSchleswig-Holstein down to theEider (Southern Schleswig), is also included in the cultural-geographical definition of Jutland, because the Eider was historically the southern border of Denmark and the cultural and linguistic boundary between theNordic countries and Germany fromc. 850 to 1864.
In Denmark, the termJylland can refer both to the whole peninsula and to the region between Grenen and either the Danish-German border or the Eider.
In Germany, however, the peninsula as a whole is only referred to asKimbrische Halbinsel orJütische Halbinsel, while the termJütland is reserved solely for the cultural-geographical definition of Jutland.
The Jutlandpeninsula is bounded by theNorth Sea to the west, theSkagerrak to the north, theKattegat to the northeast, and theBaltic Sea to the southeast. The peninsula's Kattegat and Baltic coastline stretches fromGrenen down to the mouth of theTrave inLübeck-Travemünde, and its Skagerrak and North Sea coastline runs from Grenen until down to theGeesthacht barrage east ofHamburg, which is defined as the point where theLower Elbe (Unterelbe) and the estuary of the Elbe, that are subject to the tides, begin. The part of the Baltic Sea the peninsula is bounded by is referred to asda:Bælthavet in Danish andde:Beltsee in German, a designation deriving from theGreat,Little, andFehmarn belts, while the Baltic Sea as a whole is calledØstersøen andOstsee, respectively.
The peninsula's land border in the southeast and south is constituted by a string of several rivers and lakes: from the mouth of theTrave atLübeck-Travemünde up to the mouth of theWakenitz into the Trave (in Lübeck), from there up the Wakenitz until its outflow from lakeRatzeburger See, then through lake Kleiner Küchensee to the mouth of theSchaalseekanal [de] into lake Großer Küchensee, from there along the canal through lakes Salemer See, Pipersee and Phulsee to lakeSchaalsee, on fromZarrentin am Schaalsee along the outflow of lake Schaalsee, theSchaale, until its mouth into theSude atTeldau, then along the Sude until its confluence with the Elbe atBoizenburg, and further on along the Elbe, until theGeesthacht barrage east ofHamburg, where the tide-dependent estuary of the Elbe begins.
Lauenburg is the southeasternmost area ofSchleswig-Holstein. It exists administratively as the district ofHerzogtum Lauenburg (Duchy of Lauenburg), the surface of which is equal to the territory of the formerDuchy of Saxe-Lauenburg, which historically did not belong to Holstein. The Duchy of Lauenburg existed since 1296, and when it was absorbed by theKingdom of Prussia and became part of the PrussianProvince of Schleswig-Holstein in 1876, the new district was allowed to keep the name "duchy" in its name as a reminiscence to its ducal past, and today it is the only district in Germany with such a designation. The region is named for its former capital, the town ofLauenburg on the Elbe, but its seat is now atRatzeburg. Lauenburg is crossed by theElbe–Lübeck Canal, that connects the Elbe at Lauenburg to the Baltic at Lübeck, and there are over 50 lakes in the area, many of which are part of theLauenburg Lakes Nature Park.
Hamburg is its own city-state and does not belong to Schleswig-Holstein. The northelbish districts ofHamburg that are on the Jutland peninsula are historically part of the region ofStormarn. The former border rivers of Stormarn are theStör andKrückau in the northwest, theTrave andBille in the east, and theElbe in the south. There exists also adistrict of Stormarn northeast of Hamburg in Schleswig-Holstein. But this district does not cover the entire area of the historic region of Stormarn, and while those parts of Stormarn now lying in Schleswig-Holstein are nowadays considered parts of Holstein, the areas of Stormarn today in the city-state of Hamburg, are not.
The bulk of the southernmost areas of the Jutland peninsula belongs toHolstein, stretching from the Elbe in the south to theEider in the north. Subregions of Holstein areDithmarschen on the North Sea side,Stormarn at the centre, andWagria on the Baltic side. There is an area in Holstein calledHolstein Switzerland because of its comparable higher hills. The largest amount of lakes on the Jutland peninsula can be found in Holstein, the ten largest lakes being theGroßer Plöner See (which is also the largest lake on the whole Jutland peninsula),Selenter See,Kellersee,Dieksee,Lanker See,Behler See,Postsee,Kleiner Plöner See,Großer Eutiner See, and the Stocksee. One of the world's most frequented artificial waterways, theKiel Canal, runs through the Jutland peninsula in Holstein, connecting the North Sea atBrunsbüttel to the Baltic atKiel-Holtenau. TheEider is the longest river of the Jutland peninsula. Holstein is one of the most populated subregions of the Jutland peninsula because of the densely populated area around Hamburg, which in large parts lies in Holstein.
