Judiciary Square | |
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 Aerial view of Judiciary Square in April 2007 | |
 Interactive map of Judiciary Square | |
| Coordinates:38°53′43″N77°1′6.5″W / 38.89528°N 77.018472°W /38.89528; -77.018472 | |
| Country | United States |
| District | Washington, D.C. |
| Ward | Ward 6 |
| Government | |
| • Councilmember | Charles Allen |
Judiciary Square is aneighborhood in thenorthwest quadrant ofWashington, D.C., in theUnited States, the vast majority of which is occupied by various federal and municipal courthouses and office buildings. Judiciary Square is located roughly betweenPennsylvania Avenue to the south,H Street to the north, 6th Street to the west, and 3rd Street to the east. The center of the neighborhood is an actual plaza named Judiciary Square. The Square itself is bounded by 4th Street to the east, 5th Street to the west, D Street and Indiana Avenue to the south, andF Street to the north. The neighborhood is served by theJudiciary Square station on theRed Line of theWashington Metro, in addition toWashington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority bus stops.
The Square was included in the 1791L'Enfant Plan, which planned the layout of the nation's new capital. The plans were slightly altered during the following years. Development in the neighborhood was slow during the first half of the 19th century. There were only a few shanties and a small hospital utilized by recent immigrants. When construction of theDistrict of Columbia City Hall began in 1820, it led to an increase in development around the Square. Houses and places of worship were built, including the First Unitarian Church (now theAll Souls Church, Unitarian). Other denominations soon followed with building impressive structures, such asTrinity Episcopal Church.
The area became a fashionable place to live, despite many lots on the northern side being undeveloped, andGoose Creek passing through the neighborhood. Prominent residents during the 19th-century include Vice PresidentJohn C. Calhoun, statesmanDaniel Webster, Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme CourtRoger B. Taney, and architectCharles Bulfinch. During theCivil War, the buildings and open lots around the Square were commandeered to treat woundedUnion soldiers. At the beginning of the war, the Square's hospital was destroyed in a fire, so another hospital opened on the Square. There was also a large brick jail on the Square, that probably hindered development in the vicinity. After PresidentAbraham Lincoln wasassassinated, local citizens raised money to install astatue of Lincoln that became the nation's first memorial to the slain president.
Alexander "Boss" Shepherd improved many areas of the neighborhood by having the streets graded and paved, sewer lines installed, and adding landscaping, which created a park-like setting in the Square. A massive new building on the north side of the Square, thePension Building, was completed in 1887. By that time the residents in the neighborhood were mostly lawyers, doctors, professors, and other white-collar professions, due to the proximity of the city hall, hospital, andColumbian College, now known asGeorge Washington University. The installation ofstreetcars resulted in further development. It was around this time, several older buildings on 4 1/2 Street were demolished and replaced withJohn Marshall Park. During the 20th century, the area became less residential, especially after the construction of multiple judicial buildings. Most prominent citizens had already left the area to live in more fashionable neighborhoods. The area became mostly a neighborhood where office and judicial employees worked. With the construction of the Judiciary Square station, there was a sharp increase in commercial development. The largest project,Capitol Crossing, began in the 21st century.
There are many public artworks in the neighborhood, in addition to the Lincoln statue. The list includes theDarlington Memorial Fountain,George Gordon Meade Memorial, andChief Justice John Marshall. Most of the neighborhood is listed ascontributing properties to thePennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site, and the Square itself is included in the historic landmark designation for the L'Enfant Plan. Additional historic buildings besides City Hall and the Pension Building include theAdas Israel Synagogue, theE. Barrett Prettyman United States Courthouse,Germuiller Row, and theHenry Daly Building.
