2001 was the second hottest year on record at the time, which was amplified by the end of a years-longLa Niña phase. The Atlantic and Pacific tropical storm seasons were both more active than usual. The deadlyBhuj Earthquake took place inGujarat on January 26, while the strongest earthquake in 36 yearstook place in Peru on June 23. A potential health crisis occurred whena major outbreak offoot-and-mouth disease spread among British livestock, bringing about the deaths of millions of animals. Fourhominid species were described or proposed, and several major archaeological finds took place, including a set ofterracotta citizens near theTerracotta Army. Thepygmy three-toed sloth was also firstdescribed in 2001. The year had the fewest successful orbital spaceflights since 1963, with eight crewed missions. Successes in space exploration included the landing ofNEAR Shoemaker on an asteroid and the arrival of2001 Mars Odyssey on Mars.
Theworld population on January 1, 2001, was estimated to be 6.190 billion people and increased to 6.272 billion people by January 1, 2002.[1] An estimated 133.9 million births and 52.1 million deaths took place in 2001.[1] The average globallife expectancy was 66.8 years, an increase of 0.3 years from 2000.[1] The rate ofchild mortality was 7.32%, a decrease of 0.26pp from 2000.[2] 28.25% of people were living inextreme poverty, a decrease of 0.88pp from 2000.[3]
There were approximately 12 million global refugees in 2001. 500,000 were settled over the course of the year, but about the same number of people were displaced in other locations, causing the number of refugees to remain largely unchanged. The largest sources of refugees were from Afghanistan and Macedonia. The number ofinternally displaced persons decreased from 21.8 million to 19.8 million in 2001, with the most affected areas being Afghanistan, Colombia, and Liberia.[4]
TheSecond Congo War continued with theassassination of PresidentLaurent-Désiré Kabila on January 16.[6]: 29 The 1999 ceasefire was mostly respected by the government and the various rebel groups, and United Nations ceasefire monitors established a presence throughout the year.[6]: 30 TheAlgerian Civil War, theAngolan Civil War, and theBurundian Civil War all saw continued fighting between governments and rebels in Africa.[6]: 24–29 The latter began the peace process through a provisional government on November 1.[6]: 27 TheSecond Sudanese Civil War between the rulingNational Islamic Front and various other groups escalated in 2001.[6]: 37 This included a sub-conflict, theWar of the Peters, which continued into 2001 until a ceasefire was negotiated in August.[7]
Two failed coup attempts took place in 2001: a group of junior officers sought to overthrow PresidentPierre Buyoya in Burundi while he was out of the country on April 18,[8]: 218 andAndré Kolingba, a former president of the Central African Republic, led a military coup against his successorAnge-Félix Patassé on May 28, causing several days of violence.[8]: 249
Several conflicts continued in Indonesia, though theinsurgency in Aceh between the Indonesian government and theFree Aceh Movement was the only one to see widespread violence in 2001, as the war significantly escalated after the end of a ceasefire and breakdown of peace talks.[6]: 46–47 TheNew People's Army rebellion saw two ceasefires between the Philippine government and theNew People's Army, separated by a brief surge of heavy fighting after the assassination of a member of parliament. A ceasefire was also established with the nation's other insurgent group, theMoro Islamic Liberation Front.[6]: 49 In Myanmar, theKaren conflict continued, and theinsurgency of the Shan State resumed hostilities after a temporary peace in 1999.[5] TheTamil Tigers declared a ceasefire and requested peace talks during theEelam War III in Sri Lanka,[6]: 50 but hostilities resumed on April 25, and the Tamil Tigers launched several suicide attacks in July, including theBandaranaike Airport attack.[6]: 51 TheNepalese Civil War also saw increased hostilities in 2001.[5]
