June 1, 1901: Rockefeller establishes research instituteJune 8, 1901: Ivan Pavlov demonstrates conditioning experimentsJune 7, 1901: Carnegie donates millions to universitiesBaikal, a Pavlov dog
CaptainFrederick Russell Burnham, an American soldier of fortune who had joined theSecond Boer War to fight with theBritish Army, found himself surrounded by enemy soldiers while attempting to dynamite the Boer railroad line connectingPretoria toDelagoa Bay, fled on horseback, and was presumed dead after his horse was hit by a bullet fell on top of him. The next day, "when he came to, both his friends and foes had departed", but Burnham returned to the tracks and set off the dynamite charges to destroy the tracks, then took refuge in an emptykraal for another two days. When he heard the sound of distant gunfire, he managed to locate a patrol of men underMajor-General John Baillie Dickson's brigade, and survived. For his heroism, Burnham would be awarded theDistinguished Service Order.[4]
Boer GeneralP. H. Kritzinger captured the small city ofJamestown in Britain'sCape Colony. Pete Bester, a deserter from theBritish Army who had gone over to fight with theBoers, rode in to town and looted shops, the local hotel, and the city armory, then kept supplies from being delivered to the area for four months. Bester would eventually be captured and executed by the British for treason on November 24.[5][6]
Following up on the May 19 elections for the lower house of theCortes, voters inSpain cast their votes for half of the seats in the Senate, with the Liberal Party winning 117 seats, the Conservatives 56, and the other 24 members being drawn from other parties.[7]
One of the first arrests in America for driving a car too fast was made on 35th Street inChicago. A lawyer for American Steel and Wire was charged with driving 20 miles per hour (32 km/h) in an 8-mile-per-hour (13 km/h) zone. After initially being fined ten dollars, Grant protested that he would appeal, and the fine was increased to forty dollars.[8]
The BritishCape Colony was invaded by 700 Boer troops under the command of Commandant Scheeper, in attack on Willowmore. British forces drove theBoers away after a nine-hour battle.[1]
Russia's State Council approved a proposal by Interior MinisterDmitry Sipyagin to ease censorship restrictions on periodicals. Although a newspaper or magazine could be shut down if it got three warnings, a first warning would expire if a second did not follow within a year; and two warnings in a year meant probation for a two-year period, after which the record would be clear. "No longer would the threat of preliminary censorship ... hover indefinitely over a twice-warned periodical," an author would later note.[11]
Despite being outnumbered, 240 British troops under the command of Colonel Wilson surprised and routed a 400-man force led by General Beyer, in a battle 34 miles (55 km) west of Warm Baths,South Africa. The British casualties were limited to three deaths and 15 wounded. On the same day, Britain's General Elliot fought with the Boer forces of GeneralChristiaan de Wet atReitz, with high casualties on both sides.[1]
During a hunting trip in what would later becomeCoconino National Forest to collect specimens for theSmithsonian Institution, John McCarty, Commissioner of theArizona Game and Fish Department, was killed when a shotgun shell accidentally exploded in the barrel, fatally wounding him in the face. McCarty's body would not be located until August 19.[15]
Philanthropist and multimillionaireAndrew Carnegie transferred $10,000,000 worth of his bonds fromU.S. Steel to improve universities in his nativeScotland, with half of the money going to a scholarship fund.[1]
RussianphysiologistIvan Pavlov began demonstrating his experiments inclassical conditioning to two physiologists sent by theNobel Committee, Professor J.E. Johansson ofSweden'sKarolinska Institute, and Johansson's assistant, fellow physiology professor Robert Tigerstedt. Over the next ten days, Dr. Pavlov showed the two men his results in using a buzzer (rather than a bell) to trigger a salivation response with dogs. The two Swedish delegates were favorably impressed, and Pavlov would become the first Russian to win theNobel Prize, being awarded theNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1904.[18]
Charles de Foucauld, who would be declared amartyr of the Roman Catholic Church after his assassination in 1916, was ordained as a priest at the age of 43, and set about to become the first priest to serve theSahara. He would write later, "In Morocco, as big as France, with 10,000,000 inhabitants, not a single priest in the interior; in the Sahara, seven or eight times as big as France, and much more inhabited than was thought earlier, a mere dozen missionaries. No people seemed to be more abandoned than these."[20]
