The following events occurred inJune 1923:

• TheAlbert Roussel operaPadmâvatî was first performed at theParis Opéra.^{[citation needed]}
• Mabel Philipson, a stage actress who had been better known as Mabel Russell, became the third woman in British historyto be elected to the House of Commons. Her husband,Hilton Philipson, had won the Berwick-upon-Tweed constituency in the 1922 general election, but the result had been overturned following charges of corruption against him.^[1] Mrs. Philipson took her seat on June 7.^[2]
• The U.S. state of New York became the first to repeal enforcement of thenationwide prohibition of the sale of alcohol, as GovernorAlfred E. Smith signed the Mullen-Gage bill repealing the law.^[3]

• French boxerEugène Criqui knocked outJohnny Kilbane in the sixth round at thePolo Grounds in New York City to win theWorld Featherweight Title.^[4]Babe Ruth hurried over fromYankee Stadium to attend the bout.^[5]
• TheKaufman Act was signed, mandating the electrification of all railroads inNew York City by January 1, 1926.^[6]

• Voters in Switzerland overwhelmingly rejected restrictions on the production of alcohol, turning down a proposal that would have given the Swiss government an exclusive monopoly on brewing and distilling.^[7]
• A commission inNew York City released the findings of its investigation into charges that some American history textbooks included anti-American propaganda. The report found eight such textbooks that were seen as pro-British. "Any history which, after 150 years, attempts to teach our children that theWar of Independence was an unnecessary war and that it is still a problem as to who was right and who was wrong, should be fed to the furnace and those responsible for those books branded as un-American", commissioner David Hirschfeld said.^[8]

• The British cargo shipTrevessa foundered in theIndian Ocean while traveling from Australia to Mauritius. While all but ten of the 44 crew were able to escape to lifeboats before the ship sank, sixteen men in one lifeboat spent the next 25 days drifting at sea before they were able to reach land, finally getting to the Mauritius island ofRodrigues on June 29 after a voyage of 2,000 miles (3,200 km).^[9]
• TheUnitarian Universalistcommunion service known as the "Flower Communion", created byNorbert Čapek, was performed for the first time. The ceremony took place in a Unitarian church in the Czechoslovak capital ofPrague.^[10]
• TheU.S. Supreme Court decidedMeyer v. Nebraska, overturning bans in 20 states against the teaching of languages other than English in school. The case in chief had been brought by Robert T. Meyer, a teacher in a private Lutheran school, who had instructed a 10-year-old child in theGerman language, and had been consolidated with cases from Iowa and Ohio as well.^[11]
• The "Zero Milestone", marking the geographic center of the city of Washington, D.C., as originally designed byPierre Charles L'Enfant, was dedicated at a spot near theWhite House at latitude 38°53′42.38736″ N, longitude 77°02′11.57299″ W.^[12]
• The musical revue that would bring theMarx Brothers toBroadway,I'll Say She Is, debuted at theWalnut Street Theatre.^[13]
• Born:
  • Elizabeth Jolley, English-born Australian writer; as Monica Elizabeth Knight, inBirmingham,England (d.2007)
  • Dr.Margot Shiner, German-born British pediatrician and gastroenterologist; as Margot Last, inBerlin,Germany (d.1998)

• Died:
  • Frank Hayes, 22, American jockey, attained posthumous fame while riding the horse Sweet Kiss to victory at theBelmont Park in New York. Hayes crossed the finish line on Sweet Kiss ahead of everyone for his first, and only, victory in horse racing, then died of a heart attack. Doctors attributed Hayes's death to heart disease, aggravated by his efforts to lose weight in order to reach the required limit for entering the race, and the excitement of the event itself, making Hayes the only person known to have won a horse race after dying. (b.1901)^[14][15]
  • Filippo Smaldone, 74, Roman Catholic priest canonized in 2006 as a Catholic saint (b.1848)
  • Juan Soldevila y Romero, 79, Spanish cleric, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Zaragoza, who had been elevated to the rank ofcardinal by the Pope, was assassinated by gunmen who also killed his chauffeur. Cardinal Soldevila was seated in his car, preparing to visit a monastery, when members of the terrorist groupLos Solidarios fired multiple gunshots into the vehicle. (b.1843)^[16]

