July 15, 1965: Mariner 4 sends back first close up pictures of Mars

The following events occurred inJuly 1965:

• Australia began training its first draftees for theVietnam War, bringing up the first of 63,790 conscripts who would have two years full-time service in theAustralian Regular Army, followed by further service in the army reserves. In all, 804,286 young men who were 20 years old at the time that the draft reactivated, or turned 20 during the Vietnam era, registered for National Service.^[1]
• ThePeople's Republic of China established its Strategic Missile Force, theDier Paobing (which simply meant the "Second Artillery"). "Despite its small number of personnel (about 4 percent of the PLA total)," an author has noted, "the SMF has always been allocated the highest percentage of military outlays in the PLA," with 20% of thePeople's Liberation Army budget.^[2]
• NASA announced thatFrank Borman andJames A. Lovell, Jr., had been selected as the prime flight crew forGemini 7. The backup crew for the flight, which would last up to 14 days, would beEdward H. White II andMichael Collins.^[3]
• Continental Airlines Flight 12, aBoeing 707-124 with 66 people on board, overran the runway while landing atKansas City Municipal Airport inKansas City, Missouri, and broke into three pieces. Coming in during a heavy rain, the plane "hit a pool of water and slid through a fence and across aMissouri River dike", crashing "at almost the same spot" as Continental Flight 290 on January 29, 1963.^[4] There were no fatalities.
• TheU.S. Army combined the11th Air Assault Division (Test) with the2nd Infantry Division to form the1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile), a unique division that included threeairborne-qualifiedbattalions and several battalions of helicopters which were integral to its combat elements, allowing it to engage inhelicopter assault operations in Vietnam.^[5]
• Born:
  • Carl Fogarty, British motorcycle racer and winner of theSuperbike World Championship in 1994, 1995, 1998 and 1999; inBlackburn,Lancashire
  • Tito Beltrán, Chilean opera singer; inPunta Arenas
  • Harald Zwart, Dutch-born Norwegian film director
• Died:
  • Wally Hammond, 62, English international cricketer and captain of the national team from 1938 to 1947
  • Robert Ruark, 50, American journalist and syndicated newspaper columnist

• TheEqual Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) was formed in theUnited States as Title VII of theCivil Rights Act of 1964 went into effect. The new law prohibitedworkplace discrimination and the EEOC was authorized to investigate any allegations of discrimination based on race, skin color, religion, sex, or national origin, and initially applied to any companies that had 100 or more employees.^[6]Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr., son of the32nd president of the United States, served as the first EEOC commissioner.
• Because of an administrative error, U.S. criminalRichard Speck was released from prison inHuntsville, Texas, after serving only six months of a 16-month sentence for attempted rape.^[7] A little more than a year later, Speck would murder eight nurses inChicago.
• TheTunnel Railway had been a tourist attraction inRamsgate,England, traveling through one of the famedwhite cliffs on England's west coast, but suffered a catastrophic accident that would lead to its permanent closure, derailing and smashing into a building.^[8] As a result, the owners decided to close down the attraction on September 26 at the end of the season, and it would never reopen.
• In theWimbledon Men's Singles final,Roy Emerson defeatedFred Stolle in straight sets, 6–2, 6–4, 6–4.^[9][10]

• Soviet Communist Party ChiefLeonid Brezhnev said that the USSR had "orbital missiles", implying that his nation could put nuclear missiles into orbit around the Earth and bring them down, on command, to any location on Earth. The possible existence of missiles in orbit had been referred to at least twice by Soviet media, but it marked the first time that the Soviet Union's leader had suggested their existence. Brezhnev's comments came in an address to graduates of theVoroshilov Military Academy. "It is hardly necessary to give concrete examples of the quantity of intercontinental and orbital rockets at the disposal of the Soviet Union," Brezhnev said. "I can only say one thing. There are enough, quite enough, of them so that once and forever, we can put an end to any aggressor or any group of aggressors."^[11][12]
• The Football Association, the governing body for all professional soccer football in England, changed its rules to allow teams to substitute players during a game. Previously, when a player was injured, no replacement was allowed. Initially, a team could make only one substitution during the duration of the game, which would be raised to two in 1986 and three in the 1990s.^[13]
• Mao Zedong, chairman of theChinese Communist Party, issued a directive to change educational policy in the People's Republic, commenting that "The burdens of students are too heavy, thus affecting their health, making even study useless," and suggested that school activities should be cut by one-third.^[14]
• "The Meddling Monk" became the firstTime Lord (other than theFirst Doctor andSusan) to make an appearance in the British sci-fi serial,Doctor Who.^[15]
• Two different recordings of the song "All I Really Want to Do" entered theBillboard Hot 100 list of best-selling songs in the United States, published byBillboard magazine, on the same day. The version byCher, her first single withoutSonny Bono, would eventually climb to #15 on the chart, while a shorter recording byThe Byrds, who had previously hit #1 with "Mr. Tambourine Man", would reach no higher than #40.^[16]
• Born:
  • Tommy Flanagan, Scottish actor known for his role asFilip "Chibs" Telford in the FX crime drama television seriesSons of Anarchy and its spin-offMayans M.C.; inEasterhouse,Glasgow, Scotland^[17]
  • Shinya Hashimoto, Japanese professional wrestler; inToki City (died from brain aneurysm, 2005)
  • Connie Nielsen, Danish actress; inFrederikshavn
• Died:Trigger, 30, the horse owned byRoy Rogers and featured in 87 of Rogers's films and television series episodes. After the horse's death, Rogers employed the service of ataxidermist to preserve Trigger's remains, which can still be seen at the Roy Rogers and Dale Evans Museum inVictorville, California.^[18]