Between theEider and the Danish-German border stretchesSouthern Schleswig. Notable subregions of Southern Schleswig are the peninsula ofEiderstedt andNorth Frisia on the North Sea side, and the peninsulas ofDanish Wahld,Schwansen, andAnglia on the Baltic side. There is a considerable North Frisian minority inNorth Frisia, andNorth Frisian is an official language in the region. InAnglia andSchwansen on the other hand, there exist indigenous Danish minorities, with Danish being the second official language there. TheDanish Wahld once formed a border forest between Danish and Saxon settlements. A system of Danish fortifications, theDanevirke, runs through Southern Schleswig, overcoming the drainage divide between Baltic (Schlei) and North Sea (Rheider Au). At the Baltic end of the Danevirke isHedeby, a former important Viking town.
Between the Danish-German border and theKongeå lies Southern Jutland (from 1970 to 2007 approximately the same asSouth Jutland County), historically also known as Northern Schleswig. Northern and Southern Schleswig once formed the territory of the formerDuchy of Schleswig. The region is calledSønderjylland in Danish, this term was once regarded as synonymous to Slesvig (Schleswig).
Northern Jutland is the region between theKongeå and Jutland's northernmost point, theGrenen spit. In Danish, it is calledNørrejylland, and also encompasses theNorth Jutlandic Island (Danish:Nørrejyske Ø orVendsyssel-Thy). Northern Jutland is traditionally subdivided into South Jutland (Sydjylland), West Jutland (Vestjylland), East Jutland (Østjylland), and North Jutland (Nordjylland). More recent is the designation Central Jutland (Midtjylland) for parts of traditionally West and East Jutish areas. Subregions of Northern Jutland include the peninsulas ofDjursland withMols, andSalling. Also in Northern Jutland is theSøhøjlandet, which is the highest elevated Danish region, and at the same time, the region with the highest density of lakes in Denmark. Denmark's longest river, theGudenå, flows through Northern Jutland.
South Jutland (Sydjylland) is the southernmost part of Northern Jutland. It is not to be confused with Southern Jutland (Sønderjylland), which is adjacent to South Jutland in the south. South Jutland stretches betweenSønderjylland in the south, and the border between the two administrative regions ofSouthern Denmark andCentral Jutland in the north.
West Jutland (Vestjylland) is the central western part of Northern Jutland. It lies betweenBlåvandshuk in the south, and theNissum Bredning in the north. It is north of South Jutland and west of East Jutland.
East Jutland (Østjylland) is the central eastern part of Northern Jutland. It lies betweenSkærbæk on theKolding Fjord in the south, and the end of theMariager Fjord in the north.Aarhus, the largest city completely on the Jutland peninsula, is in East Jutland.
The concept of Central Jutland (Midtjylland) is of recent date, since a few decades ago it was usual to divide Northern Jutland into the traditional East and West Jutland (in addition to North and South Jutland), only. However, the term has been used in and aroundViborg, so that the people of Viborg could differentiate themselves from the populations to the east and west. The majority of what is today called Central Jutland is actually the traditional West Jutish culture and dialect area, i.e.Herning,Skive,Ikast, andBrande. By contrast,Silkeborg and the other areas east of the Jutish ridge are traditionally part of the East Jutish cultural area. A new meaning of Central Jutland is the entire area between North and South Jutland, corresponding roughly to theCentral Jutland Region.
TheGrenen spit, northernmost tip of the Jutland peninsula
While the term Northern Jutland (Danish:Nørrejylland) refers to the whole region betweenKongeå andGrenen, North Jutland (Danish:Nordjylland) only refers to the northernmost part of Northern Jutland, and encompasses the largest part ofHimmerland, the northernmost part of Crown Jutland (Kronjylland), the island ofMors (Morsø), and Jutland north of theLimfjord (theNorth Jutlandic Island, which is subdivided into the regions ofThy,Hanherred, andVendsyssel, the northernmost region of Jutland and Denmark).Nordjylland is congruent with theNorth Jutland Region (Region Nordjylland).