• Germany asked for a newreparations conference.^[17] The proposal, as presented by ChancellorWilhelm Cuno, asked for a new arrangement in which Germany would transfer materials worth 2.5 billion gold marks over the next five years while rebuilding the nation's economy and would then pay 1.5 billion gold marks every year beginning in 1928.^[18]
• In an address in Washington D.C. to open the national convention of theShriners (at the time still called the "Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine"), U.S. PresidentWarren G. Harding delivered what was seen by reporters as a thinly veiled criticism of theKu Klux Klan, which had recently held a large demonstration in nearby Maryland, though not mentioning the Klan by name. "Secret fraternity is one thing," Harding said. "Secret conspiracy is another. In the very naturalness of association, men band together for mischief, to exert misguided zeal, to vent unreasoning malice, to undermine our institutions. This isn't fraternity. This is conspiracy. This isn't associated with uplift; it is organized destruction. This is not brotherhood; it is the discord of disloyalty and a danger to the Republic."^[19]
• TheWhite House released President Harding's "Voyage of Understanding", a 19-stop speaking tour by train that would travel to 10 western states, as well as the Canadian province of British Columbia and (by ship) the U.S. territory of Alaska, starting on June 20 and continuing until August 4, after which the presidential train was scheduled to take him back to Washington.^[20]
• The tiny nation ofSan Marino established theOrder of Saint Agatha for charitable work in the service of the republic.^[21]
• Born:George Montague, British gay rights activist; inHackney, London,England (d.2022)

• TheRussian Civil War saw its last major battle as the Soviet Army defeated the remnants of theWhite Army nearOkhotsk.^{[citation needed]}
• France and Belgium released a joint statement saying that Germany's request would not be considered until passive resistance in the Ruhr ended.^[22]
• Papyrus won theEpsom Derby, the United Kingdom's premier thoroughbred horse race.^[23][24]Edgar Wallace became the first British radio sports reporter when he reported on the Derby for theBritish Broadcasting Company.^{[citation needed]}
• Women over 25 with a grammar school-level education were granted the right to vote in local elections in Italy.^[25]
• The U.S. Army dirigibleTC-1, which had set a dirigible airspeed record of 74 miles per hour (119 km/h) earlier in the year and was the largest American airship, was destroyed at Wilbur Wright Field inDayton, Ohio during a severe electrical storm. Though not struck by lightning, the hydrogen-filled bag was "highly charged with electricity" when winds blew it into contact with a steel mooring tower. A U.S. Army sergeant and a civilian from theGoodyear Rubber Company were injured after having to jump to the ground from an altitude of 40 feet (12 m) while escaping the fire.^[26]
• Born:
  • Joe Hyams, American syndicated gossip columnist and author; inCambridge, Massachusetts,United States (d.2008)
  • Jean Pouliot, Canadian broadcasting magnate and founder of the Télé-Capitale broadcasting company and theTVA network, the firstFrench language TV network in Canada; inQuebec City,Quebec,Canada (d.2004)

• KingGeorge V of the United Kingdom granted a charter of incorporation to theFederation of British Industries.^[27]
• Four radio stations in the United States made a simultaneous broadcast of a live program that was fromNew York City toChicago and by hundreds of thousands of listeners in North America, making a performance fromCarnegie Hall the most listened to broadcast up to that time. Persons tuning in toWEAF (New York City),KDKA (Pittsburgh),KYW (Chicago) orWGY (Schenectady, New York) heard the singing ofMetropolitan Opera sopranoAnna Case, followed by a speech byJulius H. Barnes, president of theUnited States Chamber of Commerce, after the radio event was set up for the annual convention of theNational Electric Light Association.^[28]
• Born:Kinuko Emi, Japanese modern art and abstract painter; as Kinuko Ogino, inAkashi,Hyōgo Prefecture,Empire of Japan (present-dayJapan) (d.2015)

