June 22, 1912: Incumbent U.S. PresidentWilliam Howard Taft nominated ahead of former U.S. PresidentTheodore Roosevelt by RepublicansJune 8, 1912: Columbus Memorial unveiled in Washington DC
French troops killed 600 Moroccan tribesmen who had marched onFez to oppose theFrench Protectorate in Morocco. GovernorHubert Lyautey ordered artillery to be used against the lesser armed opposition.[3]
A premature detonation ofdynamite killed 18 men who were working on construction of the Canadian Northern road, near Lake Opinicon,Ontario.[6]
The first gasoline filling station in theUnited States to use an enclosed gas pump opened at Oak Street and Young Street inColumbus, Ohio, dispensingStandard Oil gas.[7] Gas stations had opened as early in 1905 inSt. Louis, with gasoline dispensed by "a hose from a tall tank."[8]
American pilotPhilip Orin Parmelee, 24, was killed in a plane crash while performing in an air show atYakima, Washington. Parmalee ignored requests to postpone his flight until heavy winds died down, and his plane dropped from a height of 400 feet (120 m).[9]
Official results of theparliamentary elections inBelgium gave theCatholic Party ofCharles de Broqueville, in power for 28 years without interruption, 101 seats and increasing its majority in the Chamber of Representatives. The Catholic Party also retained a majority in the Belgian Senate. The results led to protests nationwide.[11]
The first contest for a human-powered flying machine was sponsored byRobert Peugeot and attracted 23 entrants, none of which were able to leave the ground. Peugeot then offered a competition on July 4 for any plane that could stay 10 centimeters off the ground for a distance of 100 meters.[12]
Massachusetts became the first U.S. state to pass a law authorizing a guaranteedminimum wage; the law would take effect onJuly 1, 1913, provided only that a state commission would issue regulations. Eight other states followed in 1913, withUtah being third, but having its law taking effect first, immediately upon passage onMarch 18, 1913.[16] The Massachusetts law applied only to women and children, and penalties for its violation were light.[17]Oregon, whose law passed second, would become the first state to have orders implementing a wage.[18]
A group of 570 U.S. Marines landed inCuba atCaimanera, the first group sent to protect American citizens on the island.[21][22] After rebel leader Evaristo Estenoz was killed on June 27, the Marines would withdraw on August 5.[23]
After using "whistles, trumpets, rattles, or other instruments of the most discordant character" to shout down debates over the Army Bill, 75 members of the opposition party inHungary were expelled by police, leaving a quorum from Prime MinisterIstván Tisza's National Party, which passed the Army Bill.[24] By the end of October, Tisza's powers would be extended to allow him to send a guard unit to use force against Members of Parliament as necessary.[25]
Mexico's PresidentFrancisco I. Madero and the Standard Oil Company agreed to allow Standard Oil to operate in Mexico tax-free for ten years, and the rights to eminent domain over any private or public property it wished to obtain to support its oil fields in four Mexican states.[26]
TheNovarupta volcano was formed by an eruption inAlaska, dumping a foot of ashes atKodiak and on other villages onWoody Island, killing hundreds of people. The 200 inhabitants of villages on the mainland nearShelikof Strait were gone when the tugboatRedondas arrived. The villages of Kanatuk, Savinodsky, Douglas,Cold Bay, Kamgamute and Katmai were empty.[29][30][31] The revenue cutterManning rescued 500 survivors left homeless by the volcano.[32] This was the largest eruption of the century and produced 35 cubic kilometers of pumice, burying theUkak River valley to a depth of 200 meters within sixty hours; steam and gas persisted for decades in theValley of Ten Thousand Smokes.[33] The explosion was heard inJuneau, Alaska, 750 miles away, and spread an ash cloud of 100,000 square miles, with traces of dust found as far east asAlgeria.[34] Eruptions lasted until July 8.[35]