• At a desk placed in front of the base of theStatue of Liberty, U.S. PresidentLyndon Johnson signed theImmigration and Nationality Act of 1965 into law, abolishing theEmergency Quota Act that had been in place since 1921. The Hart–Cellar Act limited immigration to 170,000 persons per year, but based the number of people from each country on the nations' populations. "The changes that resulted from this renewed migration pattern," a historian would write later, "created fresh images in the cultural and religious landscape that many Americans were not used to encountering. Hindu temples, once only encountered in India, were more routinely seen in U.S. cities. Islam, which had established a strong presence among the African American community, was now also widely practiced by burgeoning immigrant populations in both Shi'a and Sunni expressions of faith."^[19]
• Martin Luther King Jr. delivered a memorable sermon entitled "The American Dream" atEbenezer Baptist Church inAtlanta. Following up on his famous "I Have a Dream" speech in theMarch on Washington in 1963, King said, "So yes, the dream has been shattered, and I have had my nightmarish experiences, but I tell you this morning once more that I haven't lost the faith. I still have a dream..."^[20][21]
• In theearliest LGBT demonstrations in the United States, the firstAnnual Reminder took place atIndependence Hall inPhiladelphia when a group of homosexuals picketed in front of the hall for equal rights.^[22][23] The last Annual Reminder would take place at the same location on July 4, 1969, a week after theStonewall riots.
• TheA-6 Intruder attack plane was sent into theVietnam War for the first time, as several Intruders were launched from theUSSIndependence on a combat mission.^[24]
• Born:Constanze Moser-Scandolo, East German Olympic speed skater; inWeimar^[25]
• Died:
  • Edward Sackville-West, 63, British music critic, novelist and member of theHouse of Lords as Baron Sackville
  • Lisa Howard, 35, pioneering American television journalist, committed suicide with an overdose ofbarbiturates

• Leabua Jonathan became the newPrime Minister of Basutoland (which would become independent from Britain the following year as the Kingdom ofLesotho), after being selected by the colonial parliament to succeedSekhonyana Maseribane. Jonathan would control the southern African nation for the next 20 years, until being deposed in a coup d'état in 1986.^[26]
• Maria Callas gave her final operatic performance, asTosca at theRoyal Opera House,Covent Garden.^[27]
• Died:
  • Porfirio Rubirosa, 56, Dominican millionaire, race car driver, polo player, and international playboy, was killed in an auto accident inParis after he lost control of hisFerrari 250 while speeding through theBois de Boulogne park at about 8:30 in the morning. As he raced down the Avenue de la Reine Maruguerite, he struck a parked car "whose driver had pulled over to the curb to read a morning paper", then skidded more than 150 feet (46 m) and crashed into a tree.^[28] The day before, Rubirosa and his three teammates had won the Coupe de Francepolo tournament, and Rubirosa had partied through the night at Jimmy's, a Parisian nightclub.^[29]
  • Coley McDonough, 49, a formerNational Football Leaguequarterback who had been serving as a patrolman for thePittsburgh Bureau of Police, was shot and killed in the line of duty. McDonough had played for the Steelers from 1939 to 1941.^[30]

• TheUnited States Senate voted 68 to 5 to approve the proposedTwenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, clearing the way for the change in presidential succession to be sent to the states for ratification. The amendment also made provisions to fill a vacancy in the office of theU.S. Vice President and created a procedure for the vice president to serve as acting president if the president were to become disabled. TheU.S. House of Representatives had already approved the amendment. Voting against the measure were SenatorsAlbert Gore Sr. ofTennessee (whoseson would serve as vice president from 1993 to 2001),Walter F. Mondale ofMinnesota (who would be vice president from 1977 to 1981),Frank Lausche ofOhio,Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota, andJohn Tower ofTexas.^[31]
• TheHouse of Commons of the United Kingdom voted against theLabour Party government ofPrime MinisterHarold Wilson on three different attempts at passing the Finance Bill, and MPEdward Heath called upon Wilson and his government to resign so that new elections could be held.^[32] On the first vote concerning a limit on investment tax rates, the measure failed 166–180; an amendment proposal failed 167–180, and a motion to adjourn the debate failed by the same measure.^[33]
• All 41Royal Air Force servicemen on aHastings C1A airplane were killed when the aircraftcrashed shortly after takeoff fromRAF Abingdon. The Hastings was making its climb whenmetal fatigue caused two bolts to fail on the craft'selevator and sent it climbing steeply until it stalled and went out of control. The plane was transportingparatroopers of theNo. 36 Squadron for a drop overWeston-on-the-Green.^[34]
• TheCouncil of Ministers of the Soviet Union approved sending 2,500 Soviet Army instructors toNorth Vietnam, not to fight in combat, but to train North Vietnamese troops on how to usesurface-to-air missiles against American airplanes. During the course of the war, between 10,000 and 12,000 Soviet advisers would see service in the Vietnam War.^[35]

• Saudi Arabia andKuwait agreed to partition the "Neutral Zone", a diamond shaped piece of land of about 2,200 square miles or 5,800 square kilometers along the Persian Gulf that had been created by agreement on December 2, 1922. In 1938, oil had been discovered in Kuwait outside of the Zone, and both kingdoms wanted to drill within its boundaries. The two governments agreed to divide the zone along a straight east-west line "close to latitude 28°32' N".^[36]
• McDonnell Aircraft completed its 1,000thF-4 Phantom II.^[37]
• Died:
  • Moshe Sharett, 70, Ukrainian-born politician who served as the secondPrime Minister of Israel from 1954 to 1955
  • Ronald Zinn, 26, American Olympic race walker nine months earlier in the1964 Summer Olympics, was killed in action in the Vietnam War.^[38]

^[39]

