July 9, 1950: General MacArthur appointed commander of U.S. forces in Korea, asks Joint Chiefs for atomic weaponsJuly 17, 1950: Julius Rosenberg arrested for espionageJuly 30, 1950: U.S. President Truman transfers partially assembled nuclear bombs to Guam air baseJuly 16, 1950: Brazil hosts World Cup Final
Two companies of the U.S. Army First Battalion, 21st Infantry Regiment, 24th Infantry Division departed from the U.S. base in Japan atKyushu under the name "Task Force Smith", designated because of its 34-year-old commander, Lt. Col. Charles "Brad" Smith. After leaving at 3:00 am, the task force arrived nearPusan at 11:00 am, becoming the first set of American ground troops to be deployed in the Korean War.[1]
The 8055th M.A.S.H. became the firstMobile Army Surgical Hospital to be activated inSouth Korea. On July 6, its physicians, nurses and support staff would be sent fromSasebo toPusan, initially to be set up atTaejon. It was followed by the 8063rd M.A.S.H. (often referenced in the television showM*A*S*H), which was activated July 17 and sent on July 18 toPohang to support the U.S. 1st Cavalry, and the 8076th M.A.S.H. (activated July 19, and sent to Taejon on July 25)[2]
Twenty-three American soldiers became the first to die in theKorean War when their C-54 transport plane crashed into a 2000 foot high hill, forty miles northwest ofPusan, upon arrival from Japan.[3]
Eleven men were killed and 26 injured when a gas leak at the iron works inConsett, England, felled them while they were working at a loading dock.[4]
ARAADCOM, the ARmy AntiAircraft COMmand, began operations to coordinate U.S. Army defenses against a foreign bomber attack. The unit would be deactivated onJanuary 4, 1975.[5]
The city ofGainesville, Florida renamed all of its main streets using a system of numbers and directions.[6]
Unto These Hills, which bills itself as "America's most popular outdoor drama", was given its first performance. It continues to be seen on Saturday evenings during the summer atCherokee, North Carolina.[7]
ThePuerto Rican Federal Relations Act was signed into law by U.S. President Truman, givingPuerto Rico the authority to establish its own government to administer "matters of purely local concern".[11]
An express train crashed into an excursion bus nearBourg-en-Bresse inFrance, killing 23 people on the bus.[13]
In a cablegram sent fromNorth Korea's Foreign Minister, Pak Hen Nen, toUnited Nations Secretary GeneralTrygve Lie, North Korea announced that it had no intention of agreeing to the UN Security Council resolution 82, calling for an end to hostilities and withdrawal of troops.[14]
The first U.S. Navy jet attack in the Korean War took place when aGrumman F9F Panther took off from theUSSValley Forge to attack North Korean troops. Ensign Eldon W. Brown, Jr., made the first kill, downing aYak-9 fighter nearPyongyang, before returning to theValley Forge.[15]
The Hazel Scott Show made its debut on theDuMont Television Network, becoming the first television program to be hosted by an African-American woman. SingerHazel Scott appeared live on Monday, Wednesday and Friday evenings from 7:45 pm to 8:00 pm Eastern Time on DuMont stations.[16]
The CBS Radio Network showGranby's Green Acres, created byJay Sommers, made its debut as a summer replacement series. StarringGale Gordon andBea Benaderet as John and Martha Granby, two big city residents who became farmers. Though the radio show ran only eight episodes, it would be adapted to television 15 years later asGreen Acres[17]
Radio Free Europe began its first broadcasts, transmitting 30 minutes of American programming to Czechoslovakia from a 7,500 watt short wave transmitter located atLampertheim inWest Germany.[19]
French PremierHenri Queuille, in office for three days, resigned after losing in a vote of no confidence in the National Assembly, by a margin of 336–221.[20]
A baseball fan at New York's Polo Grounds was killed by a sniper as he sat in the stands along with 40,000 other people at a doubleheader between the Giants and the Dodgers. Bernard Doyle, 54, was struck in the eye while sitting in the second deck in deep left field. New York Police concluded that the bullet had been fired from one of the apartment buildings half a mile away from the ballpark.[21]