The only major conflict in Europe was theSecond Chechen War between the Russian government and the separatistChechen Republic of Ichkeria. Russian forces controlled the republic's population centers, but Chechen forces continued to useguerrilla warfare.[6]: 53 Macedonia saw a smaller scale conflict between the Macedonian government and theNational Liberation Army (NLA), which sought reform for the status of Albanian people in Macedonia.[9] Thedeployment of NATO peacekeeping forces to Macedonia was authorized on August 21.[10] Yugoslavia similarly sawan insurgency by Albanian rebels, but the conflict did not escalate.[6]: 53 The only major conflict in South America was theColombian conflict between the Colombian government and various far-left and far-right groups.[6]: 58 TheUnited Self-Defense Forces of Colombia expanded into Ecuador in 2001 and carried out attacks on Ecuadorian citizens.[6]: 60
The2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff was the only conflict between two national governments in 2001.[5] The territorial dispute over the region ofKashmir consisted primarily of small scale attacks by militant groups until two attacks on Indian legislature buildings: onein October and onein December. The latter provoked a major escalation of troop deployments with preparations for a major war.[6]: 46
TheSecond Intifada continued from the previous year between Israel and Palestine.[6]: 55 The conflict escalated into an undeclared war in which Palestinian militants targeted Israeli civilians with weapons and suicide bombers with the Israeli military responding with fighter jets and missile strikes against Palestinians.[11]: 279 Every ceasefire ended within a day of its establishment.[6]: 56
TheAfghan Civil War between thede jureNorthern Alliance government and thede factoTaliban government continued from previous years.[6]: 39 When the Taliban refused to extradite Al-Qaeda leaderOsama bin Laden, the United States led amulti-national coalition in an invasion of Afghanistan on 7 October.[6]: 41 The American-led coalition and the Northern Alliance captured Afghan cities until the Talibansurrendered to the Northern Alliance inKandahar on December 6.[6]: 42 The American-led coalitionattacked the Al-Qaeda headquarters inTora Bora in December, but Al-Qaeda's leadership had gone into hiding. An interim government of Afghanistan led by Hamid Karzai was formed on December 22.[6]: 42–43
Prominent renovations made in 2001 include theQueen Elizabeth II Great Court in theBritish Museum[11]: 163 and the entrance wing of theMilwaukee Art Museum.[11]: 164 Preservation efforts were also completed on theLeaning Tower of Pisa, and it reopened to the public on December 15 after 12 years of reconstruction.[16] Damaged and destroyed buildings included theWorld Trade Center buildings which were destroyed in the September 11 attacks,[15]: 527 and the Biblioteca Gallardo in El Salvador, which was destroyed in an earthquake.[11]: 232
The49th Venice Biennale shifted from traditional paintings and sculptures, giving an increased focus to film and architectural sculpture.[15]: 525 [11]: 167 Avant-garde works of art sold well, with the highest earning beingGerhard Richter's painting of candles, which sold for US$5.4 million.[15]: 525 A decline in the fashion industry was exacerbated by the September 11 attacks; styles with military or otherwise violent iconography were phased out.[11]: 219–220
Improvements ininkjet printing made high resolution photography more practical. Japanese photographerHiroshi Sugimoto exhibited his photographs of wax statues of historical figures to provoke questions about the nature of artistic depiction.[11]: 171 Several iconic works ofphotojournalism were produced during the September 11 attacks, includingThe Falling Man andRaising the Flag at Ground Zero.[17]Fritz Koenig'sSphere was the only artwork to be recovered from the site, and the sculpture continued to be displayed in its damaged form as a memorial.[18]
Many sports events were postponed in the final months of 2001 after the September 11 attacks, particularly in the United States. Other sports were postponed in the United Kingdom and Ireland because of foot-and-mouth disease. Throughout the year,Salt Lake City, Utah, prepared for the2002 Winter Olympics, whileBeijing was announced as the host of the2008 Summer Olympics.[11]: 316
Qualifications for the2002 FIFA World Cup were the main football events in 2001.[15]: 534 The world record for largest victory in an international football match was set byAustralia in a0–22 victory againstTonga on April 9. Australia set this record again with a31–0 victory againstAmerican Samoa on April 11. The unbalanced nature of these matches prompted changes to theFIFA qualification process.[38][39] In Europe, theUEFA Women's Cup began its first season, establishing a continent-wide women's league for association football under theUEFA.[40]