• Ronnie Biggs escaped from the maximum securityWandsworth Prison inLondon, where he was serving a 30-year prison sentence for theAugust 8, 1963 robbery of the Royal Mail Express train. Making their move at 3:05 in the afternoon, he and three other inmates fought off guards, climbed over the 20-foot (6.1 m) high wall of the prison's exercise yard using rope ladders, dropped onto the roof of a furniture truck parked outside the prison while an accomplice held the warden hostage, and then made their way to three waiting cars that left in different directions.^[40][41] Biggs would remain free for almost 36 years, living inBrazil from 1970 onward, before finally returning to theUnited Kingdom on May 7, 2001^[42] to turn himself over to authorities. Returned to prison, he would serve eight years and be released on August 7, 2009.^[43] Biggs would pass away on December 18, 2013, at the age of 84, a little more than 50 years after the robbery.
• All 52 people onCanadian Pacific Airlines Flight 21 were killed when a bomb exploded in a rearlavatory while the jetliner was flying at 15,000 feet (4,600 m) over thick forests inBritish Columbia.^[44] TheDouglas DC-6B had taken off fromVancouver en route toWhitehorse, the capital of the then-Yukon Territory, with three scheduled stops. Captain John Steele radioed amayday call at 4:55 p.m., and the DC-6B apparently "dropped straight to the ground" about 30 miles (48 km) southwest of the town of100 Mile House.^[45] No suspect would ever be charged for the bombing.
• TheConvention on Transit Trade of Land-locked States was signed in theUnited Nations. Under its terms, any signatory nation that had a sea coast was obligated to allow any neighboringlandlocked country the right to cross its territory. As of 2012, only 22 coastal nations had signed the convention, "some of which do not even border a landlocked country", along with 18 landlocked nations.^[46]
• MusicianJim Morrison encountered formerUCLA classmateRay Manzarek inVenice Beach, California, at approximately 1:00 p.m. local time. After hearing some of Morrison's songs, Manzarek agreed to formThe Doors with him.^[47]
• TheVietnam Service Medal was established by Executive Order 11231 for all members of the armed services who served in theVietnam War.^[48]
• Bill Moyers became acting White House press secretary asGeorge Reedy took an indefinite leave of absence for surgery.^[49][50]
• Died:
  • Gunamudian David Boaz, 57, who became the first Indian psychologist after receiving his Ph.D. fromOxford University in 1943^[51]
  • Paul Mantz, 61, American air racer and stunt pilot, was killed in a plane crash during filming ofThe Flight of the Phoenix^[52][53]
  • T. S. Stribling, 84,Pulitzer Prize-winning American novelist
  • Emil Heitz, 72, German-born Swiss geneticist

• Theflashcube was introduced by the American camera manufacturerKodak at its factory inRochester, New York, as an accessory that would allow flash photography on its smallInstamatic cameras for indoor picture taking.^[54] Developed in conjunction withSylvania Electric Products, the disposable flashcube allowed an amateur photographer to take four flash images in rapid succession without having to change the bulb.^[55]
• The United States Senate approved its version of the Medicare Act by a vote of 68–21, after the House of Representatives had passed a different version in April, 313–115.^[56] Both houses would approve a House–Senate conference revision at the end of the month, and the federal health care legislation would be signed into law by President Johnson. The U.S. House of Representatives would vote 333 to 85 to pass theVoting Rights Act of 1965 after the U.S. Senate had approved a similar measure.^[57]
• The release of the Tamil musical filmAayirathil Oruvan marked the end of the composing partnership betweenT. K. Ramamoorthy andM. S. Viswanathan.
• Pope Paul VI appointedAdolph Marx the firstRoman Catholic bishop of theRoman Catholic Diocese of Brownsville, inBrownsville, Texas.^[58]
• Mass demonstrations inGuayaquil, Ecuador led to days of violent conflict with police and military.^[50][59]
• Born:Luis Pereyra, Argentine tango dancer and choreographer; inSantiago del Estero
• Died:L. H. Gray, 59, English physicist and inventor of the field ofradiobiology, died after having a stroke. The"gray", a measure of absorbed radiation dose equivalent to onejoule of radiation energy per kilogram of matter, was named in his honor by creators of theInternational System of Units.

• U.S. Secretary of the TreasuryHenry H. Fowler announced a change in American monetary policy in an address atHot Springs, Virginia, titled "A Strong, Stable Dollar". Economist John S. Odell would comment later that "Fowler's speech stunned the international financial world" in that he said that the United States was ready to participate in a world monetary conference for the purpose of reforming current arrangements to provide international liquidity; "This reversal of American policy was, in retrospect", Odell would write, "one of the most significant shifts of the last two decades. It ushered in a lengthy multilateral negotiating process" that would, in 1969, create theSpecial Drawing Rights on theInternational Monetary Fund, "creating a new synthetic international reserve asset" to rival the American dollar.^[60][61]
• Ten years into theFirst Sudanese Civil War between Muslims in the north and Christians in the south, Muslim Sudanese troops retaliated for an unsuccessful raid by theAnya Nya separatists on the Sudanese Army headquarters inJuba (now the capital ofSouth Sudan). Over the next two days, according to official government figures from the Sudanese government inKhartoum, 1,018 civilians died after their neighborhoods were cordoned off and set on fire.^[62]
• TwoF-4C Phantom II fighters of the45th Tactical Fighter Squadron shot down twoMiG-17 fighters over North Vietnam, scoring the firstU.S. Air Force aerial victories of the Vietnam War.^[63][64]
• Born:Alexia Morales, first child of KingConstantine II of Greece and his wife,Queen Anne-Marie; inMon Repos, Corfu. Until the birth of her brother in 1967, Alexia (the niece of the future QueenMargrethe II of Denmark and the future KingJuan Carlos I ofSpain) would be theheir presumptive to the Greek throne. The monarchy would be abolished in 1974.
• Died:Jacques Audiberti, 66, French playwright