TheNew York Giants baseball team set a modern-day record of 31 hits and 25 runs in a nine-inning game against theCincinnati Reds. A crowd of 17,000 fans came to the game inCincinnati'sLeague Park, which only had seating for 3,000 people. As a result, "the overflow crowd ringed the outfield and crowded close behind the infield".[21] The final score would have been New York 25, Cincinnati 13, in front of a crowd of 17,000, but umpireBob Emslie finally declared the game a 9–0 forfeit because so many of the baseballs were lost in the crowd,[22] leading to a record for the number ofautomatic doubles in a game (14 for both teams), something that would normally "occur only once in 700,000 non-extra-inning games".[23] The Giants' record of 31 hits remains a record in nine-inning game, and would be tied on August 29, 1992, by theMilwaukee Brewers in a 22–2 win over theToronto Blue Jays. On July 10, 1932, theCleveland Indians would get 32 hits in 18 innings, in an 18–17 loss to thePhiladelphia Athletics.[24] The event proved to be the final game for Cincinnati pitcherAmos Rusie, who would later be inducted into theBaseball Hall of Fame.[25]
Sixteen men were killed in an explosion of thePittsburgh Coal Company coal mine atPort Royal, Pennsylvania. The dead included an assistant mine superintendent identified as a second cousin of PresidentWilliam McKinley, and a mine superintendent. A party of safety inspectors entered the mine the next morning and was injured in a second explosion.[26]
Despite the surrender of most of the Filipino insurgents, American occupation troops were attacked on the island ofLuzon, nearLipa. Three officers were killed.[1]
Robert Williams Buchanan, 60, English poet, critic and novelist. (b. 1841) A biographer would write later that "Although his literary and dramatic profits were substantial, Buchanan, who was generous in his gifts to less successful writers, was always improvident, and he lost late in life all his fortune in disastrous speculation. In 1900 he was made bankrupt. An attack of paralysis disabled him late in that year, and he died in poverty at Streatham ..."[27]
TheBritish House of Commons voted, 370 to 60, to approve a bill to provide an annual grant of £470,000 toKing Edward and his family for salary and expenses; the sum was £85,000 more than had been paid the year before toQueen Victoria.[33]
U.S. PresidentWilliam McKinley issued a statement that he would not run for a third term in 1904, putting an end to rumors that had started soon after his election to a second term seven months earlier. "I regret that the suggestion of a third term has been made," he wrote. "I doubt whether I am called upon to give it notice. But there are questions of the gravest importance before the administration of the country, and their just consideration should not be prejudiced in the public mind by even the suspicion of the thought of a third term." Speculation about a Republican candidate in 1904 includedVice-PresidentTheodore Roosevelt,GovernorBenjamin Odell ofNew York,GovernorShelby Moore Cullom ofIllinois, and SenatorCharles W. Fairbanks ofIndiana.[34]
Eighteen Australian soldiers were killed, and 42 wounded, in theCommonwealth's biggest loss of life during theSecond Boer War. The members of the 5thVictorian Mounted Rifles were encamped at Steenkoolspruit, near Wilmansrust, when they became victims of an attack by 140 men.[35]
Cuba became aUnited Statesprotectorate as the Cuban Constitutional Convention voted, 16–11, to accept thePlatt Amendment without any changes.[36] Earlier, the convention had voted 16–15 for the American-imposed legislation with qualifications, which was unacceptable to theUnited States.[37]
Gregorio Cortez, a Mexican-American tenant farmer living inKarnes County, Texas, shot and killed County Sheriff W. T. "Brack" Morris, after a gunfight erupted from a mistranslation of an interrogation between the two men over a missing horse.[39][40] Cortez was able to flee on foot, and eluded pursuit from two deputies. Two days later, Cortez killedGonzales County Sheriff Robert M. Glover and Posseman Henry J. Schnabel when a posse tracked him down to another ranch, then escaped again through the desert, prompting the largest manhunt inTexas history up to that time. Cortez would become a folk hero among his fellowtejanos of Mexican descent.[41][42][43] After his capture, he would be sentenced to life imprisonment, with some of the convictions reversed on appeal. He would eventually be pardoned in 1913.[44][45][46] In 1983, his story would be dramatized in a film,The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez.[47]