American tennis playersJennifer Capriati andVenus Williams shared the four Grand Slam tournaments,[11]: 316 whilst France won theDavis Cup for the 9th time.[41]NASCAR driverDale Earnhardt, described as the greatest driver in the sport's history, died in acrash during the2001 Daytona 500 on February 18.[11]: 316 [42] In April, golf playerTiger Woods became the only player to achieve a "Tiger Slam" after winning the2001 Masters Tournament, in which he consecutively won all four championship golf titles outside of a single calendar year.[43] The "Thunder in Africa" boxing match ended in a majorupset afterHasim Rahman defeated championLennox Lewis on April 22. Lewis would go on to win a rematch on November 11.[15]: 536 [44] In cricket, Australia's record-setting streak of sixteen Test victories in a row was broken by India.[15]: 537
Aminor economic decline took place among many developed economies in 2001.[45] It was amplified by thedot-com crash, in whichdot-com companies went out of business every day for much of the year due to an overvaluation of the tech industry.[45][46] Further economic disruption occurred in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks.[45] These factors gave the first major demonstration of globalization causing mutual downturn across nations rather than the more typical mutual growth.[47]: 7 Global growth in 2001 was the lowest in a decade, though middle income countries such as those in Eastern Europe were able to sustain growth despite the global downturn.[47]: 30 Unemployment anddeflation became concerns across developed nations.[47]: 3 The year also marked a decline ininternational trade by about 1.5%, which contrasted with the 11% increase in 2000. This was the first negative change in international trade since 1982. IT industries and the dot-com crash are attributed for the decline in trade.[48]
Economic crises took placein Argentina andin Turkey.[47]: 16 The recession in Argentina negatively affected the economy throughout Latin America,[47]: 37 and the years-long economic crisis reached its peak in December, causing widespread social unrest and the resignation of the President of Argentina.[15]: 16 [49] America Online (AOL), a U.S. online service provider, was at the apex of its popularity and purchased the media conglomerateTime Warner. The deal was announced on January 10, in the largest merger in history at that time. AOL would rapidly shrink thereafter, partly due to the decline ofdial-up and rise ofbroadband, and the deal would fall apart before the end of the decade, which would be regarded as one of the world's greatest business failures.[50][51]
Major businesses that ended operations in 2001 included the American energy companyEnron and the national airlines of Belgium and Switzerland (Sabena andSwissair, respectively).[11]: 189 TheEnron scandal took place in October 2001 when, Enron was found to be committing fraud, bringing about the criminal conviction of several executives and causing the company to undergo the largest bankruptcy at that point in U.S. history.[52]E-commerce declined in 2001, with the exception ofeBay, which saw significant growth.[11]: 178
2001 was the second hottest year on record at the time, exceeded only by1998.[53] TheIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change released itsThird Assessment Report on July 12.[11]: 213 It warned that climate change in the 21st century could cause decreases incrop yields and an increase in temperature-related ailments and deaths.[54] Droughts occurred in Australia, Central America, Kenya, and the Middle East, the latter continuing from years prior. Hungary, Russia and Southeast Asia experienced significant rains, causing flooding.North Asia underwent a severe winter.[53]La Niña, which had been ongoing since 1998, ended in the east Atlantic by April 2001.[11]: 186
TheKyoto Protocol was weakened in March when President George W. Bush determined that the United States would relinquish its commitments to the agreement, but an effort to maintain the agreement in Europe was led by Germany.[15]: 486–487 There was an environmental scare in Europe during an investigation into depleted uranium from theKosovo War, but it was shown to pose no threat.[15]: 485 TheStockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, which restricted several organic pollutants, was signed on May 22 and 23.[15]: 491