At 8:16 a.m., American and North Korean troops engaged in combat for the first time, at theBattle of Osan, 20 miles south ofSeoul. Task Force Smith, with 406 U.S. Army troops led by Lieutenant Colonel Charles B. Smith, was far outnumbered when it encountered a column of 33 North Korean T-34 tanks and a large infantry force of 4,000. Four of the T-34 tanks were destroyed and three damaged, while 20 U.S. Marines became the first Americans to die in combat during the Korean War.[22] The Americans sustained 120 deaths and 36 more were taken prisoner.[1] Officially,Kenneth R. Shadrick, an 18-year-old native ofHarlan, Kentucky, was the first American serviceman to be killed in action in theKorean War.[23]
TheLaw of Return (Hok Hashvut) was passed unanimously by theKnesset, the Parliament ofIsrael, providing that "An immigrant's visa shall be granted to every Jew who has expressed his desire to settle in Israel", with exceptions.[24] Although one author comments that "Israel is the only country in the world which confers citizenship on an immigrant automatically at the moment he steps off the boat or plane"[25]
a Flying Pigeon bicycle
The first "Flying Pigeon", a bicycle devised by Huo Baoji at a former artillery plant atTianjin, was presented to officials of the Chinese Communist Party. Approved as the "People's Bicycle", millions of the bikes were produced and served as the personal vehicle for citizens of the People's Republic of China.[26] Huo Baoji based his bicycle model on the 1932 EnglishRaleighRoadster.[27]
Died:Salvatore Giuliano, 27, Sicilian crime boss who had been charged with 117 counts of murder, was killed in a gunbattle with Italian carbinieri atCastelvetrano.[30]
U.S. and North Korean forces clashed for the second time at theBattle of Pyongtaek. The engagement resulted in a North Korean victory as the Americans were unable to stop their advance south.
TheGoerlitz Agreement (also called theZgorzelec Agreement), marking the separation of the two cities ofGörlitz inEast Germany andZgorzelec inPoland, was signed at Warsaw. It set the border between the two nations as theOder (Odra) River and theNeisse (Nysa) River.[31] The border would be confirmed on November 14, 1990, in a treaty signed between a reunified Germany and Poland[32] on the reunification of Germany by the "Two plus Four Treaty" on September 12, 1990,
David Greenglass became the second American atomic worker to be indicted for espionage.[33]
U.S. and North Korean forces engaged for the third time in theBattle of Chonan. The fight ended in a North Korean victory after intense fighting around the town throughout the night and into the morning.
The U.S. Department of Defense implemented the newly renewed draft law "to build up to full operating strength the units of the Army, Navy and Air Force to be used in the Korean operation.[34]
Without a Soviet Union representative appearing to cast a veto against it,United Nations Security Council Resolution 84 passed, authorizing a multinationalUnited Nations force, under U.S. command, to fight against North Korea. The Resolution noted that the Council "Recommends that all Members of the United Nations make such forces and other assistance available"[35] Ultimately, 20 nations would send troops and 25 others would provide some form of aid.[36] At a secret meeting in the White House earlier in the day, U.S. President Truman declined a suggestion from CIA DirectorRoscoe Hillenkoetter that the UN be asked to approve use of the atomic bomb in the war.[37]
Nearly five years after Japan's armed forces surrender to the United States, General Douglas MacArthur gave approval for the creation of a National Reserve Force (Keisatsu Yobitai) of 75,000 soldiers to replace the former Japanese Army. In 1952, the force would be reorganized and in 1954 would become theJapan Self-Defense Forces (Jieitai) to include a navy and air force. .[39]
U.S. Army Sergeant Roy Deans was awarded the firstPurple Heart medal of the Korean war, after having an eye injury during theJune 28 destruction of the Han River bridge.[42]
Results from the 1950 U.S. population census showed that New York City had 7,841,610 people, still second to London, with 8,390,941 people.[43]
The U.S.Joint Chiefs of Staff received a message from General Douglas MacArthur asking for consideration of making atomic bombs available for use in the Korean War. General Charles Bolte, the JCS Chief of Operations, advised the Joint Chiefs that as many as 20 of the 250 American A-bombs could be spared for what MacArthur described as "a unique use of the atomic bomb" to destroy tunnels and bridges leading into North Korea from China.[44] The JCS tabled the motion, as well as MacArthur's request for additional U.S. troops, until "two of their number" could visit Korea personally .[37] U.S. Army General J. Lawton Collins and U.S. Air Force General Hoyt S. Vandenberg would arrive in Tokyo on July 13.[45]
