June 24, 1922: German Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau assassinated by terroristsJune 8, 1922: King Alexander and Queen Maria marry in Yugoslavia's first and last royal weddingJune 22, 1922: Sir Henry Wilson, British Army Field Marshal, assassinated by terrorists
Rudolph Valentino appeared inLos Angeles court for a preliminary hearing on thebigamy charge against him. The courtroom was packed with spectators, mostly women, eager to see the screen idol.[3]
YPF S.A., anArgentine corporation for oil and gas exploration, production and distribution, was incorporated inBuenos Aires.[12] The company,Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales (Spanish for Petroleum Deposit Production) was the world's first oil company owned entirely by the government.
Eighty people were killed when the Argentine steamerVilla Franca exploded and sank off of the coast ofParaguay, nearHohenau.[13] The ship was transporting tourists fromArgentina toIguazu Falls when the blast took place at 1:40 in the morning, and "the vessel sank so quickly that the passengers had no time to dress or to get lifebelts."[14]
TheU.S. Supreme Court decided the case ofWyoming v. Colorado, a dispute between the two U.S. states overColorado's upstream diversion of waters from theLaramie River that served the water needs ofWyoming. The Court ruled that Colorado's use of the Laramie River was limited, but not entirely precluded, by the needs of people downstream.[citation needed]
Former German Foreign MinisterPhilipp Scheidemann, leader of Germany's Socialist Party, escaped an attack by young assassin while vacationing at theWilhelmshohe resort nearKassel. The attacker jumped on at Scheidemann's and threwhydrogen cyanide (commonly called prussic acid) at him. Scheidemann fired two shots at his assailant before being rendered unconscious, but recovered without injury.[16]
The collapse of two old buildings, both three stories tall, inLviv buried 40 people inside at the time. According to the dispatch in theAssociated Press, the buildings were "believed to have been shaken down by vibrations caused from a passing motor truck."[19]
The Soviet censorship agencyGlavlit (Glavnoye upravpezhny po delamliteraturi i izdatelst) or Main Administration for Literary and Publishing Affairs, was founded by decree of theCouncil of People's Commissars.[20]
Lillian Russell and her husband in 1922
Died:
Lillian Russell, 60-61, American stage actress and singer; died following an infection from injuries sustained on her return trip back from a fact-finding tour of Europe on behalf of President Harding (b.1860/1861)[21]
TheSoviet Union's first "show trial", theTrial of the Socialist Revolutionaries, began inMoscow for the 12 members of the Central Committee (led byAbram Gots) of the anti-BolshevikSocialist Revolutionary Party and 22 other members.[30][31] With three judges presiding in the traditional Soviet arrangement, the proceedings lasted until August 7. The 12 members of the leadership were all found guilty of conspiracy. Their death sentences were commuted, but all 12 would later be executed for different charges after theGreat Purge of 1937.[citation needed]
Polish-born American engineerJoseph T. Tykociner of theUniversity of Illinois gave the first public demonstration in the U.S. of a motion picture with sound recorded directly with the film. His wife, Helena Tykociner, appeared in the short motion picture saying "I will ring," and then ringing a bell.[35]
Li Yuanhong becamePresident of the Republic of China. After arriving inBeijing, President Li's first act was to appoint the former Chinese Ambassador to the United States,Wu Ting-fang, as the new Prime Minister, with Foreign MinisterW. W. Yen as the Acting Premier until Wu's arrival.[37] Premier Wu, however, became sick with pneumonia on his way to Beijing and died four days after the announcement, on June 23.