There were four earthquakes in 2001 that caused significant casualties. El Salvador was struck by two of them:a 7.6-magnitude earthquake on January 13 anda 6.6-magnitude earthquake on February 13, which resulted in the deaths of at least 944 and 315 people respectively.[55][56]The Bhuj earthquake, a 7.7-magnitude earthquake inGujarat, India, on January 26 killed between 13,805 and 20,023 people, and destroyed nearly 340,000 buildings.[57][58]An 8.4-magnitude earthquake, then the strongest that had occurred globally since1965, killed at least 77 people in Peru on June 23.[59]A 7.8-magnitude earthquake struck China with anepicenter nearKokoxili, close to the border betweenQinghai andXinjiang, on November 14, but it occurred in a sparsely populated mountainous region and there were no casualties.[60] Sicily saw the eruption ofMount Etna, beginning on July 17 and continuing into the next month.[11]: 185
TheWorld Health Organization (WHO) began a five-year program to reduceroad injury fatalities following a warning of the problem's severity by theRed Cross the previous year.[63] The WHO's Commission on Macroeconomics and Health released a report in 2001 detailing how spending by developed nations could protect health in developing nations.[64] New drugs developed in 2001 includeimatinib to treat cancer, andnateglinide to treat diabetes.[11]: 224 2001 saw the first self-containedartificial heart implanted in a patient.[11]: 25
Outbreaks ofcholera occurred in Chad, India, Pakistan, Tanzania, South Africa, and throughout Western Africa; outbreaks ofyellow fever took place in Brazil, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, and Peru; and outbreaks ofmeningococcal disease occurred in theAfrican meningitis belt as well as Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Ethiopia. Other major disease outbreaks includedCrimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever in Kosovo and Pakistan,measles in India and South Korea,Legionnaires' disease in Spain and Norway,dengue fever in Venezuela, andplague in Zambia.[11]: 223 Spain's outbreak of Legionnaires' disease was the largest ever recorded, with 449 confirmed cases and more than 800 suspected ones.[65] Anebola outbreak continued from 2000 in Uganda until the final case was diagnosed on January 16.[66] Another outbreak occurred in Gabon and the Republic of the Congo in October, which continued until July 2002.[67] Anoutbreak offoot-and-mouth disease occurred among livestock in the United Kingdom in 2001, resulting in millions of farm animals being slaughtered to prevent spread.[68][11]: 153–155
Approximately 400,000 people inNew York City were exposed toair pollution bycarcinogens and other harmful particles such as asbestos and metals as a result of theSeptember 11 attacks, and many would go on to suffer chronic illness as a result of exposure.[69] A series ofanthrax attacks against American government and media figures in October further spurred precautions against bioterrorism.[11]: 222
Freedom House recognized 63% of national governments as electoral democracies by the end of 2001, with the Gambia and Mauritania being recognized as democracies following peaceful transfers of power. Peru also saw a significant expansion of civil rights after emerging from the authoritarian rule ofAlberto Fujimori. Argentina, Liberia, Trinidad and Tobago, and Zimbabwe underwent significantdemocratic backsliding in 2001, with Liberia and Zimbabwe recognized as authoritarian governments by the end of the year. 64.65% of the world's population lived in countries that generally respected human rights, while 35.35% lived in countries that denied political rights and civil liberties.[70]
Islamic terrorism became the predominant global political concern amidst the September 11 attacks and the War on Terror.Islamic extremism was identified as a major threat to democracy and human rights, both in theMuslim world through the implementation ofIslamism and in the rest of the world through terrorism.[70][undue weight? –discuss]Racial discrimination, the ability to prosecute human rights violators, the number of refugees, and the problems of economic disadvantage were among the global human rights concerns that were given the most attention in 2001.[11]: 312