Earthquakes in the Santander Department ofColombia killed more than 200 people, with the towns ofCucutilla andArboledas hit the hardest.[46]
First propaganda broadcast by an American POW captured by North Korea; a U.S. Army Officer of the 24th Infantry Division made a 900 word broadcast on Seoul radio. Broadcasts from other officers followed, and behavioral researchers made the first studies of whatEdward Hunter would first refer to as "brainwashing".[47]
Bishop Alexei Kim Euihan, a South Korean who had been ordained as a priest in theRussian Orthodox Church, was kidnapped and never seen again, bringing a temporary end to theKorean Orthodox Church. The orthodox church organization would not be re-established until 1994.[48]
United Kingdom Food MinisterMaurice Webb announced that rationing of soap would end effective September 10, 1950. Since February 9, 1942, households had been permitted only three ounces of soap, per person, per week.[49]
TheInternational Court of Justice (commonly known as the World Court) ruled unanimously that theClass C Mandate exercised bySouth Africa overSouth-West Africa (nowNamibia), continued to be binding, and that South Africa was not required to turn the former German colony into aUnited Nations trust territory. On December 17, 1920, theLeague of Nations had conferred the mandate upon South Africa. All of the mandates had become UN Trust Territories, with the exception of South Africa, which refused to relinquish any control. The matter had been turned over to the World Court in 1949, by a 40–7 vote of the General Assembly. South Africa would finally agree in 1988 to allow the UN to oversee Namibia's transition to independence.[51]
Television broadcasting started again in Germany for the first time since before World War Two, as the companyNordwestdeutscher Rundfunk (NWDR) began transmission. Broadcasts every two days would begin in November, and daily broadcasts would start on December 25, 1952.[52]
The South Korean government, temporarily relocated fromSeoul toTaejon, entered the "Taejon Agreement" with the United States, giving U.S. military courts exclusive jurisdiction over American personnel in criminal and civil matters.[54]
Casino gambling was revived in Austria for the first time since its conquest by Germany in 1938, with the casino at the resort town ofBad Gastein being first to reopen.[56]
GeneralWalton H. Walker was named as the commander of United States ground forces in South Korea.[57] He would be killed in a motor vehicle accident less than six months later.
Christian evangelistBilly Graham prayed in the White House with U.S. PresidentHarry S. Truman, the first of many meetings that Graham would have with American presidents.[60] Graham would meet with every American president over the next 60 years.[61]
South Korea's PresidentSyngman Rhee signed the "Letter in Regard to Transfer of Operational Authority", transferring command of the Republic of Korea armed forces directly to the command of General Douglas MacArthur.[62]
Brigadier General William L. Roberts, in charge of the U.S. mission in South Korea before the war, told reporters in Los Angeles that heavy military equipment had not been provided to South Korea prior to the outbreak of war, because of fears that South Korea had wanted to start a war with North Korea.[63]
Nâzım Hikmet Ran, Turkish poet and novelist who had been imprisoned since January 17, 1938, on charges of "provoking military personnel to rebel against their superiors", was released after receiving a pardon from the new government.[64]
Died:Heinz-Wolfgang Schnaufer, 28, German World War II ace and four-time winner of the Knight's Cross, who had 121 victories at night; two days after a truck collided with his car and spilled its cargo on top of him.[65]
Uruguay won the1950 World Cup, beatingBrazil 2–1 to win the first world soccer football championship played since 1938. A crowd of 210,000 was present at theEstádio do Maracanã inRio de Janeiro as the heavily favored home team played the final match of a round robin tournament involving Brazil, Uruguay, Sweden and Spain. As it turned out, the last game on the schedule pitted Uruguay (with one loss and one tie) against Brazil (with two wins). Brazil would take the Cup with either a win or a tie, and the score was 0–0 at halftime. Brazil went ahead 1–0 in the 47th minute with a goal byAlbino Friaça, and Uruguay'sJuan Alberto Schiaffino tied the score at 1–1 in the 66th minute (Schiaffino); "But then, with eleven minutes to go, the unthinkable happened," an author would write later,[66] whenAlcides Ghiggia scored the winning goal, and Brazil was unable to respond.[67] The upset at Maracanã stadium would become known in Uruguay asEl Maracanazo.[citation needed]