• All 52 people on board aSkyways Coach-Air (including a baby) survived itscrash after theHS 748 turboprop landed heavily on a grass runway atLympne Airport,Kent, England, dug in its nose wheel, overturned three times, broke in two and ended up upside down. Three people were hospitalized with only minor injuries.^[65] The plane was returning across theEnglish Channel fromBeauvais inFrance in a heavy rain, and aMinistry of Aviation official commented the next day that "it was a miracle that the aircraft did not catch fire and explode". All three of the crew and the 48 passengers were strapped in their seats and facing head down. Captain Jeff Smith and stewardess Ann Playfoot freed the passengers and rushed them through emergency exits. Playfoot would comment afterward, "When I first saw everyone with their heads hanging upside down, it could have looked so comical if it hadn't been so serious."^[66][67]
• President Johnson ordered theFederal Bureau of Investigation to remove all illegal wiretaps that the FBI had placed to conduct surveillance of organized crime figures, "not just shutting off the tape recorders, but physically removing every bug the special agents had installed".^[68] "[T]he removal order placed the G-men in great peril," an historian would note later, "as they once again had to surreptitiously enter the mob hangouts and pull out the sources of their hard-won intelligence."^[69]
• A group of 75 people attending a wedding in the South Sudanese city ofWau were killed by Sudanese government troops, who surrounded the cathedral where the ceremonies were taking place. After allowing four soldiers in the wedding party to leave, the troops fired on civilians as they departed.^[62]
• One year after the East African republics ofTanganyika andZanzibar had merged to formTanzania, the government proumulgated the new nation's first Constitution and eliminated all political parties except for theTanganyika African National Union (TANU) and Zanzibar'sAfro-Shirazi Party.^[70]
• A U.S. Air Force551st Airborne Early Warning and Control WingEC-121H Warning Starcrashed in the Atlantic Ocean offNantucket,Massachusetts, killing 16 of the 19-man crew.^[71] The three survivors were located after daybreak after spending hours staying afloat in chilly water wearing life jackets.^[72]
• Born:Ernesto Hoost, Dutchkickboxer and four-time world champion; inHeemskerk

• The issuance ofCircular 10/65 by theUnited Kingdom'sDepartment of Education and Science transformed the state education system inEngland andWales, an event that journalistStephen Pollard listed as one of the "Ten Days that Changed the Nation". The new "Comprehensive System" replaced the "Tripartite System" ofselective schools where students were tested and placed according to measurements of their abilities. After describing a resolution passed in the House of Commons of "the need to raise educational standards at all levels" and the opinion that "the realisation of this objective is impeded by the separation of children into different types of secondary schools", the Circular declared that "TheSecretary of State accordingly requests local educational authorities, if they have not already done so, to prepare and submit to him plans for reorganising secondary education in their areas on comprehensive lines," although the submission of plans was not optional.^[73]
• In theTrust Territory of the Pacific Islands, the First Congress of Micronesia took place, with representatives from theMarshall Islands, theNorthern Mariana Islands,Palau and the islands ofChuuk,Ponape, andYap. The first order of business was to adopt anofficial flag of Micronesia. The Congress would eventually draft a constitution for theFederated States of Micronesia, although the Marshalls, the Northern Marianas and Palau would separate from the FSM to become their own independent nations.^[74]
• NASA Headquarters Gemini Program Office informedManned Spacecraft Center that it had decided to deleteextravehicular activity fromGemini missions 5,6, and7.^[3]
• Born:Sanjay Manjrekar, Indian international cricketer; inMangalore,Karnataka state

• A U.S. Navy sailor on the aircraft carrierUSSShangri-La accidentally jettisoned 3,000 US gallons (11,000 L; 2,500 imp gal) ofbunker oil, described as "the thickest, heaviest, most molasses-like of all petroleum fuels", into theMediterranean Sea along the a stretch of tourist beaches at theFrench Riviera, polluting the sand along a 3-mile (4.8 km) stretch that ran fromCannes toLa Napoule inFrance. After "irate hotel keepers, cafe owners, and tourists" sent angry messages to commanders of the U.S. Sixth Fleet, the captain of theShangri-La commenced a massive cleanup operation, sending hundreds of sailors to shovel the black sand into barrels and hauling it away, bringing in 2,000 pounds (910 kg) of new sand, and spraying chemicals on the sea to send the oil to the bottom. The beach was reopened at the end of the day.^[75]
• U.S. Army Sergeant First Class Isaac Camancho arrived inSouth Vietnam, after becoming the first Americanprisoner of war to successfully escape from aViet Cong prison camp. Four days earlier, Camancho had managed to pry loose a bar on a bamboo cage where he had been kept at night, after having been captured 19 months earlier on November 24, 1963.^[76]
• The U.S. House of Representatives voted 265–103 to require a warning label on all packages of cigarettes sold in the United States on or after January 1, 1966, with the text "Caution: Cigarette smoking may be hazardous to your health." The measure had previously passed the U.S. Senate.^[77] President Johnson would sign the bill into law on July 27.^[78]
• Leonard H. Marks was named director of theUnited States Information Agency.^[50][79]

• The U.S. House of Representatives voted 255–151 to eliminate silver from American quarters and dimes, and to reduce the amount of silver in the half dollar from 90 percent to 40 percent. All future 10-cent and 25-cent coins would consist of 75% copper in the middle, and 12.5% nickel for the obverse and reverse sides of the coins. The vote was split along regional lines, opposed by Congressmen from the western United States that had silver mines, and supported by those from the New England states, where manufacturers of tableware, jewelry, electronics, and photographic supplies had been affected by the increasing shortage of silver.^[80]
• TheTour de France was won byFelice Gimondi ofItaly.^[81] For the first time in the Tour's history, it started in Germany. In second place, 2 minutes and 40 seconds behind Gimondi, wasRaymond Poulidor of France, who would finish in second place twice, and third place five times, but would never win the Tour de France in 14 attempts.^[82]
• Australian athleteRon Clarke broke the world record for the 10,000 meter race, becoming the first person to run the distance in less than 28 minutes and finishing the 10K at the Bislet Stadium inOslo at 27 minutes, 39.4 seconds.^[83]
• The UK House of Commons voted 200–96 to abolish the death penalty for murder.^[84]
• TheOlder Americans Act was signed into law by U.S. President Johnson.^[85]
• Died:
  • Adlai Stevenson, 65, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations since 1961, collapsed and died of a heart attack in London after walking out of the American Embassy.^[86] Stevenson, who had lost the general election for U.S. President to Dwight Eisenhower in both 1952 and 1956, was walking with the U.S. representative to the U.N. Trusteeship Council when he was stricken at 5:15 p.m., and died in an ambulance while being rushed to a hospital.
  • Max Woosnam, 72, English tennis, soccer football, cricket, and snooker player celebrated as "The Greatest British Sportsman"
  • Spencer Williams, 75, American jazz and popular music composer, pianist, and singer