TheIslamic State of Afghanistan was thede jure government of Afghanistan in 2001, but for several years it had operated as agovernment in exile while the Taliban-ledIslamic Emirate of Afghanistan heldde facto control over most of the country.[71] The Islamic State of Afghanistan was restored to power following the invasion of Afghanistan with the appointment of president Hamid Karzai on December 22.[6]: 43
In response to the September 11 attacks, the United States passed the controversialPatriot Act that granted the U.S. government significant surveillance powers.[46] Ghana underwent its first peaceful transfer of power since 1979 whenJohn Kufuor was sworn in asPresident of Ghana on January 7.[74] The Netherlands became the first modern country to legalizesame-sex marriage on April 1.[75] Theroyal family of Nepal waskilled on June 1 by Crown PrinceDipendra, who became king upon his father's death. Dipendra fell into a coma after shooting himself, and he died days later. He in turn was succeeded by his uncleGyanendra.[72]: 72–73 TheConstitution of the Comoros wasamended on December 24, creating a federal government with a rotating presidency and granting increased autonomy to the three island administrations.[76]
Anti-globalization activists burning a military vehicle outside of the27th G8 summit
Two major regional organizations were announced in 2001. TheAfrican Union was established on May 26 as a pan-African forum to promote unity between African countries, including cooperation in economic and security issues, and would replace theOrganisation of African Unity in 2002.[77] TheShanghai Cooperation Organisation was announced on June 15 to facilitate political and economic cooperation between Asian countries.[78] Three countries joined theWorld Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001: Lithuania on May 31,[79] Moldova on July 26,[80] and China on December 11.[81] The WTO began theDoha Development Round in November to negotiate lower trade barriers between countries and integrate developing nations into the global economy.[47]: 18
TheWorld Conference against Racism 2001 began on August 31, inDurban, South Africa, under the auspices of theUnited Nations.[82] Israel and the United States withdrew from the conference on September 3 over objections to a draft resolution document equatingZionism with racism and singling out the Jewish state for war crimes.[83] TheAarhus Convention took effect on October 30, establishing the right to environmental information andenvironmental justice for European and Central Asian countries.[84] The27th G8 summit was marred by anti-globalization protests inGenoa, Italy. Massive demonstrations, drawing an estimated 200,000 people, were held against the meeting. One demonstrator,Carlo Giuliani, was killed by a policeman, and several others were injured.[72]: 76 [failed verification] The September 11 attacks demonstrated a need for international law to address terrorism and other non-state actors, and a push by UN Secretary GeneralKofi Annan in November saw progress in multiple international treaties.[15]: 491 TheConvention on Cybercrime, the first international treaty to addresscybercrime, was signed on November 23.[85]
Diplomatic disputes in 2001 included adiplomatic incident when an Americanspy plane and a Chinesefighter plane collided over the South China Sea,[72]: 70–71 and a dispute between Japan and North Korea when the North Korean leader's son,Kim Jong-nam, attempted to sneak intoTokyo Disneyland.[72]: 76 Achievement tests and stricter penalties against delinquent students became controversial educational practices in several countries.[11]: 206
TheInternational Court of Justice heard two new cases in 2001: Liechtenstein challenged Germany's claim that Lichtenstein property had been seized from Germany during World War II, and Nicaragua brought a challenge against Colombia regarding maritime borders. It delivered judgement in a 1991 case of a territorial dispute between Bahrain and Qatar, and it ruled in a German challenge against the United States that the court's own provisional orders are binding.[15]: 492
Two women walk past the cavity where theBuddhas of Bamiyan used to stand before being destroyed by theTaliban.