Secretary-GeneralS.A. Dange and ten other officials of theCommunist Party of India were released from prison after having been incarcerated for more than two years, while 38 other Communists were given a reprieve from a detention order.[68]
Julius Rosenberg, 32, was arrested at his 11th floor Manhattan apartment on 10 Monroe Street, while the family was listening toThe Lone Ranger on the radio.[70] Rosenberg had been fired in 1945 as civilian inspector for the U.S. Army Signal Corps, and had been identified by his brother-in-law,David Greenglass, as a spy.Ethel Rosenberg, the wife of Julius and David's sister, would be arrested on August 11. On March 21, 1951, the Rosenbergs would be convicted of espionage; both would be executed in the electric chair on June 19, 1953. Although there was doubt about their guilt, former Soviet spyAlexander Feklisov would claim, in 1997, to have had fifty meetings with Rosenberg.[71]
The city ofSt. Louis, Missouri, was ordered by a federal judge to desegregate all of its municipal swimming pools within two days, ending the status quo of separate swimming facilities for white people and black people. In 1949, the city had closed all of its pools for the summer rather than allow blacks to swim in "whites only" pools.[72]
UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, published its firstStatement on Race, authored by eight scientists led by ProfessorAshley Montagu. The statement began with the words, "Scientists have reached general agreement in recognising that mankind is one: that all men belong to the same species, Homo sapiens."[73]
Major GeneralWilliam F. Dean of the U.S. Army was separated from his unit after North Korean troops overran the city of Taejon.[74] Dean would spend the next 36 days eluding North Korean patrols and trying to make his way back to friendly territory, until he was betrayed to the enemy onAugust 25 by a South Korean civilian. As a Major General, Dean would be the North Koreans' most important prisoner of war, and finally be released on September 4, 1953.[75]
Jack Layton, Canadian politician who led the New Democratic Party 2003-2011 and wasLeader of the Opposition for three months until his death in 2011; in Montreal. (d. 2011)
InNew Orleans, U.S. District JudgeJ. Skelly Wright issued an injunction prohibitingWashington Parish, Louisiana from any further rejection of African American citizens from registering to vote. On July 28, William Bailey, who brought the federal lawsuit after being denied since 1946, would become the first black registered voter in the 20th Century. About fifty other black persons registered later that day at the courthouse inBogalusa.[76]
Mr. and Mrs. Carlin
Ben Carlin and his wife, Elinore Carlin, set out fromHalifax, Nova Scotia, in theHalf-Safe, anamphibious jeep, in an effort to become the first persons to drive around the world.[77] Mrs. Carlin would abandon the journey after several years because of seasickness, and Mr. Carlin, after long stops along the way, would complete his journey on May 13, 1958, nearly eight years after starting.[78] He had driven 39,000 miles on land, and traversed 9,600 miles on the ocean.[79]
The U.S. Senate voted 45–37 to accept a report by theTydings Committee (chaired by U.S. SenatorMillard Tydings). The report denounced accusations of Communist infiltration in the federal government, made by U.S. SenatorJoseph McCarthy. The vote followed party lines, with all Democrats in favor, and all Republicans against.[80] During the debate on the bill, Senator Tydings of Maryland said of McCarthy's charges, "What a farce this has been. What a hoax, what fraud, what deceit for a senator from Wisconsin to go to West Virginia and state there are 205 card-carrying Communists in the State Department... and then overnight to reduce the number to 57 and then come back to the Senate and make the same speech, paragraph by paragraph, with that one paragraph changed."[81]
The South Korean city ofTaejon fell to the North Korean invasion, leaving the area south of theNaktong River as the only part of the peninsula not under Communist control.[82]
After a month-long campaign, the majority of North Korea'sAir Forcewas destroyed by anti-communist forces.[83]
TheBattle of Taejon ended in tactical North Korean victory but a strategic U.S. victory as the 24th Infantry Division was able to delay the North Koreans long enough for other American divisions to establish a defensive perimeter around Pusan further south.
