| Judeo-Urdu | |
|---|---|
 Inder Sabha in Judeo-Urdu | |
| Native to | Indian subcontinent |
| Region | Karachi,Lahore,Bombay,Calcutta |
| Ethnicity | Baghdadi Jews |
| Era | 18th century |
| Hebrew script | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | jude1269 |
| IETF | ur-IN-Hebr |
Judeo-Urdu (Urdu:یہود اردو,romanized: yahūd urdū;Hebrew:אורדו יהודית,romanized: ūrdū yehūdīt)[1] was a dialect of theUrdu language spoken by theBaghdadi Jews inPakistan and the Jews living in the areas ofMumbai andKolkata towards the end of the 18th century. It is a dialect that was written in theHebrew script and found to be used for several pieces of literature, such asInder Sabha, a copy of which is kept at theBritish Library.
The Judeo-Urdu dialect was written in theHebrew script.[2] The orthography is one of the primary reasons for this dialect being associated withUrdu, rather thanHindi, as the spelling of lemmas found in literature written in the Judeo-Urdu dialect seem to correlate with thePerso-Arab spelling.[2] For instance,Arabic loanwords which contain the lettersط would be mapped to theHebrew equivalentט, a pattern which is consistent with otherloanwords and loan-letters.
However, the representation of unique sounds found inIndo-Aryan languages, such asretroflex consonants as well asaspirated consonants, were not represented by unique or modifiedHebrew letters. Rather,alveolar consonants were also used to represent these sounds paired with aDagesh orHolam. This could create ambiguity as some letters, likeDalet, could denote up to four different phonemes, while an unvocalisedGimel could denote potentially up to five.[2]
| Standard Urdu | Judeo-Urdu | Meaning | Hebrew equivalent |
|---|---|---|---|
| اُون٘ٹ (ūṉṭ) | אוּנְתּ (ūnṭ) | 'camel' | גָּמָל (gámál) |
| بَکْری (bakrī) | בַכְּרי (bakrī) | 'goat' | עֵז ('ēz) |
| پَتَّھر (patthar) | פַתַּר (pattʰar) | 'stone' | אֶבֶן (évén) |
| گَدھا (gadhā) | גַּדָּא (gadʱā) | 'donkey' | חֲמוֹר (ḥämōr) |
| جانْوَر (jānvar) | גַֹנָאוַור (janāvar)[note 1] | 'animal' | בְּהֵמָה (bhemáh) |
| چُوہَا (čūhā) | גַווָא (čawā)[note 2] | 'mouse' | עַכְבָּר ('aḵbár) |
| حَلْق (ḥalq) | חָלַק (ḥálaq) | 'throat' | גָרוֹן (gárōn) |
| کُتّا (kuttā) | כוּתָּא (kūttā) | 'dog' | כֶּלֶב (kélév) |
| لَکْڑی (lakṛī) | לַכּרִי (lakrī) | 'wooden stick' | עֵץ ('ēṣ) |
| مُرْغِی (murḡī) | מוּרְגִי (mūrġī) | 'hen' | תַּרְנְגֹלֶת (tarngolét) |
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