The largest Kattegat and Baltic islands off Jutland areFunen,Als,Læsø,Samsø, andAnholt in Denmark, as well asFehmarn in Germany.
The islands ofLæsø,Anholt, andSamsø in theKattegat, andAls at the rim of theBaltic Sea, are administratively and historically tied to Jutland, although the latter two are also regarded as traditional districts of their own. Inhabitants of Als, known asAlsinger, would agree to be South Jutlanders, but not necessarily Jutlanders.[citation needed]
Aalborg is the largest city in North Jutland. It is the fourth-largest city of Denmark and the northernmost large Danish city. It is on the mainland side of theLimfjord, opposite the town ofNørresundby inVendsyssel.
Some circular depressions in Jutland may be remnants of collapsedpingos that developed during theLast Ice Age.[3] The surface of southwest Jutland is dominated by sediments of theSaale glaciation, while deposits of theWeichselian glaciation form the surface layers in the northern and eastern Denmark. During the Saalian ice age, the ice sheet again reached Central Europe. Signs of another three glacial advances have been found in Denmark dating back to this period. The Saalian period left its mark on the landscape in West Jutland in the form of the so-called "hill islands" surrounded by melt water plains from the last ice age, the Weichselian period.[4]
Military stratagem in the maneuver against the Romans byCimbri and Teutonsc. 100 B.C.Regions of Denmark; Jutland is highlighted ingreen.The oldCode of Jutland (before 1658)
Saxons andFrisii migrated to the region in the early part of the Christian era. To protect themselves from invasion by the ChristianFrankish emperors, beginning in the5th century, thepagan Danes initiated theDanevirke, a defensive wall stretching from present-daySchleswig and inland halfway across the Jutland Peninsula.[citation needed]
In medieval times, Jutland was regulated by theLaw Code of Jutland (Jyske Lov). This civic code covered the Danish part of the Jutland Peninsula, i.e., north of theEider (river),Funen as well asFehmarn. Part of this area is now in Germany.[citation needed]
During the industrialisation of the 1800s, Jutland experienced a large and acceleratingurbanisation and many people from the countryside chose to emigrate. Among the reasons was a high and accelerating population growth; in the course of the century, the Danish population grew two and a half times to about 2.5 million in 1901, with a million people added in the last part of the 1800s. This growth was not caused by an increase in thefertility rate, but by better nutrition, sanitation, hygiene, and health care services. More children survived, and people lived longer and healthier lives. Combined with falling grain prices on the international markets because of theLong Depression, and better opportunities in the cities due to an increasing industrialisation, many people in the countryside relocated to larger towns or emigrated. In the later half of the century, around 300,000 Danes, mainly unskilled labourers from rural areas, emigrated to the US or Canada.[7] This amounted to more than 10% of the then total population, but some areas had an even higher emigration rate.[8][9]
The population of Jutland in 1840 was 548,698 inhabitants.[10] In 1850, the largest Jutland towns of Aalborg, Aarhus and Randers had no more than about 8,000 inhabitants each; by 1901, Aarhus had grown to 51,800 citizens.[11]
To speed transit between the Baltic and the North Sea, canals were built across the Jutland Peninsula, including theEider Canal in the late 18th century, and theKiel Canal, completed in 1895 and still in use.
In 1825, a severe North Sea storm on the west coast of Jutland breached the isthmus ofAgger Tange in theLimfjord area, separating the northern part of Jutland from the mainland and effectively creating theNorth Jutlandic Island. The storm breach of Agger Tange created the Agger Channel, and another storm in 1862 created theThyborøn Channel close by. The channels made it possible for ships to shortcut theSkagerrak Sea. The Agger Channel closed up again over the years, due to naturalsiltation, but the Thyborøn Channel widened and was fortified and secured in 1875.[12]
Denmark was neutral during theFirst World War. However, an estimated 5,000 Danes living in North Slesvig were killed serving in the German army. The 1916Battle of Jutland was fought in the North Sea west of Jutland.[13]
Danish troops at Bredevad, 10 km north of the border, on the morning of the Nazi invasion. Two of these soldiers were killed in action.Bunker remnants from WWII in Thyborøn. German fortifications remain along the entire west coast of Jutland.