As his occupation of the BritishCape Colony continued, Boer GeneralP. H. Kritzinger issued a proclamation at Stormberg, authorizing his troops to shoot any black South Africans who were riding a horse without permission from an employer, regardless of whether the rider was armed or unarmed. General Kritzinger's reasoning was that such persons could be presumed to be British spies and that they were not entitled to a trial during wartime.[49]
The1901 Redpath Mansion murders occurred inMontreal as Ada Maria Mills Redpath, a 59-year old widow and her 24 year-old son Jocelyn Clifford Redpath, members of the prominent Redpath family were found shot to death in theirmansion onSherbrooke Street inMontreal'sGolden Square Mile neighbourhood. The police were not called and the family hastily convened a coroner's inquest and buried the dead within 48 hours.[50][51]
The Staten Island ferryboatNorthfield, with 995 people on board, was rammed by another ferry, theMauch Chunk. Although its hull was badly damaged, the ship made it to a pier under its own power, where the people on board were evacuated. By 6:30 p.m., only twenty minutes after it had been struck, theNorthfield sank in 30-foot (9.1 m) deep water.[54]
Sweden reformed its system ofconscription for military service, as the Parliament enacted new laws abolishing the "allotment system" that had been in place since 1683.[55]
The city ofNorwalk, Iowa, was incorporated.[57] Although it would have a population of only 315 people in 1910, it would triple in size during the1950s, and double again in the1980s. One hundred years after its founding, it would have almost 7,000 people, and over 10,000 by 2015.[58]
Sultan Kaikhusrau Jahan became the fourth consecutive female monarch of the Muslimprincely state ofBhopal inBritish India, attaining the title ofBegum of Bhopal upon the death of her mother,Shah Djihan, who had been crowned 33 years earlier upon the death of her mother, Sikander. The dynasty had been founded in 1819 by Sikander's mother, Qudsia.[59] Sultan Kaikhursrau Jahan would abdicate in favor of her son,Hamidullah Khan, in 1926, bringing an end to more than a century of women rulers in the Islamic principality.[60]
Frank Russell, a member of theHouse of Lords, was arrested forbigamy inLondon on charges that he had married an American woman while still undivorced from his English wife, Countess Russell.[62]
Students and teachers at the Forrestville Junior High School inChicago reported seeing the mirage inLake Michigan ofMichigan City, Indiana, some 25 miles (40 km) distant across the water. Despite the distance, the skyline of theIndiana city "was upside down in the lake but it was recognized by several teachers familiar with the buildings of the town", and students watched the unusual image for 90 minutes from 1:00 until it faded by 2:30.[63]
TheKlamath Indians deeded 621,824 acres of land inOregon (or 971.6 square miles (2,516 km2)) to theUnited States in exchange for $537,007.20 payment.[64]
Well-known Americanstagecoach robberBill Miner was released from prison inCalifornia after nearly 20 years behind bars. Although he discovered upon his release that "stagecoaches rarely carried great treasure anymore", Miner had learned techniques from new prisoners about how to rob trains. A little more than two years later, Miner would begin a new criminal career, partnering with two fellow convicts in holding up a train inOregon.[65] The "elder statesman of crime" would finally be put back in prison, at the age of 64, in 1911.[66]
Bill Craver, 57, American baseball player who was banned for life from the National League, in 1878, for participating in theLouisville Grays scandal (b.1844)
Anastasia of theRomanov dynasty, daughter ofTsar Nicholas and Grand Duchess of Russia, inSaint Petersburg. Anastasia, who would be killed with her family in 1918, was the fourth daughter born to the royal family, which still did not have a son at the time. Because of a law passed in 1797, after the reign ofCatherine the Great, a female could not inherit the throne and the Tsar's only living brother, Grand Duke Michael, was the next in line for succession.[67]
In celebration of the birth of his new daughter,Tsar Nicholas issued a general pardon to all students arrested during the student riots earlier in the year inRussia.[69]