The Judiciary Square plaza, which encompasses 18 acres (7.3 ha), is on Squares 487E, 488E, and 489E, and is bounded by 4th Street to the east, 5th Street to the west, D Street and Indiana Avenue to the south, andF Street to the north.[1][2] The Judiciary Square neighborhood, which encompasses Squares 486, 488, 489, 490, 518, 529, 531, and 533, is roughly bounded by C Street,Constitution Avenue, andPennsylvania Avenue to the south, 3rd and 4th Street to the east, G Street to the north, and 6th Street to the west. Along the north side of the Square is theJudiciary Square station of theWashington Metro.[1]
Many of the structures in the Square are judicial buildings, owned by either the federal or local government, as was originally planned in the early history of the neighborhood. The neighborhood includes additional judicial and municipal buildings, commercial buildings, residential properties, and a church. South of the Square isJohn Marshall Park, which provides nearby workers a place to gather. Two buildings to the west of the park are theEmbassy of Canada and the formerNewseum, both of which are modern structures.[1]
Additional modern structures in the neighborhood include the Judiciary Square station entrance, theNational Law Enforcement Officers Memorial and associatedNational Law Enforcement Museum, theH. Carl Moultrie Courthouse, Engine Company No. 2, John Marshall Park and its statues, and theNational Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, although it incorporates the façades of several historic buildings.[1]
When the decision was made to create a new capital city after theRevolutionary War, PresidentGeorge Washington selected engineer and architectPierre Charles L’Enfant to design it. TheL'Enfant Plan was presented in 1791, which included numerous large squares, connected by avenues. In L'Enfant's plan, the area that become Judiciary Square was Reservation 7 on land owned by David Burnes, and one of the largest out of the original 17 parcels included in his plan. It was designed to be three square blocks, in an area that would be home to theUnited States Supreme Court Building and other judicial buildings. The plan was to create a design that would form a triangle between theUnited States Capitol, theWhite House, and the Supreme Court Building.[1][2]
After L'Enfant was fired and replaced withAndrew Ellicott, there were several changes made to the Square's plans, including size of the Square, removing building sites, and adding cross-through streets. The neighborhood around the planned Square was on sloping land that gradually reached street level at Pennsylvania Avenue.Goose Creek ran diagonally through the Square in addition to another tributary of the creek entering from the north.[1]
Another plan for the city was completed in 1797 by James R. Dermott. Washington and PresidentJohn Adams both selected this plan, which was more cohesive and did not include planned buildings, to be the final draft. The map includes the name, Judiciary Square, which does not appear on the L'Enfant Plan or Ellicott Plan.[1]
Development was slow around the Square. By 1802, there were six shanties occupied by Irish immigrants on the southern edge of the Square. There was also a small hospital around the Square to treat immigrants workers. That building was later converted into apoorhouse. The last building around the square at that time was a barn, which housed prisoners waiting to be transferred to other facilities. In 1802, theU.S. Congress ordered local government officialDaniel Brent to construct a jail, later nicknamed the McGurck Jail after a murderer was confined there until his execution, in the center of the Square.[1][2][3]George Hadfield designed the $8,000 two-story building.[2]
Robert King produced a fourth version of a city map which showed Judiciary Square as rectangular. The first major building erected in the area was theDistrict of Columbia City Hall, designed by Hadfield, which was constructed from 1820 to the 1840s. Despite the building not being completed, the city government and circuit court forWashington County, D.C., moved into it beginning in 1822.[1][2] After city hall came into use, there was development in the neighborhood. ArchitectJames Hoban lived in a house on the corner of 5th and D Streets. The city's registrar, William Hewitt, built a large home near 6th and D Streets, a few doors down from architectCharles Bulfinch.[1]