The tanker SSOttawa recovered the body of steward William Thomas Kerley, who died in thesinking of theTitanic. After identification, his body was buried at sea.[36]
Gyula Kovács, a legislator in the Hungarian House of Deputies, fired three gunshots at Prime MinisterIstván Tisza on the floor of Parliament, missed, and then shot himself. Tisza had just rid the chamber of opposition deputies and remarked, "Now that the House is cleared... we will proceed to work." Kovacs shouted out, "There is still a member of the Opposition in the House," while firing his gun before turning it on himself.[37]
A 7.0 magnitude earthquake shookAlaska at 9:26 pm, as eruptions ofMount Katmai continued.[35]
Died:Hubert Latham, 29, French aviation pioneer, was fatally injured by a water buffalo while hunting inAfrica. Latham had been with natives deep into theFrench Sudan, near the Bahr as Salamat andLake Chad on theChari River, when he shot the buffalo. The wounded animal then charged Latham, goring and then trampling him. News did not reach theFrench Equatorial Africa Governor-General, Martial Henri Merlin, until six weeks later.[39] (b.1883)
An Italian force of 12,000 soldiers were defeated by Turkish-Arab troops atZanzur in Tripolitania during theItalo-Turkish War, despite suffering between 1,000 and 1,400 casualties.[40]
The first annualAerial Derby took place, sponsored by theDaily Mail. Seven participants flying a single circuit of an 81-mile (130-kilometer) course, starting and finishing atHendon Aerodrome inLondon, with control points atKempton Park,Esher,Purley, andPurfleet. A crowd of 45,000 spectators paid to attend the event, and larger numbers of people watched the race along its route.Thomas Sopwith won the derby flying aBleriot aircraft with a time of 1 hour 23 minutes 8.4 seconds, winning £250 and a gold cup.[42][additional citation(s) needed]
GovernorSlavko Cuvaj ofCroatia escaped an assassination attempt by Bosnian law student Lukas Vukica. The bullet instead struck and killed a fellow cabinet minister.[43][publisher missing]
The body of steward William Frederick Cheverton, aTitanic victim, was recovered by the steamerIlford, then buried at sea. He was the lastTitanic victim to be recovered.[44]
Universal Pictures was incorporated byCarl Laemmle as the Universal Film Manufacturing Company, bringing together a consortium of seven motion picture companies: Laemmle'sIndependent/IMP,Powers,Rex,Champion,Centaur,Nestor andNew York. According to Bernard Dick, the original name of the company was going to be the Mutual Film Manufacturing Company, but Laemmle changed it after seeing a wagon of the Universal Pipe Fittings company pass beneath his window, inspiring him to drop Mutual from the company name and replacing it with Universal.[45]
Max von Laue presented the confirmation of the theory of the diffraction of radiation by a three-dimensional lattice (for which he would win theNobel Prize in 1914), describing the April 21 experiment by Walter Friedrich and Paul Knipping to theBavarian Academy of Sciences inMunich.[46]
Tsar Nicholas pardoned Kate Malecka on condition that she leave the country forever. Malecka had been sentenced to four years imprisonment for aiding secessionists inPoland, at that time the Polskoe province in the westernmostRussian Empire.[57]
Portuguese colonial forces laid siege to a rebel stronghold of 12,000 people in the mountainous region ofEast Timor, after successfully putting down therebellion in other parts of the country from April to May, 1912.[62]
Peace negotiations started betweenrebellious tribes around the Afghan city ofKhost and theEmirate of Afghanistan. Negotiations broke down later in the month and fighting resumed until August.[70]
Dr. Robert Bell won his libel lawsuit against Dr.Henry Howarth Bashford, who criticized his cancer treatment in theBritish Medical Journal, in the article "Cancer Credulity and Quackery." Dr. Bell brought the testimony of Drs.Paul Ehrlich andAugust von Wassermann, who testified that cancer could be cured in mice "by injecting into the blood stream a specific compound ofselenium andeosin."[71][72]