• The BritishHouse of Commons passed a bill giving women the right to divorce their husbands on the grounds of infidelity, without having to prove cruelty or desertion.^[27][29]
• The Craven Holding Corporation purchased the trademark forPepsi-Cola, including the secret manufacturing process, from the soft drink's inventor,Caleb Bradham, for $30,000.^{[citation needed]} Bradham had filed for bankruptcy eight days earlier, on May 31, after having marketed the beverage since 1893.
• Bryce Canyon National Park inUtah was designated as a U.S. national monument by proclamation of U.S. PresidentWarren G. Harding.^[30]
• Died:
  • Ambroise-Dydime Lépine, 83, CanadianMétis Indian leader in theRed River Rebellion of 1869 and 1870 (b.1840)
  • Herbert Jenkins, 47, British book publisher (b.1876)

Stamboliyski andTsankov

• The government ofBulgaria's Prime MinisterAleksandar Stamboliyski was toppled ina bloodless coup led by GeneralIvan Valkov'sVonnyat Soyuz, a private organization of reserve officers. Stamboliyski had been vacationing in his home village ofSlavovitsa and had returned by train to the capital,Sofia, the night before and was detained at the station by troops.^[31]Aleksandar Tsankov, a professor of political science at Sofia University, was installed as the new Prime Minister with the approval of Bulgaria's king,Tsar Boris III. Stamboliyski, who had survived an assassination attempt by theInternal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) on February 2, fled back to Slavovitsa, where he was arrested by his former bodyguards.^[32]
• Brink's unveiled its firstarmored security vans.^[33]
• Australia's national soccer football team hosted its first international game, after having played three games in New Zealand in 1922. The 2 to 1 win againstNew Zealand took place atBrisbane Cricket Ground before 7,000 people.^[34]
• TheBelmont amusement park opened inMontreal,Quebec,Canada. It would close in 1983.^{[citation needed]}
• Died:Princess Helena of the United Kingdom, 77 (b.1846)

• Electricity was introduced toMandatory Palestine (the future location ofIsrael) as the Jaffa Electric Company went online and lit streetlights on the main street ofTel Aviv.^{[35][page needed]}
• Fishermen atLong Key,Florida reported harpooning a 20,000 pound sea monster. They said it continued to fight even after fifty rounds of ammunition had been fired into it.^[36]
• The filmThe Shock, starringLon Chaney, was released.^{[citation needed]}
• Hamburger SV defeatedSC Union 06 Oberschöneweide (now 1. FC Union Berlin), 3 to 0, to win thesoccer football championship of Germany and theViktoria trophy. The playoff had been contested by seven teams that had won regional championships, with Hamburger SV being the Northern German champion and Oberschöneweide bweing the Brandenburg state champion.^[37]
• Born:
  • Robert Maxwell, Czechoslovakian-born British publishing entrepreneur who controlledPergamon Press,Macmillan Publishers andMirror Group Newspapers and embezzled funds from the companies; as Ján Ludvík Hoch, inSlatinské Doly,Czechoslovakia (present-daySolotvyno,Ukraine) (d.1991)
  • Ivan Kabalin, highly decorated Soviet Army officer; in Aleksandrovka,Chuvash oblast,Russian SFSR (present-dayRussia) (d.1982)
• Died:Pierre Loti, 73, French novelist known forRamuntcho andPêcheur d'Islande (An Iceland Fisherman) (b.1850)^[38]

• TheU.S. Supreme Court decidedRindge Co. v. County of Los Angeles, holding that a local government could use its power ofeminent domain to take land from a private landowner for the specific purpose of building a scenic highway, despite the fact that a highway could be built elsewhere on land within the government's jurisdiction. Writing the opinion on behalf of a unanimous (8 to 0) court, JusticeEdward T. Sanford wrote, "Public uses are not limited, in the modern view, to matters of mere business necessity and ordinary convenience, but may extend to matters of public health, recreation and enjoyment. Thus, the condemnation of lands for public parks is now universally recognized as a taking for public use. A road need not be for a purpose of business to create a public exigency; air, exercise and recreation are important to the general health and welfare; pleasure travel may be accommodated as well as business travel; and highways may be condemned to places of pleasing natural scenery."^[39]
• Born:
  • Dr.Eric J. Trimmer, English general practitioner and medical writer known forThe Natural History of Quackery and for a subsequent series of books for the general public about health and medical science; inLondon,England (d.1998)
  • Özdemir Asaf, Turkish poet; inAnkara,Turkey (d.1981)