An afternoon storm inNew York City killed 45 people, including seven who were killed in the collapse of aferris wheel inthe Bronx. Gale-force winds as high as 100 miles per hour (160 km/h) began at 5:30 in the afternoon and lasted for 12 minutes before subsiding.[42][43] The ferris wheel at the beach atClason Point Park was 70 feet (21 m) high and had a 10 feet (3.0 m) high base when it was blown over.[44][45]
U.S. Army Captain A. W. Stevens set a new world record for highest parachute jump, while Lieutenant Leigh Wade, the airplane pilot who brought him aloft set a world record for highest altitude in an airplane. When the twin-engine Martin bomber reached 24,206 feet (7,378 m) at 1:05 in the afternoon overSpringfield, Ohio, Captain Stevens jumped out. During the freefall, Stevens's oxygen tank was torn off. He came down nearJamestown, Ohio after a descent that took half an hour.[48]
Joseph B. "Frenchy" Duret, a trapper and poacher who had settled north ofYellowstone National Park after emigrating from France to the United States, was killed by agrizzly bear which had been caught in one of his traps. His body was not discovered until the following evening. The story was covered in newspapers throughout the United States during the next several months. The meadows where Duret was buried became known as "Frenchy's Meadows".[49]
The draft of thenew Irish constitution was made public on the eve of the 1922 general election. Women would be given the vote and the controversialOath of Allegiance to the king was to be maintained.[53] The document was subject to the ratification of the parliament of the United Kingdom pursuant to the terms of theAnglo-Irish Treaty.[54]
Much of theAverne neighborhood ofQueens, inNew York City, was leveled by a devastating fire that left 10,000 people homeless.[55]The New York Times described the event as "fire that was disastrous in the extent of its sweep and left a whole city marveling that no lives were lost."[56]
GeneralChen Chiung-ming, formerly the governor of China'sGuandong province, capturedGuangzhou and announced the departure of Southern China's secessionist leaders, including PresidentSun Yat-sen.[60] General Chen said also that the former legislative members of the old Chinese government were in favor of plans to reunite the south with theRepublic of China's government atBeijing.[61]
TheDe la Huerta–Lamont Treaty was signed inMexico, providing for a plan for Mexico to begin paying the past-due interest on its government bonds beginning in 1923. Mexico's Finance MinisterAdolfo de la Huerta signed for his government and American bankerThomas W. Lamont signed as chairman of the International Committee of Bankers on Mexico (ICBM).[62] PresidentÁlvaro Obregón would abrogate the treaty on June 30, 1924 after $16,250,000 had been paid to the ICBM Bankers.[63]
Tornadoes swept through the northwestern part of the U.S. state ofWisconsin, killing at least 25 people and injuring more than 50 in the counties ofSt. Croix,Polk,Barron andDunn. The area hardest hit was in and around village ofPrairie Farm, Wisconsin, where 18 people died.[64]
English motoristMalcolm Campbell set a newland speed record of 134.75 miles per hour (216.86 km/h), but the international motorsport authority inParis refused to recognize it as official because it was not recorded with the specified electrical measuring devices.[67][68]
The New York Times reported that biochemistE. V. McCollum had isolated a new vitamin calledVitamin D which preventedrickets. Dr. McCollum told reporters that studies since 1910 had shown that there were at least three vitamins, labeled A, B and C, and that "Recently my assistants and I have demonstrated the existence of a fourth vitamin which is concerned with bone growth."[71]
TheU.S. Navy submarine tenderUSS Beaver landed atWake Island in the South Pacific Ocean, and surveyors led by Lieutenant CommanderSherwood Picking investigated the feasibility of making the island a strategically located fueling station to provide coal and oil for U.S. Navy ships.[72][page needed]
The regional legislatures ofChina's threeManchurian provinces, whereZhang Zuolin had attempted to establish a separate kingdom, sent telegrams to the Chinese government inBeijing, announcing that they were ready to reunite with the rest of China under the control of PresidentLi Yuan-hung withWu Ting-fang as Premier. On the same day, the military leader of southern China, GeneralChen Chiung-ming, sent a dispatch fromNanjing, that he was prepared for unification as well after having carried out a coup againstSun Yat-sen, who had operated a separate government.[74]
