Joycelyn Elders | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Official portrait of Elders | |
| 15thSurgeon General of the United States | |
| In office September 8, 1993 – December 31, 1994 | |
| President | Bill Clinton |
| Preceded by | Robert A. Whitney (acting) |
| Succeeded by | Audrey F. Manley (acting) |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Minnie Lee Jones (1933-08-13)August 13, 1933 (age 92) Schaal, Arkansas, U.S. |
| Party | Democratic |
| Education | Philander Smith College (BS) University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (MD,MS) |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  United States |
| Branch/service |  United States Army USPHSCC |
| Years of service | Army: 1953–1956 USPHS: 1993–1994 |
| Rank | Vice Admiral |
Minnie Joycelyn Elders (bornMinnie Lee Jones; August 13, 1933) is an Americanpediatrician andpublic health administrator who served asSurgeon General of the United States from 1993 to 1994. Avice admiral in thePublic Health Service Commissioned Corps, she was the second woman, secondperson of color, and firstAfrican American to serve as Surgeon General.
Elders is known for her frank discussion of her views on controversial issues such asdrug legalization,masturbation, and distributingcontraception in schools.[1] She was forced to resign in December 1994 amidst controversy as a result of her views. Elders is a professor emerita of pediatrics at theUniversity of Arkansas for Medical Sciences.
Elders was born Minnie Lee Jones inSchaal, Arkansas,[2] to a poor, farmsharecropping family, and was the eldest of eight children, andvaledictorian of her school class.[3] The family also spent two years near a wartime shipyard inRichmond, California before returning to Schaal. In college, she changed her name to Minnie Joycelyn Lee. In 1952, she received herB.S. degree inBiology fromPhilander Smith College inLittle Rock, Arkansas, where she also pledgedDelta Sigma Theta. She married briefly to Cornelius Reynolds, a Federal employee, and later to Oliver Elders, a basketball coach. After working as anurse's aide in aVeterans Administration hospital inMilwaukee for a period, she joined theUnited States Army in May 1953 and became asecond lieutenant. During her 3 years in the Army, she was trained as aphysical therapist. She then attended theUniversity of Arkansas Medical School, where she obtained herM.D. degree in 1960.[3][4] After completing an internship at theUniversity of Minnesota Hospital and a residency in pediatrics at theUniversity of Arkansas Medical Center, Elders earned anM.S. inBiochemistry in 1967.
In 1987, then-governorBill Clinton appointed Elders as Director of the Arkansas Department of Health, making her the first African-American woman in the state to hold this position. Some of her major accomplishments while in office include reducing the teen pregnancy rate by increasing the availability of birth control, counseling, and sex education at school-based clinics; a tenfold increase in early childhood screenings from 1988 to 1992 and a 24 percent rise in the immunization rate for two-year-olds; and an expansion of the availability of HIV testing and counseling services, breast cancer screenings, and better hospice care for the elderly. She also worked hard to promote the importance of sex education, proper hygiene, and prevention of substance abuse in public schools. In 1992, she was elected President of the Association of State and Territorial Health Officers.[5]
She received aCandace Award from theNational Coalition of 100 Black Women in 1991.[6]
Elders believed that opposition to her Surgeon General nomination was driven bysexism andracism. "Some people in the American Medical Association, a certain group of them, didn't even know that I was a physician. They were passing a resolution to say that from now on every Surgeon General must be a physician—which was a knock at me. ... They don't expect a black female to have accomplished what I have and to have done the things that I have."[7]
During an interview, she was asked if she related toShirley Chisholm's statement about feeling more oppressed as a woman than as an African American, and replied by saying, "I am who I am because I'm a black woman."[6] Elders was able to be the voice for the African-American community and speak on poverty and its role in teenage pregnancy, which is a major issue within the community. Poor African-American teenage mothers are "captive to a slavery the 13th Amendment did not anticipate,"[8] which is a major reason why she stressed the importance of teaching sex education in public schools.
As an endocrinologist, Elders was especially concerned with young diabetic women getting pregnant. If young teen women who have diabetes get pregnant, they have a high chance of their bodies rejecting the fetus or the fetus developing abnormalitiesin utero. To prevent these pregnancies from happening, she thoroughly talked to her patients about the dangers of early pregnancy and the importance of using contraceptives, and taking control of their sexuality as soon as they began puberty. Of the approximately 260 young diabetic women she treated, only one of them became pregnant.[5][9]
Elders strongly advocated sex and reproductive education, especially in African-American communities. She criticized older textbooks[which?] that said only white females had naturally regular periods, because white females were on birth control to regulate their periods. Black females did not readily seek out birth control because their "[black] ministers were up on the pulpit saying the birth control pills were black genocide." She was very vocal about her disgust with black men exploiting black women and stripping them of their reproductive health choices, because "If you can't control your reproduction, you can't control your life."[10]
Elders has received aNational Institutes of Health career development award, also serving as assistant professor inpediatrics at the University of Arkansas Medical Center from 1967. She was promoted to associate professor in 1971 and professor in 1976. Her research interests focused onendocrinology, and she received board certification as apediatric endocrinologist in 1978, becoming the first person in the state of Arkansas to do so.[3] Elders received aD.Sc. degree fromBates College in 2002.