• The last eight of the hostages of theLincheng Outrage, the May 5 seizure of 300 passengers from an express train, were freed afterShanghai mob bossDu Yuesheng of the "Green Gang" delivered an $85,000 ransom toSun Meiyao and the Shandong Outlaws,^[40] equivalent to almost $1.5 million a century later.^[41][42]
• GeneralFeng Yuxiang issued an ultimatum to Chinese PresidentLi Yuanhong stating that his troops would enterBeijing if Li did not resign.^[43]
• Lithuanian-born Americanstage magicianHorace Goldin was awarded U.S. patent 1,458,575 for creating the famous "sawing a woman in half" illusion, blocking other magicians from performing the same trick for the next 17 years, but revealing the secret to other people.^[44]
• Born:Richard Lehman, U.S. presidential adviser who developed the top secretPresident's Daily Brief forPresident Kennedy while at theCIA, Deputy Director of Central Intelligence 1976 to 1977 and Chairman of theNational Intelligence Council 1979 to 1981; inSt. Louis,United States (d.2007)

• Chinese PresidentLi Yuanhong was captured at therailway station inTientsin when troops surrounded the train in which he was fleeing fromBeijing. Orders to stop the train came directly from the Governor ofZhili province,Wang Chengbin.^[45] Li won his freedom the next day by sending a message to Beijing, by telegram, resigning his office and turning over authority to the cabinet.^[46]
• The value of theGerman mark fell further to an exchange rate of 100,000 marks to the U.S. dollar. Prior toWorld War One, the exchange rate had been 4.20 marks to a U.S. dollar. By June 1923, the rate was 81,000 marks to a dollar.^[47]
• TheIgor Stravinsky balletLes noces was given its first performance, premiering inParis and presented by theBallets Russes to choreography byBronislava Nijinska.^[48]

• The first commercial recording of acountry music ballad with lyrics was made byFiddlin' John Carson as he sang "The Little Old Log Cabin in the Lane" while playing afiddle at the studios ofOkeh Records.^{[49][page needed]}
• Aleksandar Stamboliyski, who had been overthrown asPrime Minister of Bulgaria five days earlier, was tortured and murdered by agents of theInternal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO). His captors cut off his right hand in retaliation for secretly signing theTreaty of Niš with Yugoslavia on March 23.^[50][51]
• Gao Lingwei became actingPresident of the Republic of China.^{[citation needed]}
• A tugboat towed the remains of the Florida "sea monster", found on June 10 near Long Key, toKey West. The monster was identified as awhale shark.^[52]
• Born:Judith Kerr, German-born British children's author and illustrator; as Anna Judith Gertrud Helene Kerr, inBerlin,Germany (d.2019)
• Died:SirMansfield Smith-Cumming, 64, British Royal Navy officer, served as the first chief of theSecret Intelligence Service, MI-6 (b.1859)

• TheAmerican Relief Administration (ARA) halted all further aid to theSoviet Union after discovering that the Soviets were exporting grain to other nations, despite an ongoing famine that the ARA had been working to alleviate.^[53]

Lou Gehrig and Wally Pipp

• Arthur Havers of England won theBritish Open golf tournament by one stroke, defeatingWalter Hagen of the U.S. in 72-holes. The tournament was so close that the first four finishers, Havers, Hagen, Macdonald Smith and Joe Kirkwood, finished at 295, 296, 297 and 298 respectively.^[54]
• Lou Gehrig, who had been a college baseball sensation at New York City'sColumbia University, made hismajor league baseball debut, entering a game for theNew York Yankees in a 10 to 0 win over theSt. Louis Browns as a ninth-inning defensive substitute at first base and taking over forWally Pipp.^{[55][page needed]}
• Born:
  • Dr.David Morley, British pediatrician and humanitarian who developed low cost methods for the prevention and treatment of illness in Nigeria and other nations in Africa; inRothwell, Northamptonshire,England (d.2009)
  • Koentjaraningrat, Indonesian anthropologist; inYogyakarta,Dutch East Indies (present-dayIndonesia) (d.1999)
  • Johnny Most, American sports announcer; inNew York City,United States (d.1993)