Edward, Prince of Wales returned toLondon after an eight-month tour of theFar East.[77] The Prince, who would become King Edward VIII in 1936, stepped off theRoyal Navy cruiserHMSRenown atPlymouth, where he was greeted by his younger brotherAlbert, Duke of York who would become King George VI upon Edward's abdication. The next day, he was cheered as his train passed by railway stations fromDevonshire to London.[78]
King Ferdinand I of Romania signed a general amnesty for 213 of 261 members of the Romanian Communist Partywho had been convicted of sedition in 1921. Excluded from amnesty were 48 of the defendants, who stood accused of high treason, military espionage or terrorist attacks.[79]
TheUnited Services Automobile Association (USAA), an American insurance and investment company that provides financial services to veterans of the U.S. Armed Forces, was founded inSan Antonio, Texas by 25 U.S. Army officers. The original name of the company was United States Army Automobile Association.[80]
U.S.President Harding told a delegation of representatives from thePhilippine Islands, headed byManuel Quezon, that the U.S. territory was not yet ready for independence that had been promised as an eventuality to the Filipino people. Harding said in a statement, "With reiterated assurance that we mean to hold no people under the flag who do not rejoice in that relationship, I must say to you that the time is not yet for independence. I can imagine a continued progress which will make our bonds either easy to sever, or rivet them more firmly because you will it to be so."[89]
PremierWu Ting-fang of China became sick with pneumonia while inGuangzhou on his way toBeijing and died, days after being appointed to serve as the new Prime Minister of a reunified China.[93]
London police arrested 20 men in connection with the assassination ofSir Henry Wilson.[95]
Walter Hagen the first American-born winner of golf'sBritish Open, achieving victory by a single stroke on 72 holes. Hagen finished with a score of 300, whileGeorge Duncan andJim Barnes and were tied for second with 301.Jock Hutchison, a U.S. citizen who had been born inScotland, had won the Open in 1921.[96][97]
Germany Foreign MinisterWalther Rathenau was assassinated outside his home in the Berlin suburb of Grunewald by nationalist extremists, while being chauffeured in a convertible to the Foreign Ministry inBerlin. Dr. Rathenau was reportedly struck by at least eight bullets, including one to the brain.[98] Three men in another car, driven byErnst Werner Techow, pulled alongside Rathenau's vehicle and one, Erwin Kern, fired at Rachenau with an MP 18 submachine gun.[99][100][101]
TheEnglish Ladies Football Association, the first soccer football league for women, held its first, and only championship. TheStoke team won the ELFA Challenge Cup, defeatingDoncaster & Bentley, 3 to 1, before 2,000 spectators in the rain atCobridge. Goals for the Stoke Ladies were scored by Daisy Bates, Elsie Stanyer and team captain Dollie Cooper, while Emma Smith scored for Doncaster.[103]
GovernorLen Small of the U.S. state ofIllinois was found not guilty by a jury inWaukegan after a nine-week trial on charges of embezzlement of state funds.[106] Upon his return home toKankakee the next day, his wife Ida suffered a fatal stroke during a party to celebrate the acquittal and she died a few hours later.[107]
After a standoff of almost two years, theUnited States granted an application forWestern Union to complete an undersea telegraphic cable betweenBridgetown inBarbados, toMiami in the United States, as part of a cable network to connectBrazil and the U.S. On August 4, 1920, the U.S. Navy had blocked a freighter from entering U.S. territorial waters until Brazil agreed to allow American businesses license to operate there.[109]
Died:Albert I, 73, Prince of Monaco and the nation's ruling monarch since 1889, died after a reign of almost 32 years. Albert, who succumbed to complications from abdominal surgery two weeks earlier, was succeeded by his eldest son, PrinceLouis II, who would rule until 1949. During his reign,The New York Times noted, Albert set up "the great gambling halls ofMonte Carlo that have carried the name of Monaco to every corner of the world."[114] He was also renowned as an oceanographer and won the Agassiz gold medal from the National Academy of Sciences in the U.S. for his work in oceanography.