• Mariner 4 flew byMars, and made its closest approach of 6,118 miles (9,846 km),^[87] and returning images that gave "the first look at another planetary surface, other than the vague shadings visible in telescopes".^[88] Among the revelations from its 22 pictures were that the Red Planet was covered with impact craters, demonstrating a lack of geological activity or weathering. A measurement of the changes in radio transmissions as the signals passed through the Martian atmosphere also showed that the surface pressure was 94% less than had been predicted, leading to the conclusion that it was mostly carbon dioxide and that the Martian ice caps were actually frozen CO₂ ordry ice.^[89] The transmission of 22 pictures "was no simple matter" and relied upon film exposures being "processed internally on a convoluted series of rollers", then scanned to produce radio signals "with pulses corresponding to the light or dark areas on the negatives" at the rate of eightbits per second, which meant that each picture took eight hours to transmit.^[90][91]
• Anunidentified flying object hovered over the airport ofCanberra, capital ofAustralia, at an altitude of 5,000 feet (1,500 m), shortly before atracking station at Tidninbilla was scheduled to receive signals from theMariner 4 probe. According to anAssociated Press report, six people stationed at the air traffic control tower reported that the object remained in place for 40 minutes but disappeared when aRoyal Australian Air Force plane was sent to identify it. The phenomenon followed reports of sightings the previous week in England, France, and theAzores.^[92]
• Greek Prime MinisterGeorgios Papandreou orally offered his resignation to KingConstantine II, who promptly accepted it before it was formally submitted in writing. The resignation followed the King’s refusal to appoint Papandreou as Minister of Defense, a position Papandreou sought in order to protect his son,Andreas Papandreou, from ongoing investigations.^[93][94] The King also rejected Papandreou’s proposal to prohibit military officers from engaging in politics. Subsequently, the King appointed another member of the Center Union party,Georgios Athanasiadis-Novas, as prime minister.^[95] This event triggered 22 months of political instability, known as theIouliana (July events), which ultimately culminated in the establishment of theGreek junta.
• Born:David Miliband, British politician; inLondon

• TheMont Blanc Tunnel was inaugurated by PresidentsGiuseppe Saragat of Italy andCharles de Gaulle of France. President Saragat drove fromCourmayeur in Italy, traveling 7 miles (11 km) in the tunnel bored into the Alps, toChamonix in France, where he was welcomed by President de Gaulle for ceremonies. The two men then rode together back to Italy, where further ceremonies took place. As the world's longest highway tunnel, the Mont Blanc replaced the former route, "60 miles of travel over hairpin turns on the mountain barrier".^[96]
• Three months after a commitment by China's PresidentLiu Shaoqi to provide Chinese pilots to fight in North Vietnam, the Chinese General Staff notified North Vietnam's Defense Ministry that "the time was not appropriate" to supply the assistance. "Whatever the reasons for China's decision”, an author would note later, "the failure to satisfy Hanoi's demand must have greatly disappointed the Vietnamese since the control of the air was so crucial for the DRV's effort to protect itself from the ferocious U.S. bombing."^[97]
• The word "Powellism" was used byIain Macleod, writing inThe Spectator, to describe right-wing ToryEnoch Powell's views on economics. It would come to be used in a wider sense as Powell became a controversial figure in British politics.^[98]

• Representatives ofWest Germany's Ministry of Scientific Research and the American space agency NASA signed an agreement for joint development of the first independent German satellite project, with each side to bear its own costs.^[99]
• The secondNorth American XB-70 Valkyrie bomber prototype made its maiden flight between Air Force Plant 42 andEdwards Air Force Base.^[100][101]
• Born:
  • Santiago Segura, Spanish film director; inMadrid
  • Alex Winter, American film actor; inLondon
• Died:Sabato "Simon" Rodia, 86, Italian-born American artist who created theWatts Towers sculpture that is now a historical landmark inLos Angeles

• The Soviet Union launched theZond 3 lunar probe from an orbiting platform that had been put into space two days earlier.^[102] On July 16, theProton 1 had set a new record for the heaviest payload (24,400 pounds (11,100 kg)) placed into an Earth orbit.^{[50][103][104]} Sent in part to test the Soviet Union's technology for taking and transmitting higher-resolution images than had been sent by previous Soviet vehicles, the Zond-3 would take new photographs of the far side of the Moon.^[105]
• James "Bing" Davidson, a 26-year-old bit part actor and companion of actorPaul Lynde, fell to his death from the 8th floor of theSir Francis Drake Hotel inSan Francisco, after a night of drinking and a bad decision to "do a trick" that involved hanging from the outside ledge and then pulling himself back up. As witnesses watched, Davidson tried three times to climb back into the window and hung by his fingertips before losing his grip after two minutes.^[106]
• A three-day period of extreme winter weather began in Australia. Snow was recorded as far north as theClarke Range inQueensland, killingdrought-weakened livestock. At the same time, extremely heavy rainfall in theNorth Coast turned drought into flood,Brisbane having its wettest-ever July day with 193.2 millimetres (7.6 in).
• Thefirst All-Africa Games opened inBrazzaville,Republic of the Congo. The next day, Ahmed Djelli ofAlgeria won the first gold medal of the games, winning a 142-kilometre (88 mi) race from Brazzaville toKinkala.^[107] Future Olympic medalistKip Keino ofKenya won the 1,500 meter race on July 22.^[108]