• TheYakut Revolt, the last resistance by theWhite Army to the Soviet Union in the Russian Civil War, ended as the remaining 333 officers and soldiers of the White Army surrendered the port town ofAyan to the Red Army.^{[citation needed]}
• The French occupiedDortmund railway station, leaving only one line leading from the Ruhr into unoccupied Germany.^[56]
• Rioting broke out inBrandenburg inGermany over the rapidly increasing prices of goods due tohyperinflation.^[56]
• A rally of theKu Klux Klan white supremacist group attracted 200,000 people inKokomo, Indiana.^[57]
• Theprohibition of the manufacture and sale of alcohol went into effect inTurkey.^[58]
• Born:Joseph Colombo, American mob boss who led New York'sColombo crime family and created theItalian-American Civil Rights League advocacy group; inNew York City,United States (d.1978)
• Died:Kavi Kant, 55, IndianGujarati language poet and playwright (b.1867)

• Northern Ireland had its first "dry Sunday", prohibiting alcohol sales on that day. Towns just across the border in theIrish Free State were swamped with visitors who crossed over to drink.^[59]
• Mount Etna erupted inSicily with several loud explosions.^[60]
• The anti-drug filmHuman Wreckage, produced byDorothy Davenport, widow ofWallace Reid, was released byFilm Booking Offices of America.^[61] When the film reached New York, a critic forThe New York Times, wrote "It is a story that might appeal to an audience of those who need narcotics, but to the average person who has a night off and goes to the theatre for entertainment it is not pleasing," and added that the story "wanders along until it becomes tiresome, and the dramatic climax is spoiled."^[62]
• TheStan Laurel comedy filmPick and Shovel was released. Laurel's future partner,Oliver Hardy, was in the filmThe Midnight Cabaret at the same time.^{[citation needed]}
• Born:
  • Elroy Hirsch, American professional football halfback and inductee to both thePro Football Hall of Fame and thePro Football Hall of Fame; inWausau, Wisconsin,United States (d.2004)
  • Hasan Basry, Indonesian Army General military in theIndonesian National Revolution of independence; inKandangan, Borneo,Dutch East Indies (present-dayIndonesia) (d.1984)
  • Sukh Dev, Indian organic chemist and inventor; inChakwal,Punjab Province,British India (present-dayPakistan) (d.2024)

• On the Italian island ofSicily, several villages built on the side ofMount Etna— specifically, Piccilo, Pallamelata and Ferro— were destroyed by lava, but no casualties were reported as residents had time to evacuate.^[63]
• Pancho Villa, a diminutive (5'1" or 154 cm) Philippine boxer whose real name was Francisco Guilledo, won theworld flyweight championship when he knocked out the titleholder, Welsh boxerJimmy Wilde, in the seventh round before 40,000 spectators at thePolo Grounds in New York City.^[64][65]
• Speculation aboutHenry Ford running for president ended when he was quoted as saying, "I am much too occupied with my own affairs to become the next president and I do not intend to run."^[66]
• Political leaderMarcus Garvey was found guilty ofmail fraud for using the U.S. mail to sell stock in the bankruptBlack Star Line.^[67]
• Died:
  • Vasili Komaroff, 52, Soviet Russian serial killer who murdered at least 33 people over a two year period; executed by firing squad with his wife and accomplice Sofya Komaroff (b.1871)
  • Walter Flanders, 52, American automobile and motorcycle manufacturer; died three days after being seriously injured in a car accident (b.1871)
  • Hristo Smirnenski, 24, Bulgarian poet; died oftuberculosis (b.1898)