A freak railway accident inGermany killed 26 people, and seriously injured 30 others, outside ofBerlin. According to reports from correspondents for the London Times and for theAssociated Press, an overcrowded train had "Trittbrettfahrerinnen", passengers who hadn't bought tickets and were standing on the outside on therunning boards outside the train cars and disaster struck when the train "was passed by another train going in the opposite direction" and which had a door that was swinging open. According to the dispatches, "The door swept scores of persons off the footboard" and "several of the dead were crushed under the wheels."[115]
Edward M. Fuller & Company, one of the majorstock brokerage firms in the U.S. onWall Street, went bankrupt.[116] Shortly afterward, both Edward M. Fuller and his partner, W. Frank McGee, wereindicted for "bucketing", essentially an operation for having customers bet on the rise or fall of the prices of individual stocks without any actual transfer of stock certificates or commodities.[117]
InDublin, theNational Army troops demanded the surrender of the anti-TreatyIRA garrison in theFour Courts. When the IRA rebels maintained their positions, the government troops launched an artillery attack, beginning theIrish Civil War.[120]
The French government made 100 hectares (250 acres) of land at Vimy Ridge (in theNord-Pas-de-Calais region ofFrance) available toCanada free of taxation, effective December 5, 1922, to be used for construction of awar memorial to the more than 60,000 Canadians killed inWorld War I.[2]
The Four Courts on fireU.S. flag over a seized Dominican Republic fort
There was an enormousexplosion, followed by a fire, in theFour Courts building inDublin after munitions were ignited by shelling at 12:30. A cease-fire order was given at 3:30 so that the injured could be tended to. TheIRA garrison, represented byErnie O'Malley surrendered to Brigadier General O'Daly at 4:00 p.m.[122]Rory O'Connor, who led the takeover of the Four Courts, was among 130 men taken prisoner.
The U.S. government agreed to end theAmerican military occupation of the Dominican Republic, which had started in 1916, and began making plans with Dominican officials to hold elections to establish a national government.[9] The last American troops withdrew in 1924.
Died:Tiny Maxwell, 37, American professionalfootball player and sports editor; died of injuries sustained in an automobile accident (b.1884)[citation needed]
^"Peking President Turns Over Office— Acting Premier Takes Control Temporarily—Li Yuan-hung Is Expected to Take Part".The New York Times. June 3, 1922. p. 3.
^"Dinosaurs Cavort in Film for Doyle— Spiritist Mystifies World-Famed Magicians With Pictures of Prehistoric Beasts".The New York Times. June 3, 1922. p. 1.
^"First Socialists Win Seats in Hungary— Government Suffers a Moral Defeat Despite Larger Majority in New Legislature".The New York Times. June 5, 1922. p. 1.
^"Shantung Treaty in Force— Ratifications Are Exchanged at Peking by China and Japan".The New York Times. June 3, 1922. p. 3.
^"Nacionalistas Hold Lead".The New York Times. June 10, 1922. p. 5.
^"Building Fall Kills Many— More Than 40 Buried in Debris in Lemberg, Poland".The New York Times. June 7, 1922. p. 16.
^Zile, Zigurds L. (1972).The Soviet Legal System and Arms Inspection: A Case Study in Policy Implementation. Praeger Publishers. p. 226.
^"Lillian Russell Dies of Injuries; Noted Stage Beauty of Years Ago Succumbs at Age of 61 After 10 Days of Illness".The New York Times. June 6, 1922. p. 1.
^"R. A. Ballinger Dies in Seattle".The New York Times. June 7, 1922. p. 16.
^"Turks File Protest Against Shelling by Greeks of Samsun".Austin Statesman. June 11, 1922. p. 3-6.
^"State Responsibility and International Claims".Digest of International Law. Government Printing Office. 1927. pp. 693–694.
^"Jugoslavs Rejoice at King's Wedding— Belgrade a Scene of Wild Enthusiasm and Gorgeous Color for the Ceremony; Rumanian Princess Becomes Queen, Uniting Three Dynasties by Marriage Ties".The New York Times. June 9, 1922. p. 22.