In the absence of opposition to Prime MinisterIstván Tisza's National Party, the Hungarian Army bill was adopted in theHouse of Magnates, 174 to 33.[19]
Dr. F. W. Forbes Ross of theUnited Kingdom announced that he had developed an anesthetic, consisting ofquinine and urea hydrochloride, which could eliminate pain.[73][74]
Twenty people were killed and 14 injured in a railroad crash atMalmslätt,Sweden, when an express train struck a freight train, on the three sleeping cars.[77]
U.S. PresidentWilliam Howard Taft vetoed the Army appropriation bill that had been passed by Congress with cuts of defense spending. It was reported thatSecretary of WarHenry L. Stimson had threatened to resign if the bill was not vetoed.[79][80]
TheSupreme Court of Canada held that theParliament of Canada could not pass a national law governing marriage, and that mixed marriages solemnized by a Protestant clergyman could not be outlawed.[19]
More than 60 people were killed inGuanajuato,Mexico after floodwaters swept through the town.[81]
The largest payoff in American horse racing history, according to theAmerican Racing Manual, took place when "Wishing Ring", at 941-1 odds, won a race at theLatonia Race Track nearFlorence, Kentucky. A $2 bet would have returned $1,885.50 to the bettor.[82]
Died:Julia Clark, the third American woman to receive a pilot's license, was killed in a plane crash at an airshow inSpringfield, Illinois.[83] Crashing into a tall tree while flying in a fog, she was the third woman to die in a plane crash, after Mme. Deniz Moore in July, 1911, and Suzanne Bernard on March 11, both atÉtampes,France.[84][85]
TheRepublican National Convention opened inChicago, with incumbent U.S. PresidentWilliam Howard Taft having454+1⁄2 delegates, former U.S. PresidentTheodore Roosevelt469+1⁄2, and 239 claimed by both sides. With a simple majority (513 of 1026) required to win the nomination, the awarding of the contested delegates was critical to the nomination. TheRepublican National Committee, controlled by Taft's supporters, would resolve 6 in favor of Roosevelt, and the other 233 in favor of Taft.[86]
The FrenchdirigibleConte and its crew of six ascended to a record height of 9,922 feet. The previous record had been 7,053 feet on December 7, 1911.[87]
An explosion at the Victor-American Fuel Company mine atHastings, Colorado, killed twelve coal miners.[88]
U.S. PresidentWilliam Howard Taft signed into law a provision that workers on U.S. government contracts would be limited to an eight-hour workday.[19]
NearDouai,France, Captain Marcel Dubois and Lt. Albert Peignan, each piloting a different vehicle, were killed in the first fatalmid-air collision between two airplanes, and only the second mid-air airplane collision in history. The first, on September 27, 1911, between Eugene Ely and Harry Atwood, did not seriously injure either pilot.[89]
Tennessee State University began its first classes, as the State Agricultural and Industrial Normal School, with 147 African American students in its first summer class.[90]
William D. Coolidge ofGeneral Electric laboratories applied for a patent for his process of treating brittletungsten with heat in order to fashion it into fine wire. U.S. Patent 1,082,933 would be granted in 1913.[91]
LieutenantJohn Henry Towers survived theU.S. Navy's first fatal airplane accident after Ensign W. L. Billingsly, the pilot, was thrown out of the plane at 1,700 feet. Towers, a passenger, was able to hold onto the plane and survived a crash landing, then set about to design the firstseat belt for an airplane.[94]
At theRepublican Convention, U.S. PresidentWilliam Howard Taft was nominated for a second term by a vote of 561 to 107, after 344 of the delegates refused, out of protest, to participate. The aggrieved delegates were primarily supporters of former U.S. PresidentTheodore Roosevelt, in a convention where the National Committee had resolved most delegate challenges in favor of Taft.Robert M. La Follette got 41 andAlbert B. Cummins 17.[97] Roosevelt left the convention and proposed to form a newProgressive Party. The nominating speech for the Ohio native had been made by Ohio U.S. SenatorWarren G. Harding.[98][99]