InSwitzerland, it was announced that most of the original signatories to the Geneva Convention, including the United States, had accepted an invitation to confer on revisions to the international agreement on conduct of war.[71]
Samuel Langley andCharles M. Manly made a successful test of an unmanned one-quarter scale model of Langley's flying machine, the "Langley Aerodrome", keeping it balanced in several straight-line flights of up to 350 feet (110 m) along a remote stretch by thePotomac River.[72] However, the aircraft's engine overheated on each occasion and could not keep a sustained flight.[73]
The government ofNicaragua closed all three of its national universities and accepted the resignations of their directors.[71]
ThePhilippine Commission voted to make English and Spanish the official languages of thePhilippines for court proceedings, with the use of either being permitted. The regulation required that court records and briefs be printed in both languages.[74] However, none of the indigenous languages (including the two with the most speakers,Tagalog andCebuano) were official.
Honus Wagner, best known for being the subject of the most expensivebaseball card in history, became the first major league baseball player to "steal home" twice during the same game. ThePittsburgh Pirates shortstop, who accomplished the feat in a game against theNew York Giants, would finish as the leader in stolen bases for theNational League with 49, and be the leader in 1902, 1904, 1907 and 1908 as well.[76]
Charlotte Maxeke became the first black South African woman to receive a university degree, albeit not in her native land, where she was denied the chance at higher education. Advocates for women's education upon their return home, she and her husband, Marshall Maxeke, were both grantedBachelor of Science degrees byWilberforce University inWilberforce, Ohio.[77]
In the world of fiction, June 20, 1901, is the birthdate ofEdward Cullen, a perpetually 17-year-oldvampire who is a primary character in the bestsellingTwilight Saga of novels and films byStephenie Meyer. Cullen has been portrayed on film byRobert Pattinson, who was born in 1986.[78]
Seventeen people were killed inPaterson, New Jersey, after fireworks and dynamite exploded in a cellar beneath in the Walker Building at 440 Main Street. The blast, which happened at 12:30 in the afternoon, blew out the front of the A. M. Rittenberg store and set fire to the building, which included apartments for 12 families.[79] The disaster might have been even worse, because Paterson's Public School Number 3 was adjacent to the apartment building, and wreckage was hurled into the school, but most of the several hundred students had gone home for lunch.[80][81]
President McKinley issued an Executive Order establishing a civil government in thePhilippines to succeed the American military government, and appointed future U.S. PresidentWilliam Howard Taft as the first civilian governor.[82][83]
Japanese statesmanHoshi Tōru, formerly the Speaker of Japan's House of Representatives and the Japanese Minister to theUnited States in the late19th century, was stabbed to death by Iba Shotaro, a bank manager and former college dean.[84] Hoshi was sitting at a meeting of the Tokyo Municipal Council when Shotaro entered the chamber, armed with a sword, and stabbed him twice.[85] Shotaro wrote a letter afterward and said that Hoshi's "arbitrary and dishonest dealing and behavior" as chairman of the Tokyo City Educational Society had dishonored the office and had led him to resign from the organization; an historian would write later that "In this case, as in others which were to follow, much of the press and public sentiment was more generous to the assassin than to his victim."[86]
Thefirst waters from theColorado River arrived in theImperial Valley in the southernCalifornia desert,[87][88] 38 days after the diversion project had started on May 14, it what seemed at first to be a triumph for Canadian-born engineerGeorge Chaffey and investorCharles R. Rockwood.[89] who had invested in the construction of irrigation canals. Thousands of settlers would pour into the area to work on the farms that were created, and soon, "where open desert once stood, the new towns ofHeber,Holtville,El Centro,Brawley, andWestmorland took root."[90] However, Chaffey and Rockwood "had not reckoned with the inexorable tendency of a river to keep on doing what it has always done"[91] and within three years, the canals were clogged withsilt and many of the original farms were destroyed. Rockwood'sCalifornia Development Company would go bankrupt, and the problem of converting the desert would not be solved until the damming of theColorado River more than 30 years later.