The24th U.S. Army Infantry, composed primarily of African-American soldiers, accomplished the first American victory in theKorean War, recapturing theYecheon railway center from North Korean invaders.[84]
TheUniversity of California Board of Regents reversed it decision to fire 39 professors who had refused to sign a loyalty oath disavowing Communism. The vote was 10–9, with California Governor Earl Warren breaking the tie. Another 85 employees remained dismissed.[85] One of the regents,John Francis Neylan, would change his vote, then move for a reconsideration in August, when the decision was reversed again, 12–10.[86] One of the 39 people terminated was UCLA physics professorDavid S. Saxon, who would be reinstated in 1952 and later become the President of UC-Berkeley.[87]
Bolivia became the first of the United Nations' 52 members to offer troops to support the UN commitment to defend South Korea, sending 30 regular army officers to be commanded by U.S. General Douglas MacArthur.[88]
KingLeopold III of Belgium returned home for the first time since surrendering the nation to Nazi German invaders ten years earlier. Arriving with Prime MinisterJean Duvieusart at theHaren military airport, Leopold addressed the nation by radio later in the day, while opposition members of Parliament demanded that he abdicate in favor of his son,Crown Prince Baudouin.[89] On August 11, King Leopold would turn his powers over to Baudoin, and would abdicate on July 16, 1951.[90]
Communist China's Navy first began the shelling of the small island ofQuemoy, under the control of the Nationalist Chinese.[91]
The Government Administrative Council of the People's Republic of China, along with the Supreme People's Court, issued the "Directive on the Suppression of Counterrevolutionaries", to ferret out persons opposed to Communism.[92]
Cape Canaveral inFlorida was used for the first time to launch a rocket. The U.S. Army sent the two-stageBumper 8, which combined a German V-2 rocket and an American WAC Corporal rocket, to an altitude of 51,000 feet (16,000 m) in 83 seconds, then exploded it by remote control when it descended to 20,000 feet (6,100 m) 57 seconds later.[94]
Sadamichi Hirasawa was sentenced to death by a Japanese Court after being convicted of the murder of 12 people by using poison to rob a bank. On January 26, 1948, Hirazawa had walked into a bank in Tokyo, claimed to be a health officer, and ordered 16 people to drink "medicine" to combat an epidemic, then robbed the bank of 164,400 yen-- $456 at the time.[95] Hirasawa would remain on death row for the rest of his life as appeals were filed, dying in Hachioji Prison, at the age of 95, on May 10, 1987.
At a meeting inTaegu, between U.S. Army and South Korean Army officials, a joint plan was made for dealing with the problem of South Korean refugees being infiltrated by North Korean soldiers. Six policies were implemented immediately, with the first one being "Leaflet drops will be made north of U.S. lines banning the people not to proceed south, that they risk being fired upon if they do so. If refugees do appear from north of U.S. lines they will receive warning shots, and if they then persist in advancing they will be shot." A secret letter, sent the next day from by John H. Muccio, the U.S. Ambassador to South Korea, to Assistant U.S. Secretary of StateDean Rusk described the policy. The policy would be carried out the next day atNo Gun Ri. The existence of the letter would not become public until 2006, when historian Sahr Conway-Lanz discovered it in declassified documents in the National Archives.[96]
TheBattle of Yongdong ended in North Korean victory after three days, although American artillery delayed North Korean forces for several crucial days.