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The First Unitarian Church, designed by Bulfinch and now known asAll Souls Church, Unitarian, was built in 1822 at the corner of 6th and D Streets. Other buildings constructed in the 1820s include aMasonic Temple and First Presbyterian Church, located on 4 1/2th Street, the Wesley Methodist Church,Trinity Episcopal Church, designed byJames Renwick Jr., the American Theater, and public baths. The area's houses of worship were numerous. In addition to the aforementioned churches, German immigrants built St. Mary Mother of God Church and a synagogue for theWashington Hebrew Congregation. Years later, theAdas Israel Synagogue was built at 6th and G Streets by Eastern European and Russian Jews.[1]
A new jail designed byRobert Mills was built on the northeast corner of the Square in 1839, replacing the one built in 1802. The former jail was renovated into the Washington Infirmary Hospital, operated by Columbian College, now known asGeorge Washington University. A few years later public school Fifth Street Schoolhouse was built near the hospital.[1][2] In 1840, the Rittenhouse Academy opened at 3rd Street and Indiana Avenue, which was a sign that area residents could afford tuition.[1]
In the following decades, Judiciary Square had a heavily residential population. By the 1850s-1860s, its proximity to the courthouses attracted lawyers, judges, and clerks to the neighborhood, while its location between the White House and the Capitol made it ideal for government employees. Among its most prominent residents around this time were Chief JusticeRoger B. Taney, SenatorThomas Hart Benton, Vice PresidentJohn C. Calhoun, statesmanDaniel Webster, and MayorRichard Wallach.[1][2] There were still many empty lots on the north and east sides of the Square during this period, possibly due to the sloping terrain or proximity to the jail.[2]
During theCivil War, the buildings surrounding the Square were commandeered by the federal government and used as medical facilities for woundedUnion soldiers. The Washington Infirmary Hospital was also converted into a military hospital. Tragedy struck on November 3, 1861, when a fire broke out inside the hospital, resulting in several deaths. A new hospital, U.S. General Hospital, was constructed in the Square, as was the nearbyProvidence Hospital, which survived for almost 100 years.[1][2][3] One building constructed during the war and faced the Square contained a small library, founded by Elida B. Rumsey, and her fiancé, John A Fowle. Congress allocated money for them to construct a one-story building on the Square to use as a library, which was completed on their wedding day in 1863.[2]
As the war continued in 1865, PresidentAbraham Lincoln wasassassinated, shocking the city's residents. An association was soon formed to raise money for a monument to the slain president. On the three year anniversary of Lincoln's death, thestatue of Abraham Lincoln by sculptorLot Flannery was installed in front of City Hall, becoming the first monument in the nation honoring Lincoln.[1][4]
In the years following the war, there was a large influx of people moving into the city, but many areas had not yet been graded or plotted.Alexander "Boss" Shepherd was responsible for large-scale improvements to the city. This included modernizing the Judiciary Square neighborhood with public work projects, including paved roads, adding sewer lines, and landscaping public land. Additional improvements included building a small public restroom, adding footpaths, narrowing the roads on the southern end of the Square, and adding a fountain in the Square. The school and old jail were demolished by 1878 and replaced with green space and the Goose Creek was drained. The goal was to make the Square a landscaped area similar to ones designed byAndrew Jackson Downing.[1][2]
Expansion of City Hall based on the design ofEdward Clark began in 1882, the same year the cornerstone was laid for the massive Pension Building (now known as theNational Building Museum), designed byMontgomery C. Meigs and located on the northern end of the Square. The building was inspired by thePalazzo Farnese,Palazzo della Cancelleria, and theSanta Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri.[1] The building encompassed 112,500 square feet (10,450 m2) of the Square, and with the largest atrium in Washington, D.C., became the place where manyUnited States presidential inauguration balls took place.[2][4]
By the end of the 1880s, most lots around the Square were developed, with houses and offices for lawyers, doctors, and professors. Some of the earlier buildings on 4 1/2 Street were demolished to make way forJohn Marshall Park, which includes the sculptureChief Justice John Marshall. The population of the city nearly quadrupled between 1860 and 1900, and many of the new residents lived in older houses and alley dwellings. The neighborhood, which had been a fashionable area for a few decades, saw wealthier residents move to other areas of the city as more working-class people moved into Judiciary Square. Astreetcar line on F Street led to rapid commercial development on the neighborhood's west side. The first apartment building constructed in the neighborhood was theHarrison Apartment Building, at the corner of 3rd and G Streets. This led to additional apartment buildings being constructed in the area. By the end of 19th century, many office buildings were constructed in the neighborhood, signaling a transformation of the surrounding area from residential to commercial.[1]