Laura Secord became the first woman inCanada to be honored by a public monument, when a statue of her likeness was unveiled inNiagara Falls, Ontario.[92] During theWar of 1812, Secord (a native of theUnited States) traveled 20 miles to alert British forces of an impending American attack that would be thwarted at theBattle of Beaver Dams; her heroism went unpublicized until after her death in 1868.[93]
Ten days after a manhunt had begun forGregorio Cortez, who had killed two county sheriffs inTexas, Cortez was captured without incident, nearLaredo, when his friend, Jesus Gonzalez, led lawmen to his hiding place. During the period when Cortez was on the run, at least nine Mexicans inTexas were killed in reprisals.[94] Gonzalez received a $1,000 reward for the capture of Cortez.[45][95]
Flooding inMcDowell County, West Virginia, killed 36 people, primarily in the communities ofKeystone andVivian.[96] Initial reports placed the death toll from a Sunday morning downpour at "from 300 to 400 persons".[97]
Born:Chuck Taylor, American basketball player and salesman; inBrown County, Indiana (d.1969); his name continues to be immortalized on Converse tennis shoes.
Died:
Adelbert Hay, 26, American consul to theSouth African Republic and the son of U.S. Secretary of StateJohn Hay, was killed when he fell 60 feet (18 m) from a window of the New Haven House, a hotel inNew Haven, Connecticut.[98][99] The younger Hay had returned to the United States to become the private secretary to President McKinley. A graduate ofYale University, he died on the eve of the 1901 graduation ceremony.
Shortly before midnight, drillers struck oil in theOklahoma Territory, atRed Fork within theCreek Indian nation, only 30 days after the Creek National Council had ratified an agreement to cede its lands to the federal government.[100] The Sue A. Bland Number 1 well was a gusher, and transformedTulsa, Oklahoma, from a rural frontier community into a center for oil production in the United States.[101]
Clara Maass, an American nurse at the Las Animas Hospital inHavana,Cuba, volunteered to be bitten by a mosquito infected withyellow fever in order to further the search for a vaccine to prevent the fatal disease. "Having nursed hundreds of men successfully," a biographer would note, "she appears to have believed that she was immune," but would eventually die of the disease at only 25 years old. The hospital would be renamed for her, and she would be honored decades later as a martyr to the cause of medicine, on postage stamps issued in Cuba in 1951, and in the United States in 1979.[106][107]
After a two-day trial by the French Senate, Count Eugène de Lur-Saluces was found guilty of high treason and sentenced to five years' banishment from France.[109] The next day, two of the Senators, Louis Aucoin and Louis Le Prevost du Launay, faced off in a duel over de Launay's remark to a friend that Aucoin "c'est un grotesque". The two men met for the duel, which featured gunshots "being exchanged without result",[110] and a declaration "that the honor of the participants had been satisfied."[111]
The Inheritors, a "quasi-science fiction novel" byJoseph Conrad andFord Madox Ford (under his real name as Ford M. Hueffer), was published. Despite the fame of both authors, their first collaborative effort was a critical and commercial failure.[112]
Dev Shumsher was deposed after only 144 days asPrime Minister of Nepal, in a plot led by his brothers, who consulted with astrologers to arrange for the best time to carry out the coup. When Dev Shumsher arrived at the palace, an army contingent was waiting below, and the brothers askedKingPrithvi Bir Bikram Shah to announce thatChandra Shumsher was to become the new Prime Minister. The King declined, so another brother, Fatte Shumsher, shouted to the troops "We are deposing Dev Shumsher. Chandra Shumsher has become the prime minister and Maharaja from today. Offer him the salute." When the commanders refused to obey the order, a fourth brother, Bhim Shumsher, pulled out his revolver, pointed it at the King, and reportedly said, "Tell the army officers, and fast. Otherwise, we will be forced to shoot you." The King of Nepal complied, and told the commanders to salute the new Prime Minister. Chandra also forced the King, at gunpoint, to affix the royal handprint on the official document making him prime minister. Dev was exiled the next day, and Chandra Shumsher would serve as Prime Minister until his death in 1929.[113]