TheNo Gun Ri Massacre was committed by American soldiers of the First Cavalry Division, of the U.S. Army's Seventh Cavalry Regiment, with the killing of as many as 300 South Korean civilians who had had the misfortune of encountering American forces the day after an order went out authorizing the shooting of refugees. On the first day, American airplanes strafed a group of children, women, and men who had been resting. When the survivors hid in a culvert, the U.S. soldiers killed them over the next two days. The rest of the world would not learn of the massacre for nearly fifty years. On September 30, 1999,Associated Press reportersSang-hun Choe,Charles J. Hanley andMartha Mendoza would publish the results of their investigation.[97]
U.S. SenatorElmer Thomas ofOklahoma, who had represented the state for the last 28 years, and was Chairman of the Senate Agricultural Committee, was declared the loser of a runoff election between him and U.S. RepresentativeMike Monroney.[98]
Japan's Red Scare saw the firing of 180 newspaper employees suspected of beingJapanese Communist Party members or sympathizers, whileNHK, (the Japan Broadcasting Corporation) barred more than 100 of its employees from entering its facilities, on instructions of Major Edgar L. Tidwell, the radio officer of the United States Eighth Army.[99]
TheMulago Hospital massacre occurred atMulago Hospital inKampala,Uganda. After visiting his dying son at the hospital, 55-year old Lazaro Obwara ran down the ward with a knife, stabbing a woman and eleven children, all of whom died.
InBentonville, Arkansas, entrepreneurSam Walton opened his first "self service" department store, "Walton's 5¢-10¢", after seeing the new concept in Minnesota, with customers picking their purchases off of open shelves rather than having them brought by a department clerk.[100] From Bentonville, Walton would build a chain of 15 stores and then would create theWalmart chain onJuly 2, 1962. His company would have 1,960 stores at the time of his death in 1992, and more than 10,000 stores worldwide by 2013.
U.S. Secretary of DefenseLouis A. Johnson persuaded President Truman to transfer ten nuclear-ready B-29 bombers from theStrategic Air Command task force toGuam, along with partially assembled atomic bombs that contained "everything but the fissionable cores".[37]
A group of 80,000protesters from Belgium'sHainaut province began marching toward the royal palace atLaeken, nearBrussels to demand the abdication of King Leopold III, who had returned from exile only nine days earlier. Strikers fromHaine-St.-Pierre (25,000), La Louviere (25,000) and Charleroi (30,000). Leopold announced later in the day that he would give up the throne to his sonPrince Baudouin, in order to avert a civil war between the Dutch-speakingFlemings, who supported him, and the French-speakingWalloons who opposed him.[102]
^abMaurice Isserman,America at War: Korean War, Updated Edition (Infobase Publishing, 2009) pp 5-10
^"Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals in the Korean Conflict",Military Medicine: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century, Jack E. McCallum, ed. (ABC-CLIO, 2008) p210; Otto F. Apel M.D. and Pat Apel,MASH: An Army Surgeon in Korea (University Press of Kentucky, 2001)
^"23 YANKS DIE ON KOREA AIRLIFT",Pittsburgh Press, July 1, 1950, p1
^"Gas Leak Kills 11, Fells 26 in Plant",The Milwaukee Sentinel, July 2, 1950, p1
^John A. Hamilton,Blazing Skies: Air Defense Artillery on Fort Bliss, Texas, 1940-2009 (Government Printing Office, 2009) p239
^Rob Hicks,Images of America: Gainesville (Arcadia Publishing, 2008) p50
^Amy H. Sturgis,The Trail of Tears and Indian Removal (Greenwood Publishing Group) p1
^Korean War Almanac, Paul M. Edwards, ed. (Infobase Publishing, 2006) p527
^"'Pilgrim's Progress' Named World's Most Boring Book",Milwaukee Journal, July 3, 1950, p1
^"Enemy of Reds Chosen President by Peruvians",Milwaukee Journal, July 3, 1950, p1
^Edwin Meléndez and Edgardo Meléndez,Colonial Dilemma: Critical Perspectives on Contemporary Puerto Rico (South End Press, 1993) p21
^Michael Varhola,Fire and Ice: The Korean War, 1950-1953 (Basic Books, 2000) pp127-147
^"Train Hits Bus, 23 French Die",Milwaukee Journal, July 3, 1950, p1
^"Red Korea Defies United Nations",Pittsburgh Press, July 3, 1950, p1
^Robert F. Dorr,Air Combat: A History of Fighter Pilots (Penguin, 2007)
^Historical Dictionary of African-American Television, Kathleen Fearn-Banks, ed. (Scarecrow Press, 2005) p xvi
^"Granby's Green Acres", inOn the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio, ed. by John Dunning (Oxford University Press, 1998) p289
^Bergsten, Jan (2020).Kryssningståg (in Swedish). Stockholm: Trafik-Nostalgiska Förlaget. p. 63, 72.ISBN978-91-88605-63-4.