• Britain and the United States signed an agreement on Britain's war debt obligations.^[68]
• Lava fromMount Etna reached the outskirts ofLinguaglossa andCastiglione.^[69] The flow of lava from the volcano stopped by June 21.^[70]
• The popular U.S. newspapercomic stripMoon Mullins, created byFrank Willard, made its debut.^{[citation needed]} A feature of theChicago Tribune and New York'sDaily News, Moon Mullins would be syndicated in 350 papers at its height and would run until June 2, 1991.
• Died:Shō Shō, 34, member of Japan's House of Peers as the Marquess of theRyukyu Islands; died of appendicitis (b.1888). The Marquess had been the leader of the House of Shō since 1920 as the eldest son ofShō Ten, the former Crown Prince of theRyukyu Kingdom.

• U.S. PresidentWarren G. Harding left Washington D.C. for the last time, and would never return.^[71] President Harding embarked on a cross-country speaking tour which he called the "Voyage of Understanding", set to take him through much of the 48 U.S. states and as far west as the U.S. Territory ofAlaska.^[72][73]
• President Harding relinquished control of his newspaper,The Marion Star, which he had owned and operated while inMarion, Ohio.^[74]
• Born:Bjørn Watt-Boolsen, Danish film actor; inRudkøbing,Denmark (d.1998)
• Died:Sumner Increase Kimball, 88, U.S. government official who organized theUnited States Life-Saving Service (b.1834)

• On the first stop of his western tour, PresidentHarding gave a speech inSt. Louis reiterating his advocacy for American participation in theWorld Court but not theLeague of Nations. The speech was carried live by three radio stations, making Harding the first president to be heard by a million people simultaneously.^[75][76] During the day, the presidential train had made whistle stops inIndiana at the towns ofWashington,Seymour andVincennes, and inIllinois atOlney andSalem.^[77]
• Marcus Garvey was sentenced to five years in prison for mail fraud.^[78]
• William S. Silkworth was forced to resign as president of theConsolidated Stock Exchange of New York, a rival to theNew York Stock Exchange, after a criminal investigation discovered irregularities in his personal finances.^[79] The Consolidated exchange soon became the subject of investigation, and would cease operations three years later.^[80]
• Born:Richard Kinney, AmericanDeafblind educator and school administrator, the third Deafblind person in the U.S. to graduate from college, served as the president of theHadley School for the Blind; inEast Sparta, Ohio,United States (d.1979)

• The United Kingdom enacted the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge Act 1923, granting each of the two universities £100,000 annually.^[27]
• The first major feature film inThailand,Nang Sao Suwan (Miss Suwanna of Siam), had its premiere in a theater inNakhon Si Thammarat, and was seen a few days later inBangkok in the Phatthanakon Cinematograph and in the Hong Kong Cinema Hall.^[81] The 8-reel silent film was distributed in the United States byUniversal Studios.
• Born:Oba Erediauwa I, Nigerian civil servant, and ceremonial ruler of theBenin Empire and theEdo people in theEdo State ofNigeria from 1979 until his death in 2016; as Solomon Akenzua, inBenin City,British Nigeria (present-dayNigeria) (d.2016)

• American sculptorGutzon Borglum began carving theStone Mountain Memorialbas-relief sculpture and would complete the first stage, a large image ofRobert E. Lee, in time for an unveiling on January 19, 1924.^{[citation needed]}
• Ronald McNeill, spokesperson for the British Foreign Secretary, told an audience inSturry that theoccupation of the Ruhr threatened to bring about the complete collapse of Germany, which would end all hope of ever recoveringreparations payments.^[82]
• Gambhirsinhji Himmatsinhji, a 9-year-old prince, became the ruler of theprincely state of Malpur upon the death of his father Dipsinhji II. He was the nominal ruler of the small state within the Bombay Province of British India until Malpur's accession to the Indian Union in 1949 as part of the state ofGujarat.^{[citation needed]}
• Born:
  • Anna Chennault, Chinese-born American journalist and politician; as Chan Sheng Mai, inBeijing,Republic of China (present-dayChina) (d.2018)
  • Giuseppina Tuissi, Italian resistance fighter in World War II; inAbbiategrasso,Kingdom of Italy (present-dayItaly) (disappeared,1945)
  • Elroy Schwartz, American television screenwriter and comedian known for authoring episodes of sitcoms created by his older brother,Sherwood Schwartz; inPassaic, New Jersey,United States (d.2013)
  • George Russell, American jazz composer; inCincinnati, United States (d.2009)
• Died:
  • Sodnomyn Damdinbazar, 48-49, Mongoliantulku, served as thePrime Minister of Mongolia (b.1874)
  • Jean Casale, 29, French flying ace with 13 victories inWorld War I; killed in the test flight of the four-engineBlériot 115 biplane (b.1893)^[83]