U.S. PresidentWilliam Howard Taft implemented the first specific regulations governing the proportions and design of theflag of the United States, with the signing of Executive Order 1566. The President accepted the recommendation of a committee, chaired by former U.S.AdmiralGeorge Dewey, for the new, 48 star flag, to be arranged in six rows of eight stars each. The most prominent design rejected was that of Wayne Whipple, consisting of a six sided star containing 13 stars, surrounded by a circle of 25 stars (for additional states admitted in the nation's first century) and an outer circle of 10 stars for those admitted after 1876. The 48 star flag would remain the standard until 1959. The ratio of height to width of the flag ever-after would be 1:1.9[104]
Astrike involving thousands of waiters and hotel workers inNew York City ended with most strikers heading back to work, in part due to strike suppression tactics by police and partial agreements of hotel and restaurant owners to some of the strikers' demands.[108]
AtAlcorta, in theSanta Fe Province ofArgentina, a crowd of 2,000 tenant farmers went on strike to protest high rents, inaugurating the first organized farm movement in Argentina.[109]
The BorneanBaillon's crake (Porzana pusilla mira), a subspecies of the waterbird Baillon's crake, was collected for the first and last time in Borneo, never located again, and is presumed to be extinct.[110]
Evaristo Estenoz, leader of the uprising of Negro rebels inCuba, was killed in battle.[115] The death of General Estenoz brought an end to the uprising, which resulted in the death of 3,000 black Cubans.[116]
TheItalian Army established its first air force, theBattaglione Aviatori (Airmen's Battalion).[117]
On the first ballot at the Democratic Party convention, former House SpeakerChamp Clark received440+1⁄2 votes,New Jersey GovernorWoodrow Wilson 324, Judson Harmon 148,Oscar Underwood117+1⁄2 and Thomas R. Marshall 31. Thirteen more ballots were taken without any candidate receiving the 2/3rds majority of delegates.[19]
The "Korean Conspiracy Trial" began for 123 defendants, mostly Christians, accused of inciting rebellion against the Japanese colonial government. On September 28, 106 would be convicted of treason and sentenced to terms of five years or more, although worldwide criticism of the unfairness of the trial would lead to the release of most of them the following year.[119]
Champ Clark moved closer to the Democratic nomination for President, when a shift of New York's votes gave him 556 of the 1,094 delegates, more than all of the other candidates combined, but still short of the two-thirds (730) needed to win.[120]
Thirty-five Arabs were sentenced to death by a French court for participating in November 8 riots inTunisia.[19]
On the 30th ballot,New Jersey GovernorWoodrow Wilson edged ahead of former House SpeakerChamp Clark for the first time, with 460 votes to 455, as theIowa delegation swung its support to Wilson. On the next ballot, Wilson's lead was 475 1/2 to 446.[122]
^"Viaduct Cars All Running: East Cambridge Folk Much Pleased. Seven Minutes Saved and End Put to Vexatious Delays. Few Paid Fares to Say They Were on First Cars".Boston Daily Globe. 1 June 1912.ProQuest502054556.
^Willis J. Nordlund,The Quest for a Living Wage: The History of the Federal Minimum Wage Program (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997) p. 14
^abcdefghijklmnopqrsThe Britannica Year-Book 1913: A Survey of the World's Progress Since the Completion in 1910 of the Encyclopædia Britannica (Encyclopædia Britannica, 1913) pp. xxviii-xxx
^Bill and Carol McGann."1912 Giro d'Italia".Bike Race Info. Dog Ear Publishing.Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved2012-07-10.
^"Warships to Cuba after Marines Land".New York Times. June 6, 1912.
^ "Fleet to Cuba; Marines Landed".Milwaukee Journal. June 5, 1912, p. 1.
^Robert T. Davis,United States Foreign Policy and National Security (ABC-CLIO, 2010) p. 32
^"75 Deputies Ejected".New York Times. June 5, 1912.