^abRichard H. Cummings,Radio Free Europe's "Crusade for Freedom": Rallying Americans Behind Cold War Broadcasting, 1950-1960 (McFarland, 2010) pp24-25
^"New French Premier Out",Milwaukee Journal, July 5, 1950, p1
^"Mystery Killing At Ball Game",Milwaukee Journal, July 5, 1950, p1
^"YANKS BATTLE REDS!",Milwaukee Sentinel, July 4, 1950, p1; Maurice Isserman,America at War: Korean War (Infobase Publishing, 2009) pp7-8
^"18 Mos. Later He's 1st GI to Die in Korea",Milwaukee Sentine, July 8, 1950, p1
^Paul R. Mendes-Flohr and Jehuda Reinharz, eds.,The Jew in the Modern World: A Documentary History (Oxford University Press, 1995) p633
^"Israel and the Jewish Diaspora", by Walter Eytan, inIsrael in the Middle East: Documents and Readings on Society, Politics, and Foreign Relations, Pre-1948 to the Present (University Press of New England, 2008) p153
^Thomas J. Campanella,The Concrete Dragon: China's Urban Revolution and What it Means for the World (Princeton Architectural Press, 2008) p320
^Chuck Downs,Over the Line: North Korea's Negotiating Strategy (American Enterprise Institute, 1999) p22
^"Korean War", inHistorical Dictionary of Multinational Peacekeeping, by Terry M. Mays (Scarecrow Press, 2004) p79
^abcd"Atomic Diplomacy During the Korean War", by Roger Dingman, inNuclear Diplomacy and Crisis Management: An International Security Reader (MIT Press, 1990) p120
^"New York Loses Fight To Be World's Largest",Pittsburgh Press, July 9, 1950, 1
^Scott Ritter,Dangerous Ground: America's Failed Arms Control Policy, from FDR to Obama (Nation Books, 2010) pp42-43; "The atomic bomb and the Korean War, 1950-53", by Callum MacDonald, inDecisions and Diplomacy: Essays in Twentieth Century International History (Routledge, 1995) p182; Mark Selden and Alvin Y. So,War and State Terrorism: The United States, Japan, and the Asia-Pacific in the Long Twentieth Century (Rowman & Littlefield, 2004) p70
^James F. Schnabel,United States Army in the Korean War: Policy and Direction, the First Year p105
^"Earthquake Fatal to 123",Pittsburgh Post Gazette, July 10, 1950
^Donald Laming,Understanding Human Motivation: What Makes People Tick (John Wiley & Sons, 2003) pp83-84; Philip D. Chinnery,Korean Atrocity: Forgotten War Crimes 1950-1953 (Naval Institute Press, 2000) p8
^Michael Protopopo,A Russian Presence: A History of the Russian Orthodox Church in Australia (Gorgias Press LLC, 2006) p412
^"Rationing of Soap to End in Britain",Milwaukee Journal, July 10, 1950, p1
^Angelika Königseder and Juliane Wetze,Waiting for Hope: Jewish Displaced Persons in Post-World War II Germany (Northwestern University Press, 2001) p208
^Shabtai Rosenne,The World Court: What It Is and How It Works (BRILL, 1989) p167
^Coleman, James A.; Rollet, Brigitte (1997).Television in Europe. Intellect Books. p. 49.
^Edwards, Paul M., ed. (2006). "Allied Nations Providing Troops".Korean War Almanac. Infobase Publishing. p. 515.
^Edwards, Paul M., ed. (2010). "Taejon Agreement".Historical Dictionary of the Korean War. Scarecrow Press. p. 278.