• TheNigerian National Democratic Party, the first political party in what was then the British African colony ofNigeria, was founded byHerbert Macaulay,Thomas H. Jackson,Crispin Adeniyi-Jones, Eric Moore and Egerton Shyngle to lobby for independence.^{[citation needed]}
• The FrenchChamber of Deputies debated whether to give the colony of theFrench West Indies to the United States as payment of war debt. Prime MinisterRaymond Poincaré said, "I never would permit such a proposal to be officially made to the French government."^[84]
• Lithuania's national soccer football team played its first international game, a 0 to 5 loss toEstonia atKaunas.^[85]
• Top hats, which had been out of fashion in Paris since the beginning of the war in 1914, made a sudden comeback among French men.^[86]
• Born:Cesare Romiti, Italian businessman, chairman of the board ofFiat Motor Company from 1996 to 1998; inRome,Kingdom of Italy (present-dayItaly) (d.2020)
• Died:Edith Södergran, 31, Swedish-language Finnish poet (b.1892)

• The Canadian province ofOntario held ageneral election in which theProgressive Conservative Party, led byHoward Ferguson, received a majority, defeating the incumbent PremierCharles Drury and theUnited Farmers of Ontario party, which had campaigned on a platform of prohibiting the sale of liquor in Ontario.^[87]
• Seven people were killed onAtlantic Avenue in theBrooklyn borough ofNew York City, and 70 injured, when an elevated train derailed and the locomotive and two railroad cars fell onto automobiles 35 feet (11 m) below.^[88] The disaster, the worst in Brooklyn since theMalbone Street wreck of November 1, 1918 (which killed 91 people), happened when abogie (also called a "truck", a set of the axle and wheels) from one of the trains broke off and smashed into the second car of the train.
• Born:
  • Jamshid Amouzegar, Iranian economist and politician, served as thePrime Minister of Iran from 1977 to 1978; inTehran,Qajar Iran (present-dayIran) (d.2016)
  • Sam Francis, American painter and printmaker; inSan Mateo, California,United States (d.1994)

• Prime MinisterStanley Baldwin announced that Britain would add 34 squadrons to its air force to give the country a total of 52. This was still smaller than France's air force.^[89]
• Okmulgee County, Oklahoma was put undermartial law by GovernorJack C. Walton to investigateKu Klux Klan activity.^[90]
• A large fire broke out at night in the northwest corner of theForbidden City.^[91]
• Died:
  • Edith Smith, 46, the first female police officer in the United Kingdom with full power of arrest; died of amorphine overdose (b.1876)^[92]
  • Oskar von Chelius, 63, Prussian Army officer and classical music composer (b.1859)^[93]