The city saw additional growth in the population and more apartment buildings were constructed in the Judiciary Square neighborhood. Most of the remaining houses built in the 19th-century were converted into boarding houses. After the city'sJohn A. Wilson Building was constructed in 1908, the old City Hall housed theUnited States District Court for the District of Columbia, and theDistrict of Columbia Court of Appeals moved into anew building on the Square.[1][2]
The old City Hall was refurbished in the 1910s and the grounds further landscaped. The statue of Lincoln was removed during renovations, but was returned after complaints from citizens. In 1923, theWashington Bar Association installed theDarlington Memorial Fountain in honor of one its members. The bronze fountain with statues, designed byC. Paul Jennewein, was placed on the southwest corner of the Square. The following year theGeneral Jose de San Martin Memorial, by sculptorAugustin-Alexandre Dumont, was installed in the center of the Square, where it remained for several decades.[1][2] TheAlbert Pike Memorial, designed by sculptorGaetano Trentanove, was installed across the street from the Square in 1901.[1]
In the early decades of the 20th century, the German immigrant population was replaced with Greek, Irish, and Italian immigrants, and the eastern side of Judiciary Square became an enclave of Italians, the equivalent of aLittle Italy, though it was never called that. The Italian neighborhood rested on the eastern edge of the square proper, stretching eastward to about 2nd Street. The heart of the community wasHoly Rosary Church, a chapel built at 3rd and F Streets.[5]
By the 1920s, buildings along G Street were mostly restaurants and shops that catered to office workers.[1] During theGreat Depression, there were often homeless people sleeping in the Square each night. Police officers would wake them up before government and commercial employees arrived for work. The rise of automobile ownership wreaked havoc to the Square. Some of the outer edges were turned into parking spaces, and when those were full, some commuters would park on the Square's sidewalks and green space.[2]
As part of thePublic Works Administration during the Great Depression, additional court buildings were constructed on the Square: the District of Columbia Recorder of Deeds Building, the Municipal Court Building, and the D.C. Juvenile Court Building. All four buildings are cohesive in design. Additional local and federal buildings constructed around this time include theHenry Daly Building, theE. Barrett Prettyman United States Courthouse, and the largeUS General Accounting Office Building.[1][2]
In the 1960s, due to growing traffic issues, there were plans for aMetro transit system to be built in Washington, D.C. Construction of theWashington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) headquarters on the corner of 5th and F Streets was completed in 1974. Groundbreaking for the Judiciary Square station, designed byHarry Weese, took place in 1969. During construction, the General Jose de San Martin Memorial was moved and now stands alongVirginia Avenue. The station opened in 1976.[1][2]
There was a boon in development around the neighborhood after the Metro station was announced. TheUnited States Tax Court Building at 3rd and D Streets was completed in 1974, and the following year, theH. Carl Moultrie Courthouse opened across from the Square's southern end. The Judiciary Plaza Office Building, designed byVlastimil Koubek and across the street from the Square, was completed in 1981. The Canadian embassy, on the southern border of the neighborhood, was built in 1989.[1][2]
There were plans to demolish the Pension Building, but due to historic preservationists, it was converted into the National Building Museum in the 1980s. In 1989, the Square was chosen to be the site where a memorial to police officers who died in the line of duty would be built. TheNational Law Enforcement Officers Memorial was completed in 1991 and includes four bronze lion sculptures.[1][2][4] During the 1990s, additional office buildings were constructed in the neighborhood, including the FBI District of Columbia Field Office, Koubek'sOne Judiciary Square, and the Judiciary Center. The building boom extended into the next decade.[1][4]