The religiously motivated September 11 attacks came to dominate global discourse about religion in 2001.[11]: 300 Following the attacks, bothreligious tolerance andreligious intolerance came to the fore, with an increase inIslamophobia, particularly in the United States and Europe.[86][87] The imposition of religious law became a major subject of debate, particularly in Afghanistan, where the perpetrators of the attacks were protected by the fundamentalist Taliban, as well as Nigeria, where conflict between Christians and Muslims escalated amid the implementation of Islamic law.[11]: 300 Prior to the attacks, the Taliban had incited a different religious controversy by destroying theBuddhas of Bamiyan despite the international community's pleas.[72]: 76 Another religious conflict took place inKhartoum, Sudan, when Christians were forcibly expelled from the Anglican cathedral during Easter services.[15]: 470
Pope John Paul II made trips throughout 2001 to preach for good relations with other religions: he became the first pope to visit a mosque in Syria to build relations with Muslims, and he visited Greece to build relations with Orthodox Christians. Relations between Catholicism and Judaism were strained following a dispute over the release of Holocaust records held by the Vatican.[11]: 300–301 The Pope named 37 cardinals on January 21, bringing the total number to 128.[15]: 469 TheCatholic Church also began investigations ofsexual abuse cases among its priests in 2001, with 3,000 cases being considered over the following decade.[88] The subject of women's ordination was also a subject of debate within the Catholic Church.[15]: 470
The duodecennial Hindu pilgrimage and festivalKumbh Mela was held for 42 days in January and February 2001.[11]: 308 A 50-square-mile (130 km2)tent city was created withinAllahabad to support the festival.[15]: 471 TheSultan Qaboos Grand Mosque in Oman was completed in May. At the time, its chandelier was the largest in the world.[89]Jediism became a social phenomenon in 2001 after amovement to self-report as Jedi caused it to become the fourth largest religion in the United Kingdom and the second largest religion in New Zealand.[90]
Several anthropological and archaeological developments were made in 2001, including the extraction ofmtDNA from prehistoric skeletons[11]: 158 and the discovery of anarrowhead lodged in the shoulder ofÖtzi, a 5,300-year-old mummy, after aCT scan was performed on him.[72]: 128 Newly described hominids includedSahelanthropus[91] andArdipithecus, while two additional hominids,Kenyanthropus andOrrorin, were proposed.[11]: 158–159 January saw the extraction of DNA from a 60,000-year-old skeleton, the oldest human DNA to be studied to that point.[15]: 480 In October, the discovery of a prehistoricSarcosuchus skeleton was announced after digging began the previous year.[72]: 125 Archaeological discoveries includerock art inAndros, 40,000-year-old tools inMamontovaya Kurya,terracotta citizens in a pit adjacent to theTerracotta Army, a walled city atDholavira, and a 2,900-year-oldsweat lodge inCuello.[11]: 160–162
There were only 57 successful orbital spaceflights in 2001, the fewest since 1963. Eight of these launches were crewed missions. Two failed spaceflights also took place.[95] TheNEAR Shoemaker made the first successful landing of a spacecraft on an asteroid on February 12, and theDestiny module was connected to theInternational Space Station the same month.[15]: 474–475 The RussianMir space station wasdeorbited and destroyed on March 23, landing in the Pacific Ocean.[72]: 126 The2001 Mars Odyssey orbiter was launched on April 7 and arrived at Mars on October 24.[96] American entrepreneurDennis Tito became the firstspace tourist on April 28 aboard the RussianSoyuz TM-32.[97]28978 Ixion was discovered on May 22.[98] TheGenesis probe was launched on August 8 to collectsolar wind samples.[99]Deep Space 1 carried out a flyby ofComet Borrelly on September 22,[100] andGalileo carried out a flyby ofIo on October 15.[101] An atmosphere was discovered on anexoplanet for the first time on November 27.[102]
Air travel in the United States and worldwide was heavily affected by the September 11 attacks. Commercial flights in the United States were grounded for three days,[103] and air travel then became subject to significantly increased security measures.[104]Incheon International Airport opened inIncheon on March 22, and theTGV Mediterranee railway opened in France.[11]: 166 TheK-141Kursk nuclear submarine was lifted from theBarents Sea after theKursk submarine disaster of the previous year.[72]: 74–75 TheSegway, a self-balancingpersonal transporter invented byDean Kamen, was unveiled on December 3 after months of public speculation and media hype,[105] on theABC News morning programGood Morning America.[106] The reveal that it was a self-balancing transporter was seen as a disappointment.[15]: 477
January 13 – A7.6-magnitude earthquake hits El Salvador, killing at least 944 people and causing massive landslides, which leaves thousands of those affected homeless.[55][56]
January 15 –Wikipedia, which became the world's largest encyclopedia, is launched.