• The firstrefueling of an airplane in flight was accomplished, as U.S. Army Air Service CaptainLowell Smith and his co-pilot, Lieutenant John P. Richter, refilled the fuel tank of theirAirco DH.4 biplane from a hose lowered from another DH.4 plane. The two planes took off and landed fromRockwell Field inSan Diego,California.^[94] The successful refueling made easier the prospect of an airplane staying aloft longer without running out of fuel.
• Pope Pius XI condemned theoccupation of the Ruhr, taken by French and Belgian troops in Germany to secure payment of reparations. A letter was publicized in which he warned that it could lead to the "final ruin of Europe" and recommended that the reparations issue be determined by a panel of impartial judges.^[95]
• A fire inBeijing'sForbidden City destroyed the treasure hall and the imperial gardens.^[96]
• Four Scottish members of theLabour Party were suspended from theHouse of Commons when a debate over funding cuts at the Scottish Health Board became unruly. The fighting started whenJames Maxton said that the cuts directly caused the death of hundreds of children and calledSir Frederick Banbury a murderer.^[97][98]
• TheHouse of Commons of Canada voted unanimously to grant Dr.Frederick Banting a lifetime annuity of $7,500 to continue his medical research.^[99][100]
• Nikola Pašić, thePrime Minister of Yugoslavia, was slightly wounded in an assassination attempt inBelgrade. A Serbian bank employee, Millutone Raic, fired six shots as Pašić was leaving parliament. Pašić was able to enter his limousine and dropped to the floor, and sustained an injury to his hand.^[101]
• Born:
  • Miriam Boulotchnik London, American sociologist; inPhiladelphia,United States (d.2011)
  • Tesfaye Sahlu, Ethiopian comedian and children's author; in Kedu,Bale Province,Ethiopian Empire (present-dayEthiopia) (d.2017)
  • Gus Zernial, American professional baseball player, led theAmerican League inhome runs andruns batted in in 1951; inBeaumont, Texas, United States (d.2011)

• The first general elections in Turkey's history were held to pick the secondary electors in each precinct who, in turn, would elect the candidates for the 333 seats of theGrand National Assembly of Turkey. Although all candidates were approved by the sole legal political party in the nation, theRepublican People's Party, there was no limit on the number of candidates in a constituency.^{[citation needed]}
• Firearms inventorJohn Browning filed his patent application for hisBrowning Hi-Power semi-automatic pistol, with the name "high power" being a reference to its larger capacity, an unprecedented 13-round magazine.^{[citation needed]} Browning would die in 1926 before the granting in 1927 of U.S. patent no. 648,275.
• From his hospital bed in Oklahoma City, George Bigheart, one of the Osage Indian oil millionaires calledPawhuska, Oklahoma lawyer W. Watkins Vaughan and asked him to come to the hospital for an urgent meeting. Bigheart's physicians suspected that he had beenpoisoned, and Bigheart provided Vaughn with information about documents that would identify a murder suspect. Vaughan boarded a train that evening to return to Pawhuska, but never arrived home. Bigheart succumbed the next day, and Vaughn's body was found afterward beside the railroad tracks near the town ofPershing.^{[102][page needed]}
• Born:
  • Daniil Khrabrovitsky, Soviet Russian film director; inRostov-on-Don,Russian SFSR,Soviet Union (present-dayRussia) (d.1980)
  • Gaye Stewart, Canadian professional ice hockey player; as James Gaye Stewart, inFort William, Ontario,Canada (d.2010)
• Died:PrinceDevawongse Varoprakar, 64, Siamese prince and diplomat, served as theForeign Minister of the Kingdom of Siam from 1885 until his death; died ofsepsis (b.1858)

• Juan Crisóstomo Gómez,Vice President of Venezuela, Governor of the Caracas Federal District and the younger brother of PresidentJuan Vicente Gómez, was assassinated in his room at the presidential residence in Caracas, theMiraflores Palace.^[103]
• French Prime MinisterRaymond Poincaré made a speech in the French Senate indirectly responding to the pope's letter by explaining that "the only screw that we have on Germany is her desire to recover the Ruhr. We have no thought of annexation, and we energetically refute all accusations of imperialism. France does not wish to confiscate the Ruhr. We will keep it, however, until Germany has paid her debt." Poincaré also called the resistance movement in the Ruhr "active, insidious and criminal."^[104]
• Died:Gustave Kerker, 66, German composer; died ofapoplexy (b.1857)

• A time bomb exploded on a Belgian troop train just as the cars were crossing over theHochfeld railway bridge in the occupied Ruhr region of Germany. Eight Belgian soldiers were killed, along with two German civilians.^[105] Another 43 were injured. The bomb had been placed in a toilet of the car, which was transporting the Belgian soldiers home while they were on leave. The bridge itself was wrecked, and the mayor of Hochfeld and 12 other local officials were arrested by occupation forces as suspects in the crime.^[106]

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