The Seventh National Bank in New York City failed, closing its doors only 40 minutes after it had opened. The order of closure byCharles G. Dawes, theComptroller of the Currency, after the bank officials were unable to give assurances that they would have $1,000,000 in cash by June 29 in order to make good on a loan to the Henry Marquand & Co. firm.[114]
Born:Merle Tuve, American physicist whose application of radio waves provided the theoretical foundation for the development of radar; inCanton, South Dakota (d.1982)
Prime MinisterNicolaas Pierson of the Netherlands and his entire cabinet resigned following theLiberal Union party's loss of seats in the June 14 elections.[71]
At theBritish Museum, a group of 25 distinguished scholars (Museum DirectorEdward Maunde Thompson and eight professors each from London, Oxford and Cambridge) met and resolved to form a society for historical, philosophical and philological studies, which would eventually be charted in 1902 as theBritish Academy.[116]
Lightning strikes across theMidwestern United States killed four farm workers nearBrazil, Indiana, who were struck by a bolt after taking refuge inside a barn[117] and "Ella", a performing elephant for theWallace Circus, during a stop inEau Claire, Wisconsin.[118] The previous afternoon, semi-pro baseball player Morris Carlson was struck and killed by a bolt while he was standing at first base during a game inMonroe Center, Illinois. Carlson, a first baseman for the visitingRockford team, had just retired the first Monroe Center batter and was struck while awaiting the next player.[119]
The world's firstsix-mastedschooner, theGeorge W. Wells, and the only other six-master in the world, theEleanor Percy, collided off the coast of Cape Cod in the Atlantic Ocean during fair weather.[120][121] Describing the event as "an astonishing coincidence", author Ingrid Grenon would later write, "One wonders what forces of nature contributed to this chance meeting. Whether it was the temperament of the evening wind, the alignment of the moon and stars or just plain happenstance, the two wooden ships crashed into each other."[122] Both had to be repaired in the Boston Harbor.
Francis J. Birtwell, a 20-year-oldornithologist and an author of numerous articles about species of birds, was killed in a freak accident while working on writing a book titledThe Ornithology of New Mexico.[126] Birtwell was on his honeymoon at theRio Pecos Forest Reserve nearGlorieta, New Mexico, and had used lineman's spurs and a rope to climb 75 up a tree to observe a bird's nest. As he descended, he got caught in a loop from the rope and was strangled to death in front of his wife and two witnesses.[127][128]
With theSpanish–American War and the Philippine insurgency at an end, the last volunteer troops in theUnited States Army were mustered out of the service. During the war, as many as 35,000 officers and men had participated in "volunteer units" in each of the states, and most of them had "returned to civil life". The Executive Order of disbandment was made under the Army Reorganization Law that had taken effect in February. At thePresidio of San Francisco, four regiments totaling 4,000 troops were retired from theUnited States Army in an afternoon ceremony.[129][130]
^"Boers Capture a Town".Chicago Daily Tribune. June 5, 1901. p. 5.
^Jooste, Graham; Webster, Roger (2002).Innocent Blood: Executions During the Anglo-Boer War.New Africa Books. p. 116.
^"Liberals Victors in Spain".Chicago Daily Tribune. June 3, 1901. p. 1.
^"Fine for Automobile Owner— Louis M. Grant Muleted for $40 and He Says He Will Fight It in the Higher Courts".Chicago Daily Tribune. June 5, 1901. p. 3.
^"Waldersee Reports Departure".Chicago Daily Tribune. June 7, 1901. p. 4.
^"Giants Make New Record".Chicago Daily Tribune. June 10, 1901. p. 6.