^Lincoln, Proctor (June 9, 1922). "100,000, Soaked by Rain, Greet New Serb Queen".Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 2.
^"Defy Soviet Court in Treason Trial— Defendants Challenge Moscow Tribunal's Fitness to Try Social Revolutionaries".The New York Times. June 10, 1922. p. 1.
^"Soviet Chiefs Stage Anti-Treason Show"; Thousands Out in a Moscow Parade to Denounce Kerensky Leaders on Trial".The New York Times. June 22, 1922. p. 3.
^"H. T. Oxnard Dies of Heart Attack".The New York Times. June 9, 1922. p. 1.
^"Ahvenanmaa pähkinänkuoressa".Ahvenanmaa – ahaa! (in Finnish). 2007. p. 3.
^"Wrote Boys' Stories; W. J. C. Lancaster (Harry Collingwood) Dead".The Gazette. July 4, 1922. p. 4.
^"50 or More Dead in City's Worst Storm; 40 Probably Drowned at Beaches; 6 Dead, 27 Hurt in Ferris Wheel Crash".The New York Times. June 12, 1922. p. 1.
^"Gale's Known Dead Now 45; 16 Missing; Total May Reach 75".The New York Times. June 13, 1922. p. 1.
^"Ferris Wheel Dead Now Total Seven".The New York Times. June 13, 1922. p. 6.
^"45 Known Dead in Storm; Seek 30 Other Bodies".Brooklyn Daily Eagle. June 12, 1922. p. 1.
^Sherwood, Robert E., ed. (1923).The Best Moving Pictures of 1922-23. Small, Maynard & Company. p. 3.
^"New Tokio Cabinet Has Strong Backing; Kato Assured of the Support of the Majority Party in Diet".The New York Times. June 13, 1922. p. 10.
^"Leaps 24,260 Feet, Sets Parachute Record; Drop From Zero Altitude Takes Half Hour".The New York Times. June 13, 1922. p. 1.
^"Helicopter Ascends 7 Feet at Trials; Apparently Successful Test Made in Maryland Before Navy Aeronautic Experts".The New York Times. June 17, 1922. p. 2.
^"Dr. Sun Flees But His Troops Fire on Canton".Chicago Daily Tribune. June 19, 1922. p. 1.
^"Marooned a Year in Ice Mountains of the Antarctic; English Explorers Return After a Perilous Winter in Hut on Graham Land Coast".The New York Times. June 20, 1922. p. 1.
^"Finds New Vitamin Is Bone Protector— Johns Hopkins Biochemist Announces Discovery in Searching for Cause of Rickets; McCollum Says Experiments Show Two Dietary Principles Operate in Cod Liver Oil; Vitamins Discovered in Meats".The New York Times. June 19, 1922. p. 1.
^Cressman, Robert J. (2013)."A Magnificent Fight": The Battle for Wake Island. Naval Institute Press.
^"Budget of Navy Passes; Marines Remain in Haiti".Chicago Daily Tribune. June 20, 1922. p. 6.
^"Manchu Provinces for Reunited China— Complete Downfall of Sun Yat-sen Also Helps to Make This Possible".The New York Times. June 20, 1922. p. 3.
^"Germans Occupy Silesia; Take Over Their Zone From Allies— Division Is Peaceful".The New York Times. June 22, 1922. p. 10.
^"50,000 Cheer Prince on Return to England; Plymouth Ablaze With Flags— London Demonstration to Welcome Him Today".The New York Times. June 21, 1922. p. 1.
^"29 to 40 Killed by Mine Strikers, Twenty Others Missing, May Be Dead; Governor Orders Troops Mobilized".The New York Times. June 23, 1922. p. 1.
^"5,000 Strikers Storm Illinois Mine, Forcing Surrender Under White Flag; 14 Reported Killed, Score Wounded".The New York Times. June 22, 1922. p. 1.