• Filming began on the second television pilot forGene Roddenberry's proposed science fiction series,Star Trek, with only one member of the cast from the first pilot. "Where No Man Has Gone Before" retained actorLeonard Nimoy as "Mr. Spock", who had played the same role in the first pilot, "The Cage", but now featured Canadian actorWilliam Shatner in the lead role asthe starship's captain.^[109]
• Soviet PremierAlexei Kosygin addressed an audience atRiga on the 25th anniversary of the 1940 "liberation" of an independentLatvia and its annexation by the Soviet Union, and surprised his audience by acknowledging the problem ofprejudice against the Jewish people. "Nationalism, Great Power chauvinism, racism and anti-Semitism", he noted, "are completely alien to our society... and ourmirovozzrenie", a reference to the Soviet overall view of the world.^[110]
• TheU.S. Army Special Forces camp atBu Dop, about 100 miles (160 km) north of Saigon, came under attack by the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War. Air strikes by twoF-100s of the481st Tactical Fighter Squadron were credited with "probably saving the camp that night".^[111]
• The West African nation ofGhana abandoned theGhanaian pound that it had used since independence, and issued his new decimal currency. Replacing the pound worth 20 shillings or 120 pence was thecedi, worth 100 pesewas.^[112][113]
• Born:Evelyn Glennie, Scottish percussionist; inAberdeenshire
• Died:
  • Syngman Rhee, 90, the firstPresident of South Korea, from 1948 to 1960, died in exile in a hospital inHonolulu in the U.S.^[114]
  • Clyde Beatty, 62, American circus performer and owner, died of cancer.^[115]
  • Ingrid Jonker, 32, South African poet, committed suicide by walking intoThree Anchor Bay atCape Town and drowning herself.^[116]

• Li Zongren (Li Tsung-jen), who had served as the actingPresident of the Republic of China during 1949 before it fell to the Communists later in the year, returned toBeijing after nearly 16 years of self-imposed exile in the United States. General Li pledged support to the People's Republic of China and said that he was making up for his "guilty past", and was welcomed by Prime MinisterZhou Enlai. Li, who would urge other former officials to return home from Taiwan, had sold his home in New York until June, then traveled toZürich and spent a month there before flying back to Mainland China.^[117]
• Police inSaigon foiled a plot to assassinate outgoing U.S. Ambassador to South VietnamMaxwell D. Taylor, 15 minutes before he was scheduled to enter a stadium for South Vietnam's "National Unity Day for the Liberation of North Viet Nam" rally. Viet Cong members had placed a shrapnel-loaded bomb at a cemetery across the street from the entrance that Taylor was to use. A similar-sized bomb had killed 43 people at the My Canh restaurant on June 25.^[118]
• Arthur J. Goldberg resigned from his lifetime appointment as aJustice of the United States Supreme Court to accept the nomination as the new U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, filling the vacancy created by the death of Adlai Stevenson.^[119]
• Columbia Records releasedrock musicianBob Dylan's influential single "Like a Rolling Stone" in the United States.

• President Johnson convened his advisers in a meeting of the 15-memberNational Security Council at theWhite House, prior to making a decision about the direction that the United States should take in fighting theVietnam War. During the morning session,George Ball, theUnited States Under Secretary of State, strongly argued against the recommendation by Secretary of DefenseRobert S. McNamara to increase the number of American troops in South Vietnam. Before adjourning at 1:00, the President gave Ball 90 minutes to prepare a last-ditch attempt to stop the war from escalating. According to minutes of that day's meeting that would be released years later, Ball urged that the U.S. should "cut its losses" and allow the South Vietnamese government to "do what seems natural to it, let it fall apart"^[120] and, with the rest of the advisers against him, closed with the prophetic statement that South Vietnam would ultimately lose to the Viet Cong guerrillas, regardless of McNamara's plans to commit 175,000 additional troops, that the U.S. would not get out with a victory, and that "we'll double our bet and get lost in the rice paddies."^[121]
• TheNational Congress of Fiji called a meeting of Fijian and European members of theLegislative Council, with the eventual intention of forming a new political party underKamisese Mara.
• Born:Guðni Bergsson, Icelandic footballer; inReykjavík

• SirAlec Douglas-Home suddenly resigned as a head of the BritishConservative Party.^[122] Home, a former prime minister, did not give a reason for his resignation other than to say that his successor should have the chance to consolidate the party before the next parliamentary elections.^[123] Opinion polls had shown a drop in approval of the Conservative Party prior to Home's departure; MPReggie Maudling would say later that, "As usually happens in the Conservative Party, the old rules of public life applied, namely that there is no gratitude in politics, and you should never kick a man until he is down."^[124]
• Canada Post letter carriers inMontreal walked off the job, touching off a series of strikes across Canada.^[125] Members of the Postal Workers' Brotherhood inVancouver went on strike later in the day, andToronto members of the Federated Association of Letter Carriers followed the next day.^[126]
• Born:Shawn Michaels (ring name for Michael Shawn Hickenbottom), American professional wrestler; inChandler, Arizona

• President Johnson signed the U.S.Coinage Act of 1965 into law, reducing silver content in half dollars from 90% to 40%, and eliminating silver from dimes and quarters.^[50][127]
• TheCity of London Corporation announced that the famousLondon Bridge over theThames River, last rebuilt in 1831, was cracking and gradually sinking, and that the span would be replaced by a new concrete structure.^[128]
• A few minutes afterAllegheny Airlines Flight 604 took off fromWilliamsport, Pennsylvania, United States, the plane's left engine caught fire. Unable to return to the airport, the pilot, Captain Allan J. Lauber guided the Convair to a crash landing near the small township ofLoyalsock. As it was being guided to an open field, the plane hit power lines, narrowly missing a barn and the Good Shepherd Episcopal Church. Thirty-three of the forty people on board, including Lauber, were hospitalized, none in critical condition.^[129]
• Pope Paul VI established theRoman Catholic Diocese of Los Teques.
• Israel's Mapai Party expelled its longtime leader,David Ben-Gurion.^[130]
• The1965 World Archery Championships concluded in Sweden.^[131]
• Born:Slash (stage name for Saul Hudson), British-born rock guitarist forGuns N' Roses; inHampstead,London^[132]

