| Juang | |
|---|---|
| ଜୁଆଙ୍ଗ | |
| Native to | India |
| Region | Odisha |
| Ethnicity | Juang |
Native speakers | 30,000 (2011 census)[1] |
Austroasiatic
| |
| Odia | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | jun |
| Glottolog | juan1238 |
| ELP | Juang |
| Coordinates:20°9′0″N85°30′0″E / 20.15000°N 85.50000°E /20.15000; 85.50000 | |
TheJuang language is aMunda language of theAustroasiatic language family spoken primarily by theJuang people ofOdisha state, easternIndia.
The Juang language belongs to theMunda language family, the whole of which is classified as a branch of the greaterAustroasiatic language family. Among the Munda languages, Juang is considered to be most closely related toKharia, although Anderson considers Juang and Kharia to have split off from each other relatively early.[1]
Juang can be roughly divided into the Hill and Plains varieties, both of which are spoken inOdisha (Patnaik 2008:508).
Juang is spoken by about 30,875 people according to the 2001 Indian census, 65% of ethnic population[2] InOdisha state, it is spoken in southernKeonjhar district, northernAngul district, and easternDhenkanal district (Patnaik 2008:508).
Juang is currently anEndangered language and is considered to vulnerable, or (not spoken by children outside of home).
Juang currently has roughly under 20,000 speakers remaining
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Open | a | ɔ |
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive/ Affricate | voiceless | p | t | ʈ | tʃ | k | ʔ |
| voiced | b | d | ɖ | dʒ | ɡ | ||
| Fricative | s | ||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Approximant | l | ɭ | j | ||||
| Flap | r | ||||||
Stress in phonological words is always released on the second syllable. In sentence,intonation falls on the last word, usually a verb.
Being in state of assimilation into larger Indo-Aryan populations, Juang speakers have borrowed a significant portion of vocabulary fromHindi andOriya, while thehead-marking feature of the language is eroding.
Juang differentiates threenumbers: singular (unmarked), dual (-kia), and plural (-ki).
Thenumber system is divided into two sets which are used depending on degree ofhonorificity. For examples,muinʈo ('one') is used to refer something in non-honorific expression, andminog (one.HON) is used to address something in respectful way.
Numeral classifiergoʈa is used when numerals occur prenominally.
Juang is anominative-accusative language; pronouns and noun phrases are unmarked or marked by case markers to indicate syntactic roles.
Gender in Juang is marked by several affixes.
In Juang a number of roots are clearly exempt from theTransitive verb/Intransitive verb opposition, so that the function of the root can be determined only from its co-occurrence with the particular set of tense markers.
For Example,
pag- Set I 'to break' -Set II 'to be broken1
rag- Set I 'to tear' - Set II 'to be torn1
guj- Set I 'to wash' - Set II 'to be was
Juang verbs are increasingly becoming similar with those ofKharia: object indexing is being lost gradually due to superstratum pressure from Aryan. Nowadays, as it is, Juang object indexing is no longer obligatory or productive as compared to other Munda languages or at the time when Matson (1964) made his observation.[3][4]
| patient | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1SG | 1DU | 1PL | 2SG | 2DU | 2PL | 3SG | 3DU | 3PL | ||
agent | 1SG | Ø-Σ/V/-m[a] | Ø-Σ/V/-pa | Ø-Σ/V/-pe | Ø-Σ/V/-Ø | (-kia) | (-ki) | |||
| 1DU.INCL | ba-Σ-m | ba-Σ-pa | ba-Σ-pe | |||||||
| 1PL.EXCL | nV-Σ-m | nV-Σ-pa | nV-Σ-pe | |||||||
| 2SG | mV-Σ-ŋ | mV-Σ-ŋba | mV-Σ-ɲeniɲ | |||||||
| 2DU | a-Σ-ŋ | a-Σ-ŋba | a-Σ-ɲeniɲ | |||||||
| 2PL | V-Σ-ŋ | V-Σ-ŋba | V-Σ-ɲeniɲ | |||||||
| 3SG | Σ/mV/-ŋ | Σ/mV/-ŋba | Σ/mV/-ɲeniɲ | Σ/mV/-m | Σ/mV/-pa | Σ/mV/-pe | ||||
| 3DU | Σ-ŋ-kia | Σ-ŋba-kia | Σ-ɲeniɲ-kia | Σ-m-kia | Σ-pa-kia | Σ-pe-kia | ||||
| 3PL | Σ-ŋ-ki | Σ-ŋba-ki | Σ-ɲeniɲ-ki | Σ-m-ki | Σ-pa-ki | Σ-pe-ki | ||||
The writing system used by people who speak the Juang language isOdia.
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