Denmark had declared itself neutral, but was invaded and occupied by Nazi Germany within a few hours on 9 April 1940. Scattered fighting took place in South Jutland and in Copenhagen. Sixteen Danish soldiers were killed.[citation needed]
Some months before the invasion, Germany had considered only occupying the northern tip of Jutland with Aalborg airfield, but Jutland as a whole was soon regarded as of high strategic importance. Work commenced on extending theAtlantic Wall along the entire west coast of the peninsula. Its task was to resist a potential allied attack on Germany by landing on the west coast of Jutland. TheHanstholm Fortress at the northwestern promontory of Jutland became the largest fortification of Northern Europe. The local villagers were evacuated toHirtshals. Coastal areas of Jutland were declared a military zone where Danish citizens were required to carry identity cards, and access was regulated.[citation needed]
The small Danish airfield of Aalborg was seized as one of the first objects in the invasion by German paratroopers. The airfield was significantly expanded by the Germans in order to secure their traffic to Norway, and more airfields were built. Danish contractors and 50,000–100,000 workers were hired to fulfill the German projects. The alternative for workers was to be unemployed or sent to work in Germany. The fortifications have been estimated to be the largest construction project ever performed in Denmark at a cost of then 10 billion kroner, or 300-400 billion DKK today (45-60 billion USD or 40-54 billion euro in 2019). The Danish National Bank was forced to cover most of the cost.[14] After the war, the remaining German prisoners of war were recruited to perform extensivemine clearance of 1.4 million mines along the coast.[citation needed]
Many of the seaside bunkers from World War II are still present at the west coast. Several of the fortifications in Denmark have been turned into museums, includingTirpitz Museum in Blåvand,Bunkermuseum Hanstholm, andHirtshals Bunkermuseum.
In Southern Jutland, parts of theGerman minority openly sided with Germany and volunteered for German military service. While some Danes initially feared a border revision, the German occupational force did not pursue the issue. In a judicial aftermath after the end of the war, many members of the German minority were convicted, and German schools were confiscated by Danish authorities.[citation needed] There were some instances of Danish mob attacks against German-minded citizens.[citation needed] In December 1945, the remaining part of the German minority issued a declaration of loyalty to Denmark and democracy, renouncing any demands for a border revision.[citation needed]
Up until theindustrialisation of the 19th century, most people in Jutland lived a rural life as farmers and fishers. Farming and herding have formed a significant part of the culture since the lateNeolithic Stone Age, and fishing ever since humans first populated the peninsula after the last Ice Age, some 12,000 years ago.[citation needed]
Art tied to Jutland specifically, in particular paintings and literature, boomed during the industrialisation in the later half of the 1800s and the beginning of the 1900s.Thorvald Niss, part of Skagen Painters collective.
The local culture of Jutland commoners before industrial times was not described in much detail by contemporary texts. It was generally viewed with contempt by the Danish cultural elite in Copenhagen who perceived it as uncultivated, misguided or useless.[15]
While the peasantry of eastern Denmark was dominated by the upperfeudal class, manifested in large estates owned by families ofnoble birth and an increasingly subdued class of peasant tenants, the farmers of Western Jutland were mostly free owners of their own land or leasing it from the Crown, although under frugal conditions.[citation needed] Most of the less fertile and sparsely populated land of Western Jutland was never feudalised.[citation needed] East Jutland was more similar to Eastern Denmark in this respect.[citation needed] The north–south ridge forming the border between the fertile eastern hills and sandy western plains has been a significant cultural border until this day, also reflected in differences between the West and East Jutlandic dialect.[citation needed]
Until the late 19th century, West Jutland was marked by vast moors covered with heather, a small population and low-intensive agriculture. (Frederik Vermehren: A Jutish shepherd on the moors, 1855)
When the industrialisation began in the 19th century, the social order was upheaved and with it the focus of the intelligentsia and the educated changed as well.Søren Kierkegaard (1818–1855) grew up in Copenhagen as the son of a stern and religious West Jutlandic wool merchant who had worked his way up from a frugal childhood. The very urban Kierkegaard visited his sombre ancestral lands in 1840, then a very traditional society. Writers likeSteen Steensen Blicher (1782–1848) andH.C. Andersen (1805–1875) were among the first writers to find genuine inspiration in local Jutlandic culture and present it with affection and non-prejudice.[15]