• American pilots encountered surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) for the first time in theVietnam War, as anF-4 Phantom II jet and its crew of two USAF officers was shot down by a Soviet-madeS-75Dvina (referred to in the West as the SA-2Guideline missile). The F-4 was one of four that were struck while escorting abombing raid at Kang Chi, 40 miles (64 km) northwest ofHanoi.^[133] Captain Roscoe Henry Fobair was killed,^[134] while the other officer, Captain Richard Paul Keirn, survived and would remain a prisoner of war for seven years and seven months. Captain Keirn had been a POW duringWorld War II, and became one of only two Americans to be captured as a prisoner in two wars.^[135] Captain Keirn was also the first pilot in the war to be shot down by a surface-to-air missile, when his F-4 Phantom was struck on 24 July 1965. Overall, less than two percent of the 9,000 SAMs fired would actually strike U.S. planes during the war; of the 3,000 American planes shot down, 85% were taken out by antiaircraft guns, 8% by missiles, and 7% by enemy aircraft.^[136]
• With members of theTurkish Cypriot community boycotting the legislature, theHouse of Representatives in Cyprus voted unanimously to re-elect ArchbishopMakarios III as president to an additional five-year term, and to extend their own terms through 1970 as well, without conducting elections. Under the constitution, theGreek Cypriot legislators had a 70% majority even before the Turkish Cypriot members began avoiding Parliament in 1963.^[137]
• GeophysicistJ. Tuzo Wilson announced a major discovery inplate tectonics with the publication in the journalNature of his paper, "A New Class of Faults and Their Bearing on Continental Drift", describing the "transform fault", a boundary between tectonic plates characterized by a horizontal motion.^[138]
• TheDetroit Triple Fan Fair (DTFF) held its first convention at the Embassy Hotel inDetroit, Michigan. It is considered to be one of the firstcomic book conventions in the United States and would run annually until 1977.^[139]
• Died:
  • Loucye Gordy Wakefield, 41, American music executive who operated the music publishing division ofMotown Records
  • Irene Browne, 69, British stage and film actress
  • Constance Bennett, 60, American film actress

• Tunku Abdul Rahman, thePrime Minister of Malaysia, made the decision thatSingapore should leave the Federation of Malaysia and become its own separate nation, and informed the leaders of Singapore'sPeople's Action Party of his choice. The other alternative that he had considered was to impose federation rule upon the area in order to control unrest among Singapore's predominantly Chinese residents, and theMalay people in the rest of the federation.^[140] On August 9, the separation of Singapore from Malaysia would be announced.
• Bob Dylan upset many of his fans at theNewport Folk Festival purists by "going electric" in a live performance, but opened the era offolk rock, with the themes of folk music accompanied by the electric guitar.^[141] An author who was present at the festival would write later that it was a myth that Dylan had been booed as he played.^[142] After his three-song set, Dylan returned to the stage later in the show and played "It's All Over Now, Baby Blue" on an acoustic guitar.^[143]
• Ma'rib, the last area in eastern Yemen to support theYemen Arab Republic that had toppled the King of Yemen in 1962, fell to Royalist forces led by the former King's brother, Prince Abdullah al-Badr.^[144] An author would later write that the fall of Ma'rib meant that "it was possible to travel from the Federation to Saudi Arabia across territory held by Royalist forces or tribes loyal to the Imam for the first time since the outbreak of the conflict."^[145]
• Américo Tomás was re-elected to a second seven-year term asPresident of Portugal, as the only candidate under consideration by the 585-member electoral college. Sixteen of the members refused to cast a ballot in protest over the indirect suffrage system used to select a chief executive. Tomás had few powers in the European nation, which had been controlled by Prime MinisterAntónio de Oliveira Salazar for 33 years.^[146]
• Casey Stengel, the 74-year-old manager of theNew York Mets baseball team, broke his hip the day after coaching the team in a 5–1 loss to the Philadelphia Phillies.^[147] Stengel, who had announced that he would be retiring from the game at the end of the 1965 season, chose pitching coachWes Westrum as his replacement and would retire a month earlier than originally planned.
• Martin Luther King Jr. addressed a crowd of over 8,000 inWinnetka, Illinois, after several other speeches in Chicago that day. Addressing the issue of discrimination in housing, he told the mostly white crowd that "we must now come together as brothers or perish as fools."^{[148][149][150]}
• Died:Freddie Mills, 46, English boxer who was the world light heavyweight champion from 1948 to 1950, died of a self-inflicted gunshot wound. Mills was dead on arrival at Middlesex Hospital after police found him in his car in an alley near his nightclub, the Freddie Mills Nite Spot, on Charing Cross Road in London.^[151] An inquest would later rule that he had committed suicide.^[152]

• TheMaldives, a set of inhabited islands in theIndian Ocean, were granted full independence from the United Kingdom in a ceremony held at the residence of the British High Commissioner inColombo,Sri Lanka.Muhammad Fareed Didi continued as Sultan of the constitutional monarchy, andIbrahim Nasir Rannabandeyri Kilegefan (who would become the nation's first president in 1968) served as the first prime minister.^[153]
• Mario Savio, the 22-year-old leader of theFree Speech Movement at theUniversity of California in Berkeley, was sentenced to 120 days in jail for his part in leading the sit-in at the administration building in December. Savio's sentence, the longest meted out by Berkeley Municipal Judge Rupert Crittenden, came after he rejected an offer of probation conditioned on not taking part in future protest demonstrations.^[154]
• TheFree Papua Movement (OrganisasiPapuaMerdeka or OPM), seeking the independence of theWest Papua region fromIndonesia, made its first attack on theIndonesian Army, as forestry workers struck during a flag raising ceremony inManokwari.^[155]
• Born:
  • Jeremy Piven, American television actor (Entourage); inNew York City
  • Vladimir Cruz, Cuban film actor and director; inVilla Clara