^Schell, Michael J. (2016).Baseball's All-Time Best Sluggers: Adjusted Batting Performance from Strikeouts to Home Runs.Princeton University Press. p. 214.
^Rains, Rob (2004).Rawlings Presents Big Stix: The Greatest Hitters in the History of the Major Leagues. Sports Publishing LLC. p. 134.
^Faber, Charles F. (2014).Baseball Prodigies: Best Major League Seasons by Players Under 21.McFarland. p. 205.
^"Sixteen Killed in Mine Horror",Chicago Daily Tribune, June 12, 1901, p. 3
^"Buchanan, Robert Williams", inDictionary of National Biography: Second Supplement, Volume 1, Sidney Lee, ed. (Macmillan, 1912) p. 247
^Craig, Robert D. (2011). "Cook Islands".Historical Dictionary of Polynesia.Rowman & Littlefield. p. 55.
^Kirk, Robert W. (2012).Paradise Past: The Transformation of the South Pacific, 1520–1920. McFarland. p. 236.
^Census of the Philippine Islands: Taken Under the Direction of the Philippine Commission in the Year 1903.U.S. Government Printing Office. 1905. p. 409.
^"Philippine Court in Office".Chicago Daily Tribune. June 18, 1901. p. 1.
^Garcia Berumen, Frank Javier (2014).Latino Image Makers in Hollywood: Performers, Filmmakers and Films Since the 1960s. McFarland. pp. 130–131.
^Andreas Müller, Lutz Becker,Narrative and Innovation: New Ideas for Business Administration, Strategic Management and Entrepreneurship (Springer, 2013) p. 97
^Donal Lowry,The South African War Reappraised (Manchester University Press, 2000) p. 108
^Roess, Roger P.; Sansone, Gene (2012).The Wheels That Drove New York: A History of the New York City Transit System. Springer. p. 235.
^Noll, Jörg E. (2005).Leadership and Institutional Reform in Consensual Democracies: Dutch and Swedish Defence Organizations After the Cold War.Cuvillier Verlag. pp. 130–132.
^Gouri Srivastava,The Legend Makers: Some Eminent Muslim Women of India (Concept Publishing, 2003) p62
^Shaharyar M. Khan,The Begums of Bhopal: A History of the Princely State of Bhopal (I.B.Tauris, 2000) p. 209
^"The South-African War and the Decadence of English Liberalism", by Theodor Rothstein, reprinted inDiscovering Imperialism: Social Democracy to World War I (BRILL, 2012) p. 233
^"British Peer is Held for Bigamy".Chicago Daily Tribune. June 18, 1901. p. 2.
^"See Michigan City in Mirage— Pupils and Teachers in the Forrestville School Enjoy a Perfect View".Chicago Daily Tribune. June 18, 1901. p. 1.
^Hume, James B.; et al. (2010).Wells, Fargo & Co. Stagecoach and Train Robberies, 1870–1884: The Corporate Report of 1885 with Additional Facts About the Crimes and Their Perpetrators. McFarland. p. 157.
^"May Use Spanish or English".Chicago Daily Tribune. June 21, 1901. p. 2.
^Judd, Denis; Surridge, Keith (2013).The Boer War: A History.I.B. Tauris. p. 207.
^Szalontai, James D. (2010).Small Ball in the Big Leagues: A History of Stealing, Bunting, Walking and Otherwise Scratching for Runs. McFarland. p. 25.
^Jaffer, Zubeida (2016).Beauty of the Heart: The Life and Times of Charlotte Mannya Maxeke. African Sun Media. p. 68.