^"No Regret in Mine Field Over Massacre; Strikers Defend Attack, Blame Guards; District Quiet, Troops Ready to Move".The New York Times. June 24, 1922. p. 1.
^"Palestine Mandate Defeated in Lords— British Government's Policy Is Condemned, 60 to 29, Despite Balfour's First Plea There".The New York Times. June 22, 1922. p. 1.
^"Ex-Premier Jonescu of Rumania Dead".The New York Times. June 22, 1922. p. 12.
^"Field Marshal Wilson Assassinated by Irishmen Before His London Home; Dies Sword in Hand, Drawn Too Late".The New York Times. June 23, 1922. p. 1.
^ab"June 1922".Dublin City University. Archived fromthe original on March 28, 2012. RetrievedMarch 28, 2012.
^"Harding Won't Let Filipinos Go Now— Tells Delegation of Natives That 'the Time Is Not Yet for Independence.'".The New York Times. June 23, 1922. p. 1.
^"Berlin Police Name Ratheanu Slayers— Techow, Fischer and Knauer Officially Declared to Have Murdered Foreign Minister".The New York Times. June 29, 1922. p. 3.
^Dunscomb, Paul E. (2012).Japan's Siberian Intervention, 1918–1922: A Great Disobedience Against the People. Lexington Books. pp. 194, 204.
^Richard J Evans:The Coming of the Third Reich. A History, 2004, S. 181; Joachim Fest:Hitler, 2002, S. 160 und 225.
^"Acquits Gov. Small in Conspiracy Case; Illinois Jury's Speedy Verdict Evokes Wild Cheers in the Crowded Court".The New York Times. June 25, 1922. p. 1.
^"Gov. Small's Wife Dying from Apoplexy; Stricken on Return from Husband's Trial".The New York Times. June 26, 1922. p. 1.
^"Wm. Rockefeller Dies of Pneumonia; Ill Only a Week— A Founder of Standard Oil Company, Brother of John D., Succumbs at Tarrytown".The New York Times. June 25, 1922. p. 1.
^"Brazil Concedes Cable Rights to American Firms".Tampa Tribune. June 25, 1922. p. 1.
^"Company Blamed for Mine Murders by Coroner's Jury".The New York Times. June 26, 1922. p. 1.
^Wales, Henry (June 27, 1922). "Irish Told to Oust Rebels or British will".Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 4.
^"Prince of Monaco Is Dead in Paris; Monte Carlo Lessor Dies After His Second Abdominal Operation at 73 Years".The New York Times. June 27, 1922. p. 12.
^"Open Door Hurls Scores Under Wheels of Berlin Train".The New York Times. June 28, 1922. p. 1.
^"Fuller & Co. Fail, Brokers Vacating Office Overnight; Staff Arrives for Work Only to Find Jobs and All but Furniture Gone".The Evening World. New York. June 27, 1922. p. 1.
^Irwin, John T. (2006).Unless the Threat of Death is Behind Them. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 110.
^Martin, Lawrence; Reed, John (2007).The Treaties of Peace, 1919–1923, Volume 1. Clark, New Jersey: The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. p. lxiii.ISBN978-1-58477-708-3.
^Atassi, Karim (2018).Syria, the Strength of an Idea: The Constitutional Architectures of Its Political Regimes. Cambridge University Press. p. 90.
^"Battle with Rebels Rages in Dublin; Hold Firm Under Heavy All-Day Fire; Troops' Losses Hidden; 15 Outsiders Die".The New York Times. June 29, 1922. p. 1.
^The Polish Handbook, 1925: A Guide to the Country and Resources of the Republic of Poland. Eyre and Spottiswoode, Ltd. 1925. p. 77.
^"Irish Rebels Surrender Four Courts After Explosions Wreck the Buildings; O'Connor and 130 Men Are Prisoners".The New York Times. July 1, 1922. p. 1.