^Schäfe, Bernd (2010).The East German State and the Catholic Church, 1945-1989.Berghahn Books. p. 18.
^Dallas, Jesse (2006).Casino Shrine: A Directory of Casinos Around the World. Jai Dee Marketing.
^"Tank Expert Takes Over U.N. Ground Force in Korea",Pittsburgh Press, July 13, 1950, p1
^Carter Malkasian,The Korean War (Rosen Publishing Group, 2008) p26
^Helen Keller and Alec Stone Sweet,A Europe of Rights: The Impact of the Echr on National Legal Systems (Oxford University Press, 2008) p111
^"10 Red Leaders Freed in Bombay",Milwaukee Journal, July 17, 1950, p2
^"Electoral Change Is Killed by House",Milwaukee Journal, July 17, 1950, p2
^"FBI Arrests Engineer as Spy Ring Paymaster",Milwaukee Journal, July 19, 1950, p1; "Where They Lived", by Ellen Hopkins,New York Magazine, March 7, 1983, p48
^Athan G. Theoharis,The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999) pp65-66
^Kenneth S. Jolly,Black Liberation in the Midwest: The Struggle in St. Louis, Missouri, 1964-1970 (CRC Press, 2006) pp13-14
^Elazar Barkan,The Retreat of Scientific Racism: Changing Concepts of Race in Britain and the United States between the World Wars (Cambridge University Press, 1993) p341
^"Gen. Dean Still Gone; GIs Tell of His Fight",Milwaukee Journal, July 21, 1950, p1
^"Dean, William F.", inThe Korean War: An Encyclopedia, Stanley Sandler, ed. (Taylor & Francis, 1995) p96
^"U.S. Negro Troops Capture Rail Center- Yechon Fall First Sizable Yank Victory",Milwaukee Journal, July 22, 1950, p1 William T. Bowers,Black Soldier, White Army: The 24th Infantry Regiment in Korea (Government Printing Office, 1997) p93
^"College Lets Teachers Stay",Milwaukee Journal, July 22, 1950, p2
^Clark Kerr,The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949 - 1967 (University of California Press, 2001) p33
^Kevin Starr,Embattled Dreams: California in War and Peace, 1940-1950 (Oxford University Press, 2002) p327
^"Bolivia Offers Army Officers",Milwaukee Journal, July 22, 1950, p2
^"King Flies to Belgium; No Hint of Abdication",Milwaukee Journal, July 22, 1950, p1
^"Baudouin (1930-93)", inEurope Since 1945: An Encyclopedia, Bernard A. Cook (Taylor & Francis, 2001) p85
^"Reds Shelling Chinese Isle",Milwaukee Journal, July 22, 1950, p1
^"Policing in China", by Kam C. Wong, inPolice Practices in Global Perspective (Rowman & Littlefield, 2010) p90
^"The Gene Autry Show", inHistorical Dictionary of the 1950s, James S. Olson, ed. (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000) pp109-110
^"It's Not a Fizzle; Rocket Streaks Out Over Ocean",Milwaukee Journal, July 25, 1950, p1; Roger D. Launius and Dennis R. Jenkins,To Reach the High Frontier: A History of U.S. Launch Vehicles University Press of Kentucky, 2002) p46
^"Jap Given Death for Poisoning 12",Milwaukee Journal, July 24, 1950, p3
^"Forgotten Deaths, Forgotten War", Associated Press, by Sang-hun Choe, Charles J. Hanley and Martha Mendoza, inPittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 30, 1999, p1
^"Senator Thomas Beaten in Oklahoma's Run-Off",Milwaukee Journal, July 26, 1950, p1
^"Jap Publishers Fire Radicals",Milwaukee Journal, July 28, 1950, p2
^Sally Lee,Sam Walton: Business Genius of Wal-Mart (Enslow Publishers, 2007)
^Witte, Els; Craeybeckx, Jan; Meynen, Alain (2009).Political History of Belgium from 1830 Onwards (New ed.). Brussels: ASP. p. 242.ISBN978-90-5487-517-8.
^"Belgian King Agrees To Give Up Throne To Avert Civil War", Pittsburgh Press, July 31, 1950, p1
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