Julia | |
|---|---|
 Julia fromPromptuarii Iconum Insigniorum. The inscription reads: "Julia; Gaius Caesar's daughter; Pompey's wife." | |
| Born | c. 76 BC |
| Died | August 54 BC (agedc. 22) |
| Spouse | Pompey (m. 59 BC) |
| Partner | Servilius Caepio |
| Children | One (died at a few days old) |
| Parents |
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Julia (c. 76 BC – August 54 BC) was the daughter ofJulius Caesar and his first or second wifeCornelia, and his only child from his marriages.[1] Julia became the fourth wife ofPompey the Great and was renowned for her beauty and virtue.
Julia may have been born around 76 BC.[2] Her mother died in 69 BC[3] after which she was raised by her paternal grandmotherAurelia Cotta. Her father engaged her to a Servilius Caepio. There has been a notion that it could have beenMarcus Junius Brutus[4] (Caesar's most famous assassin), who, after being adopted byhis uncle, was known as Quintus Servilius Caepio Brutus for an unknown period; however, this is just conjecture. Caesar broke off this engagement and married her toPompey in April 59 BC, with whom Caesar sought a strong political alliance in forming theFirst Triumvirate. This family-alliance of its two great chiefs was regarded as the firmest bond between Caesar and Pompey, and was accordingly viewed with much alarm by theoptimates (theoligarchal party in Rome), especially byMarcus Tullius Cicero andCato the Younger.[5][6][7]
Pompey was supposedly infatuated with his bride. The personal charms of Julia were remarkable: she was a kind woman of beauty and virtue; and although policy prompted her union, and she was thirty years younger than her husband, she possessed in Pompey a devoted husband, to whom she was, in return, reportedly attached.[8] A rumor suggested that the middle aged conqueror was losing interest in politics in favor of domestic life with his young wife. In fact, Pompey had been given the governorship ofHispania Ulterior, but had been permitted to remain in Rome to oversee theRoman grain supply ascurator annonae, exercising his command through subordinates.[9]
Julia died before a breach between her husband and father had become inevitable.[9][10] Plutarch reports that at the election of aediles in 55 BC, Pompey was surrounded by a tumultuous mob, and his robe was stained with the blood of some of the rioters. A slave carried the stained toga to his house and was seen by Julia. Imagining that her husband was slain, she fell into premature labor,[9][11] miscarrying thereafter. As a result of the miscarriage, her health was irreparably damaged. In August of the next year, 54 BC, she died in childbirth,[12] and her infant—a son, according to some writers,[13][14][15] a daughter, according to others,[9][16]—did not survive and died along with Julia.[9][17]
Caesar was in Britain, according to Seneca,[18] when he received the news of Julia's death.[19]
Pompey wished her ashes to repose in his favouriteAlban villa, but the Roman people, who loved Julia, determined they should rest in thefield of Mars (Campus Martius). For permission a special decree of the Senate was necessary, andLucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, one of the consuls of 54 BC, impelled by his hatred for Pompey and Caesar, procured an interdict from the tribunes. But the popular will prevailed, and, after listening to a funeral oration[20] in the forum, the people placed her urn in the field of Mars.[21] Ten years later the official pyre for Caesar's cremation would be erected near the tomb of his daughter,[22][23] but the people intervened after the funeral oration byMark Antony and cremated Caesar's body in theForum.
After Julia's death, Pompey and Caesar's alliance began to fade, which resulted inCaesar's civil war. It was allegedly remarked, as a singularomen, that on the dayAugustus entered Rome as Caesar's adoptive son (in May 44 BC), the monument of Julia was struck by lightning.[24] Caesar himself vowed a ceremony to hermanes, which he exhibited in 46 BC as extensive funeral games including gladiatorial combats.[14][25] The date of the ceremony was chosen to coincide, on September 26, with theludi Veneris Genetricis,[26] the festival in honor ofVenus Genetrix, the divine ancestress of theJulians.[27]
In thePharsalia by the Roman poetLucan, the ghost of Julia appears to Pompey, blaming his re-marriage to Cornelia Metella for the outbreak of civil war.[28][29] The ItalianRenaissance poetCarlo Marsuppini wrote a eulogy aboutPiccarda Bueri, in which he compared her to Julia. He names her as an example of great marital devotion.[30]
InDante Alighieri's epic poem theDivine Comedy (14th century), Julia was encountered by Dante in the first circle of Hell, theLimbo (where souls rest who are not in torture, pagans that lived righteous existences):[31]
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