In January 1993, Bill Clinton appointed her as the United States Surgeon General, making her the firstAfrican American and the second woman (followingAntonia Novello) to hold the position. At her confirmation hearing, Elders responded to criticism over an incident in which she decided not to notify the public that condoms her department had been distributing in Arkansas had been found to be defective, with a failure rate ten times the allowed rate. Elders said that "I don't know" whether the decision had been correct, but she had believed at the time that public disclosure could lead to a public loss of faith in the efficacy of condoms, which would have been the greater danger.[11] She was a controversial choice and a strong backer of theClinton health care plan, so she was not confirmed until September 7, 1993. As Surgeon General, Elders quickly established a reputation for being controversial. Like many of the Surgeons General before her, she was an outspoken advocate of a variety of health-related causes. She argued for an exploration of the possibility ofdruglegalization, and backed the distribution ofcontraceptives in schools. President Clinton stood by Elders, saying that she was misunderstood.[1] Elders prioritized reducing teen pregnancy via school-based clinics and tacked health disparities through preventive care advocacy[12].
Elders drew fire, as well as censure from the Clinton administration, when she suggested that legalizing drugs might help reduce crime and that the idea should be studied. On December 15, 1993, around one week after making these comments, charges were filed against her son Kevin for sellingcocaine in an incident involving undercover officers four months prior. Elders believes the incident was a frame-up and the timing of the charges was designed to embarrass her and the president.[13] Kevin Elders was convicted, and he was sentenced to 10 years in prison, of which he served four months.[14][15] He appealed his conviction to theArkansas Supreme Court, and that court affirmed the conviction. The court held that Elders failed to show that he was entrapped into making the narcotics sale.[16] There was no further appeal.
In January 1994 in the context ofabortion, Elders said, "We really need to get over this love affair with thefetus and start worrying about children."[10]
Later that year, she was invited to speak at aUnited Nations conference onAIDS. She was asked whether it would be appropriate to promotemasturbation as a means of preventing young people from engaging inhigher risk forms of sexual activity, and she replied, "As per your specific question in regard to masturbation, I think that is something that is a part of human sexuality and it's a part of something that perhaps should be taught. But we've not even taught our children the very basics. And I feel that we have tried ignorance for a very long time and it's time we try education."[17]
Elders' comments on masturbation caused great controversy and resulted in Elders losing the support of the White House. Clinton's chief of staff,Leon Panetta, remarked, "There have been too many areas where the President does not agree with her views. This is just one too many."[1] In December 1994, Elders was forced to resign by President Clinton.[1][18][19] This ledsex-positive retailerGood Vibrations in 1995 to proclaim May 28 asNational Masturbation Day in honor of Elders' advocacy.[20][21]
A collection of Elders' professional papers is held at theNational Library of Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland.[22]
Since leaving her post as Surgeon General, Elders has returned to theUniversity of Arkansas for Medical Sciences as professor ofpediatrics, and is currently professor emerita at UAMS.[23] She is a regular on the lecture circuit, speaking againstteen pregnancy.
She was inducted intoOmicron Delta Kappa as anhonoris causa initiate atSUNY Plattsburgh in 1996.
In 1997, Elders published a memoir.[24]
She appeared on TV inPenn and Teller: Bullshit! during the episode on abstinence in 2006, where she says that she considers abstinence-only programs to be child abuse and discusses her opinions on teenage sex education, masturbation and contraceptives.
In an October 15, 2010, article, she voiced support forlegalization of marijuana:[25]
I think we consume far more dangerous drugs that are legal: cigarette smoking, nicotine and alcohol ... I feel they cause much more devastating effects physically. We need to lift the prohibition on marijuana.
In 2009 Elders teamed up with the University of Minnesota to establish the nation's first chair in Sexual Health Education, a fund to attract and retain outstanding tenured sexual health education faculty in the Program in Human Sexuality at theUniversity of Minnesota Medical School.[26]
She is interviewed in the 2013 documentaryHow to Lose Your Virginity on her opinions regarding comprehensive sex education versus abstinence-only sex education.[27]
In 2015,Philander Smith College, Elders'alma mater, established the Dr. Joycelyn Elders School of Allied and Public Health.[28]
Elders was inducted into theArkansas Women's Hall of Fame in 2016.[29]
Sticky: A (Self) Love Story is a 2016 documentary on masturbation that includes an interview with Elders about her experience being asked to resign from the Clinton administration.
In 2019,Time created 89 new covers to celebrate women of the year starting from 1920; it chose Elders for 1994.[30]
Established August 27, 2015
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