January 31 –2001 Japan Airlines mid-air incident: Japan Airlines Flight 907 and Flight 958 almost collided with each other inYaizu, Shizuoka,Japan. Flight 907 safely landed at Narita Airport and Flight 958 continued to Naha Airport. 100 people were injured.[112]
March 4 – The Hintze Ribeiro Bridgecollapses in northern Portugal, killing 59 people.[121]
March 14 –Battle of Tetovo: Violence erupts between Albanian rebels and Macedonian soldiers inTetovo.[122] Conflict in Tetovo will continue for months during the 2001 insurgency in Macedonia.[123]
Hainan Island incident: A Chinese fighter jet collides with a U.S.EP-3E surveillance aircraft, which is forced to make an emergency landing inHainan, China. The U.S. crew is detained for 10 days and theF-8 Chinese pilot, Wang Wei, goes missing and is presumed dead.[128]
Vejce ambush: Eight Macedonian soldiers are killed in an ambush by the NLA nearVejce, a village in theŠar Mountains, Macedonia. It represents the heaviest death toll for the government forces in a single incident during the insurgency.[134]
Crown PrinceDipendra of Nepal kills his father, the king, his mother and other members of the royal family with an assault rifle and then shoots himself in theNepalese royal massacre. Dipendra is recognized as King of Nepal while in a coma.[72]: 72–73
Syria withdraws thousands of forces from a decades-long military presence inBeirut, Lebanon.[148]
Germany enacts a program to compensateHolocaust survivors that were subject to slave labor.[149]
June 21 – The world'slongest train is run by BHP Iron Ore between Newman and Port Hedland in Western Australia (a distance of 275 km or 171 mi); the train consists of 682 loaded iron ore wagons and 8GE AC6000CW locomotives, giving a gross weight of almost 100,000 tonnes and moves 82,262 tonnes of ore; the train is 7.353 km (4.569 mi) long.[150]
July – The largest ever recorded outbreak ofLegionnaires' disease occurs inMurcia, Spain. 449 cases are confirmed, with more than 800 suspected ones.[65]
AGenesis collector array in the clean lab atJohnson Space Center. The hexagons consist of a variety of ultra-pure, semiconductor-grade wafers, includingsilicon,corundum,gold on sapphire,diamond-like carbon films,[165] and other materials.[166]
August 25 –2001 Marsh Harbour Cessna 402 crash: Eight people including singer and actressAaliyah, and several members of her entourage are killed after their overloaded aircraft crashes shortly after takeoff at Marsh Harbour Airport.[172]
August 28 – Atargeted Israeli strike killsPFLP leaderAbu Ali Mustafa. Palestinian militants respond by firing on Israeli civilians. Israeli forces occupyBeit Jala, Palestine to combat the militants.[173]
September 7 –2001 Jos riots: Clashes between Christian and Muslim rioters begin inJos, Nigeria. The conflict will continue until September 17, during which time hundreds of people will be killed.[174]
September 19 – Palestinian leaderYasser Arafat forbids Palestinian soldiers from firing on Israeli forces, even in self-defence. Israel agrees to a ceasefire.[180]
3G wireless technology first becomes available when it isadopted by Japanese telecommunications companyNTT Docomo.[11]: 182
Swissair Airbus A321-100 (2001)
October 2 –Swissair, the national airline of Switzerland, seeks bankruptcy protection and grounds its entire fleet, stranding thousands of people worldwide.[184]
Apple Inc. introduces theiPod, aportable media player and multi-purpose mobile device.[27] The company will sell an estimated 450 million iPod products by May 2022.[192]
November – The World Trade Organization begins theDoha Development Round to negotiate lower trade barriers between countries and integrate developing nations into the global economy.[195]
November 4 –Hurricane Michelle hits Cuba, where the storm is the strongest tropical cyclone to make landfall on the island in more than49 years. It is the costliest hurricane in Cuban history to this point with an estimated $2 billion in damage.[196]
Enron files forChapter 11 bankruptcy protection five days afterDynegy cancels a US$8.4 billion buyout bid (to this point, the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history).[209]
December 17 –Battle of Tora Bora: American forces takeTora Bora, a cave complex and the headquarters of Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan. Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden escapes during the battle and goes into hiding.[215]
Burhanuddin Rabbani, political leader of the Northern Alliance, hands over power in Afghanistan to the interim government headed by PresidentHamid Karzai.[6]: 43 [220]
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