^András Gerő,Modern Hungarian Society in the Making: The Unfinished Experience (Central European University Press, 1995) p. 166
^John Mason Hart,Revolutionary Mexico: The Coming and Process of the Mexican Revolution (University of California Press, 1987) p. 246
^ "Blood Starts Hounds' Dash After Fiend Who Axed 8".Milwaukee Journal. June 11, 1912. p. 1.
^"Czar Frees Miss Malecka".New York Times. June 10, 1912.
^Massimo L. Salvadori,Enciclopedia storica, Zanichelli,Bologna 2000
^"Havana Reassured as Warships Arrive".New York Times. June 11, 1912.
^Layman, R.D.,Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1849–1922, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1989,ISBN0-87021-210-9, p. 13
^Geoffrey Lewis,Carson: The Man Who Divided Ireland (Continuum International Publishing, 2006) p. 97
^Gunn, Geoffrey C. (1999).Timor Loro Sae: 500 Years. Macau: Livros do Oriente. p. 183.
^"Congressman Killed by Train on Bridge".Milwaukee Journal. June 11, 1912. p. 1.
^"Roosevelt a Suffragist".New York Times. June 13, 1912.
^Alan Ruffman, Titanic Remembered: The Unsinkable Ship and Halifax Formac Publishing (1999), p. 38.
^Kalman, Harold; Roaf, John (1 April 1983).Exploring Ottawa: An Architectural Guide to the Nation's Capital. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 28.ISBN978-0802063953.
^Milburn Calhoun and Bernie McGovern ,Louisiana Almanac 2008-2009 (Pelican Publishing, 2008) p. 243
^Guillermo E. Alvarado-Induni,Costa Rica, Land of Volcanoes (EUNED, 2005) p. 77
^"Vote for Taft Was 561".The New York Times. June 23, 1912.
^"Harding Nominates Taft".New York Times. June 23, 1912.
^ "TAFT AND SHERMAN ARE AGAIN CHOSEN THE REPUBLICAN PARTY LEADERS —Roosevelt Forces Quit in the Face of Defeat".Milwaukee Journal. June 23, 1912. p. 1.
^"250 In River As Pier Falls".New York Times. June 24, 1912. p. 1.
^ "Rotten Dock Is Fatal to Thirty".Milwaukee Journal. June 24, 1912. p. 2.
^ "Niagara Pier Victims Number 39".New York Times. June 26, 1912.
^Higham, Peter (1995).The Guinness Guide to International Motor Racing. Guinness Publishing.ISBN0-85112-642-1, p. 194
^Michael Steinberg,Symphony: A Listener's Guide (Oxford University Press, 1998) p. 349
^"Cuban Rebel Chief Slain in Skirmish".New York Times. June 29, 1912. p. 5.
^Jay B. Haviser and Kevin C. MacDonald,African Re-Genesis: Confronting Social Issues in the Diaspora (Left Coast Press, 2008) p. 116
^Christopher Chant,Austro-Hungarian Aces of World War I (Osprey Publishing, 2002) p. 39
^"Chinese Premier Is Out".New York Times. June 28, 1912.
^Henry Chung,The Case of Korea: A Collection of Evidence on the Japanese Domination of Korea, and on the Development of the Korean Independence Movement (Fleming H. Revell Co., 1921) p. 161
^"Break to Clark on Tenth Ballot; New York Gives Speaker 90 Votes".New York Times. June 30, 1912. p. 1.
^Doug Lennox,Now You Know Canada's Heroes (Dundurn Press, 2009) pp. 110-111
^"Governor Wilson Passes Clark As More States Switch at Baltimore".Milwaukee Journal. July 1, 1912. p. 1.
^"First Presbyterian Church of Redmond", National Register of Historic Places Inventory -- Registration Form, National Park Service, United States Department of Interior, Washington, D.C., July 6, 2001.
^"History"Archived 2009-02-10 at theWayback Machine, The Historic Redmond Church,www.historicredmondchurch.com, Redmond, Oregon, September 13, 2009.