^"Fireworks Hurl Many to Death",Chicago Daily Tribune, June 22, 1901, p. 1
^"Exploding Fireworrks Kill Many Persons",New York Times, June 22, 1901, p. 1
^"Seventeen Dead in the Paterson Disaster — All the Bodies Recovered from the Walker Building Ruins",New York Times, June 23, 1901, p. 1
^"Taft to Govern in Philippines",Chicago Daily Tribune, June 22, 1901, p. 4
^Paul H. Kratoska,South East Asia, Colonial History: Empire-building in the Nineteenth Century (Taylor & Francis, 2001) p. 374
^Richard H. Mitchell,Political Bribery in Japan (University of Hawaii Press, 1996) p. 20
^"Dies Under an Assassin's Blow",Chicago Daily Tribune, June 22, 1901, p. 5
^Robert A. Scalapino,Democracy and the Party in Prewar Japan (University of California Press, 1967) pp. 264-265
^Philip L. Fradkin,A River No More: The Colorado River and the West (University of California Press, 1981) p. 270
^Vicente Sánchez,The U.S.-Mexican Border Environment: Lining the All-American Canal: Competition Or Cooperation for the Water in the U.S.-Mexican Border? (Southwest Consortium for Environmental Research and Policy, 2006) p. 113
^Jeremy Clarkson,I Know You Got Soul (Penguin UK, 2006)
^Richard Steven Street,Beasts of the Field: A Narrative History of California Farmworkers, 1769–1913 (Stanford University Press, 2004) p. 475
^James Lawrence Powell,Dead Pool: Lake Powell, Global Warming, and the Future of Water in the West (University of California Press, 2008) p. 63
^Colombo, John Robert (2001).1000 Questions About Canada: Places, People, Things and Ideas, A Question-and-Answer Book on Canadian Facts and Culture.Dundurn. p. 63.
^Leavey, Peggy Dymond (2012).Laura Secord: Heroine of the War of 1812. Dundurn. p. 185.
^"31 Dead Bodies Have Been Found— West Virginia Flood Victims with Five Missing Will Number 36".Pittsburgh Post. June 30, 1901. p. 6.
^"Awful Flood in West Virginia Drowns Over 300 Persons".Chicago Daily Tribune. June 24, 1901. p. 1.
^"Adelbert Hay Is Dead".Chicago Sunday Tribune. June 23, 1901. p. 1.
^"Secretary Hay Near Collapse".Chicago Daily Tribune. June 24, 1901. p. 1.
^Michael Wallis,Oil Man: The Story of Frank Phillips and the Birth of Phillips Petroleum (University of Oklahoma Press, 2014) p91
^Clyda R. Franks,Tulsa: Where the Streets Were Paved With Gold (Arcadia Publishing, 2000) p. 8
^"Cailles, Juan", inThe Encyclopedia of the Spanish–American and Philippine–American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History, Spencer C. Tucker, ed. (ABC-CLIO, 2009) pp. 84-85
^"Filipino Leader Surrenders",Chicago Daily Tribune, June 24, 1901, p. 5
^"Cailles' Troops Take the Oath— Filipino General and 650 of His Men Surrender at Santa Cruz",Chicago Daily Tribune, June 25, 1901, p. 5
^"Maass, Clara Louise (1876–1901)", inThe Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives From Ancient Times to the Mid-20th Century,Marilyn Ogilvie andJoy Harvey, editors (Routledge, 2003)
^"Maass, Clara Louise", inThe Encyclopedia of the Spanish–American and Philippine–American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History, Spencer Tucker, ed. (ABC-CLIO, 2009) p. 351
^"Chileans Elect a President",Chicago Daily Tribune, June 26, 1901, p. 3
^"Count Lur Saluces Guilty— French Nobleman Accused of Treason Banished from the Country for Five Years".Chicago Daily Tribune. June 27, 1901. p. 5.
^"How Prof. Birtwell Died".Chicago Daily Tribune. July 1, 1901. p. 4.
^"Strangled in a Tree in Sight of His Bride— Prof. Birtwell Went for Bird's Nest and Rope Tightened Around His Throat".Pittsburgh Daily Post. July 1, 1901. p. 1.
^"Big Muster Out at Presidio".Chicago Sunday Tribune. June 30, 1901. p. 3.
^"Volunteer Army Is Mustered Out— Entire Force Retired to Private Life Within Time Fixed by Law".Chicago Daily Tribune. July 1, 1901. p. 3.