• Edward Heath was elected the new leader of the United Kingdom'sConservative Party as 298 of the 303 Tory members of the House of Commons voted in "a narrow oakpaneled corridor of parliament". The result was announced at 2:17 "without a single hurrah from anyone's supporter", with Heath receiving 150,Reggie Maudling 133, andEnoch Powell 15.^[124] Although the party's bylaws required a runoff if no candidate received two-thirds of the vote, Maudling acknowledged that "Mr. Heath has attained an over-all majority on the first ballot," and declined to participate in a second vote between the top two finishers.^[156]
• American aircraft destroyed a surface-to-air missile installation for the first time, attacking an SA-2 Guideline site in North Vietnam.^[157] "Operation Spring High" took off with 46Republic F-105 Thunderchief fighter-bombers and 58 other supporting aircraft to bomb the sites, losing six planes in the process and destroying only one of the two targets, designated as "site 6". Afterward, "bomb damage assessment photos disclosed that there was a dummy missile in site 6, placed there as a trap, and that site 7 was empty."^[158]
• The first successfulreattachment of a completely amputated thumb was performed by two Japanese surgeons, Dr. Shigeo Komatsu and Dr. Susumu Tamai, at theNara Medical University inKashihara. The patient was a 28-year-old male whose thumb had been severed in a work accident, and the surgeons built uponmicrovascularsurgical anastomosis techniques in reconnecting blood vessels as small as 1 millimetre (0.039 in) in diameter.^[159]
• Queen Elizabeth II became the first British monarch to ride on thehovercraft, until the ship's engine broke down. She andPrince Philip were ferried ashore while repairs were made.^[160]
• Born:
  • The Lawson quintuplets (Sam, Selina, Shirlene, Lisa, and Deborah Lawson), the firstquintuplets to be conceived following the use offertility medication^[161] and the first to be born inNew Zealand; inAuckland. The five children were all descendants ofFletcher Christian, who had led themutiny on the shipHMSBounty in 1789.^[162] Their mother, former beauty queen Ann Lawson, would be murdered by her second husband in 1982.^[163]
  • Trifon Ivanov, defender for Bulgaria's national soccer football team (d. 2016); inVeliko Tarnovo
  • José Luis Chilavert, goalkeeper for Paraguay's national soccer football team; inLuque

• In a nationally televised speech, U.S. President Johnson announced his decision to send an additional 50,000 American troops toSouth Vietnam, increasing the number of personnel there by two-thirds and to bring the commitment to 125,000. Johnson also said that the monthly draft call would more than double, to more than 1,000 new young men per day (from 17,000 to 35,000) for enlistment and training in theU.S. Armed Forces.^[164] Johnson timed the speech for the noon hour inWashington, D.C., when there were fewer television viewers. As one historian would later note, "At 12:33 p.m. on July 28, 1965— without going before Congress, without a prime-time address to the nation— President Lyndon Johnson committed the United States to a land war in Southeast Asia."^[165]
• Abe Fortas, described as one of the closest personal friends of President Johnson, was nominated to become the new associate justice of theUnited States Supreme Court, to replace Arthur Goldberg.^[166] Fortas would resign from the Supreme Court in 1969 after being implicated in a scandal.
• The U.S. Senate voted, 70–24, to ratify theMedicare bill for President Johnson's signature.^[167] The House of Representatives had approved the compromise the day before, 307–116.^[168]
• Pierre Harmel became the newPrime Minister of Belgium, and would serve as the head of government for eight months.^[169]
• Died:Edogawa Ranpo, 70, Japanese mystery novelist

• The governments of Algeria and France signed an agreement which allowed French petroleum companies to retain their concessions for the right to drill for oil in Algeria, but required also that they cooperate with Algeria's government-owned oil and gas consortium,SociétéNationale pour la Recherche, la Production, leTransport, la Transformation, et laCommercialisation desHydrocarbures (Sonatrach).^[170]
• The first 4,000101st Airborne Division paratroopers arrived inVietnam, landing atCam Ranh Bay.^[171]
• Born:Chang-Rae Lee, Korean-born American novelist

• In a ceremony at theTruman Presidential Library inIndependence, Missouri, President Johnson signed theSocial Security Act of 1965 into law, establishingMedicare andMedicaid.^[172] As president,Harry S. Truman had first proposed nationwide health care for the elderly, but had failed to gain passage of a bill. "I'm glad to have lived this long," Truman said in a speech introducing Johnson, then told the new president, "Your inspired leadership and an understanding Congress have brought this about."^[173]
• The Spacecraft Organization ofLockheed-California Company delivered the final report on a modular multipurposespace station to Manned Spacecraft Center. The concept provided for a sequential evolution ofspace vehicles ranging from small Apollo-dependent laboratories, through larger, more versatile laboratories, to a semipermanent space station. Initial objectives of the study were to refine and optimize the design of the large orbital research laboratory.^[174]
• Died:Jun'ichirō Tanizaki, 79, Japanese novelist

• Canada's nationwide postal workers' strike came to an end after letter carriers returned to work across the nation, with the exception of the city ofMontreal, where the first walkout had started.^[175] The 4,100 workers in and around Montreal would return to work on August 9.^[176]
• With a nationwide ban going into effect on August 1, the very last cigarette commercial on British television was broadcast. The final telly ad was forRothmans cigarettes.^[177]
• Born:J. K. Rowling, British novelist who created the best-sellingHarry Potter book series; as Joanne Rowling inYate,Gloucestershire
• Died:André Godard, 84, French archaeologist and architect

• July 1965
• July by year
• Months in the 1960s

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