Blicher was of Jutish origin and, soon after his pioneering work, many other writers followed with stories and tales set in Jutland and written in the homestead dialect. Many of these writers are often referred to as theJutland Movement, artistically connected through their engagement with publicsocial realism of the Jutland region.The Golden Age painters also found inspiration and motives in the natural beauty of Jutland, includingP. C. Skovgaard,Dankvart Dreyer, and art collective of theSkagen Painters. WriterEvald Tang Kristensen (1843-1929) collected and published extensive accounts on the local rural Jutlandicfolklore through many interviews and travels across the peninsula, including songs, legends, sayings and everyday life.[citation needed]
Peter Skautrup Centret atAarhus University is dedicated to collect and archive information on Jutland culture and dialects from before the industrialisation. The centre was established in 1932 by Professor in Nordic languagesPeter Skautrup (1896–1982).[16]
With the railway system, and later the automobile andmass communication, the culture of Jutland has merged with and formed the overall Danish national culture, although some unique local traits are still present in some cases. West Jutland is often claimed to have a mentality of self-sustainment, a superiorwork ethic and entrepreneurial spirit as well as slightly more religious and socially conservative values, and there are other voting patterns than in the rest of Denmark.[citation needed]
The distinctiveJutish (or Jutlandic)dialects differ substantially from the standardDanish language, especially those in the West Jutland and South Jutland parts. The Peter Skautrup Centre maintains and publishes an official dictionary of the Jutlandic dialects.[17] Dialect usage, although in decline, is better preserved in Jutland than in eastern Denmark, and Jutlander speech remains a stereotype among manyCopenhageners and eastern Danes.
In the southernmost and northernmost parts of Jutland, there are associations striving to conserve their respective dialects, including theNorth Frisian language-speaking areas inSchleswig-Holstein.[23]
In the Danish part of Jutland, literature tied to Jutland, and Jutland culture, grew significantly in the 19th and early 20th century. That was a time when large numbers of people migrated to the towns during the industrialisation, and there was a surge of nationalism as well as a quest for social reform during the public foundation of the modern democratic national state.[15]
Steen Steensen Blicher wrote about the Jutland rural culture of his times in the early 1800s. Through his writings, he promoted and preserved the various Jutland dialects, as inE Bindstouw, published in 1842.
Danish social realist and radical writerJeppe Aakjær used Jutlanders and Jutland culture in most of his works, for example inAf gammel Jehannes hans Bivelskistaarri. En bette Bog om stur Folk (1911), which was widely read in its time. He also translated poems ofRobert Burns to his particular Central Western Jutish dialect.
Karsten Thomsen (1837–1889), an inn-keeper inFrøslev with artistic aspirations, wrote warmly about his homestead of South Jutland, using the dialect of his region explicitly.
Two songs are often regarded as regional anthems of Jutland:Jylland mellem tvende have ("Jutland between two seas", 1859) byHans Christian Andersen andJyden han æ stærk aa sej ("The Jute, he is strong and tough", 1846) by Steen Steensen Blicher, the latter in dialect.
Jutland native Maren Madsen (1872–1965) emigrated to the American town ofYarmouth, Maine, in the late 19th century. She wrote a memoir documenting the transition,From Jutland's Brown Heather to the Land Across the Sea.[24]
^Henning Bender (20 November 2019)."Udvandringen fra Thisted amt 1868-1910" [The emigration from Thisted county 1868-1910] (in Danish). Historisk Årbog for Thy og Vester Hanherred 2009. Retrieved14 February 2019.
^Bo Poulsen (22 August 2019)."Stormfloden i 1825, Thyborøn Kanal og kystsikring" [The flood in 1825, Thyborøn Channel and coastal protection].danmarkshistorien.dk (in Danish). Aarhus University. Retrieved13 June 2020.
^Ib Grønbechs whole catalog of songs are performed in his homestead dialect ofVendelbomål. (Maria Præst (1 April 2007)."Grønbechs genstart" (in Danish). Nordjyske. Archived fromthe original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved15 January 2019.)
^Dialect researcher brands Hausgaard as ambassador of dialects. (Josefine Brader (9 April 2014)."Hausgaard: Folk havde svært ved at forstå mig" [Hausgaard: People had a hard time understanding me] (in Danish). TV2 Nord. Retrieved15 January 2019.)
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