Construction projects in the 2000s included an $85 million renovation of the old City Hall, which included adding a modern atrium to the rear of the building and installing an underground courtroom. Outside this rear entrance is the National Law Enforcement Museum. Another museum that opened nearby was in the Keck Center, home of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, until it closed in 2017.[1] The Newseum opened on Pennsylvania Avenue in 2009, but closed ten years later. It now houses thePaul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies.[6]
The District government finalized a deal in 2010 with theLouis Dreyfus Group to constructCapitol Crossing, a 2,100,000-square-foot (200,000 m2)mixed-use development in theairspace over the Center Leg Freeway (Interstate 395). The $1.3 billion office, residential, and retail project at the east end of the Judiciary Square neighborhood will also restore the area's originalL'Enfant Plan street grid by reconnecting F and G Streets over the freeway. The project awaited final regulatory approval for several years and construction began in 2016.[7] Part of the construction process necessitated moving the Adas Israel Synagogue, which had been moved twice decades earlier for construction projects. The original building and a modern addition are now theLillian & Albert Small Capital Jewish Museum, which opened in 2023.[8]
Judiciary Square itself is listed on theNational Register of Historic Places (NRHP) andDistrict of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites (DCIHS), as a part of theL'Enfant Plan, which was added to the DCIHS on March 7, 1968, and the NRHP on April 24, 1997. A large portion of the neighborhood also containscontributing properties to thePennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site, listed on the NRHP on October 15, 1966, and the DCIHS on June 19, 1973.[9]
Additional structures listed on both the NRHP and DCIHS include: theAdas Israel Synagogue, theDistrict of Columbia City Hall, which is also aNational Historic Landmark (NHL), theE. Barrett Prettyman United States Courthouse,Germuiller Row, theHarrison Apartment Building, theHenry Daly Building, theMoran Building, theNational Building Museum (NHL), theUS General Accounting Office Building, theUnited States Court of Military Appeals Building, and theUnited States Tax Court Building. TheAlbert Pike Memorial andGeorge Gordon Meade Memorial are collectively listed with 16 other monuments on the NRHP and DCIHS asCivil War Monuments in Washington, D.C.[9]
There are many public artwork and monuments in the Judiciary Square neighborhood. The oldest one isAbraham Lincoln (1868), located in front of the old City Hall. The second oldest isChief Justice John Marshall (1883) byWilliam Wetmore Story, sited in John Marshall Park. TheAlbert Pike Memorial, which features the statue ofAlbert Pike, was torn down byprotesters after themurder of George Floyd due to Pike being a former general in theConfederate Army. The statue was refurbished and reinstalled by the National Park Service in 2025.[10] The 1923Darlington Memorial Fountain, which includes two bronze statutes on top of the fountain, was installed in 1923.[1]
The next oldest public artwork in the neighborhood is the largeGeorge Gordon Meade Memorial, designed byCharles Grafly and erected in 1927, which stands in front of the E. Barrett Prettyman United States Courthouse. Thestatue of William Blackstone, designed byPaul Wayland Bartlett and installed in 1943, is also located in front of the Prettyman Courthouse.[1]Trylon of Freedom byC. Paul Jennewein is the third sculpture in front of the Prettyman Courthouse and was installed in 1954.[11]
The abstract sculpture,She Who Must Be Obeyed, is in between the Henry Daly Building andFrances Perkins Building. It was created byTony Smith and installed in 1975.The Chess Players is on the east side of John Marshall Park and was installed in 1983.[1] The National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial and its bronze lions were completed in 1991.Ashes to Answers is a 2013 statue in front of the Fire Station 2.[12]
The neighborhood is served by two forms of public transit. Entrances to theJudiciary Square station on theWashington Metro'sRed Line are on the northern and eastern ends of the Square.[13] The second form isMetrobus with several bus stops in the neighborhood and nearby vicinity, including ones on 6th Street, E Street,H Street, and Pennsylvania Avenue.[14] Other forms of transportation in the neighborhood includeCapital Bikeshare stations at 4th and D Streets, and 5th and F Streets.[15] A few blocks east of Judiciary Square isWashington Union Station, where commuters on theMARC Train andAmtrak arrive.[16]
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