Jovan Ristić Јован Ристић | |
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| President of the Ministry of Serbia | |
| In office 15 November 1867 – 3 December 1867 | |
| Monarch | Michael I |
| Preceded by | Ilija Garašanin |
| Succeeded by | Nikola Hristić |
| In office 5 April 1873 – 3 November 1873 | |
| Monarch | Milan I |
| Preceded by | Milivoje Petrović Blaznavac |
| Succeeded by | Jovan Marinović |
| In office 13 October 1878 – 2 November 1880 | |
| Preceded by | Stevča Mihailović |
| Succeeded by | Milan Piroćanac |
| In office 13 June 1887 – 1 January 1888 | |
| Monarch | Alexander I |
| Preceded by | Milutin Garašanin |
| Succeeded by | Sava Grujić |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1831-01-16)January 16, 1831 |
| Died | September 4, 1899(1899-09-04) (aged 68) |
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Jovan Ristić (Serbian Cyrillic:Јован Ристић; 16 January 1831 – 4 September 1899) was aSerbian politician, diplomat and historian.
Ristić was born inKragujevac in a poor family where he attended elementary school. In 1842 he entered high school in Belgrade, and in 1847 the lyceum, where he studied until spring of 1849. As a high school student, Ristić participated in the Serbian movement in Hungary in 1848. He went to study in Germany as a state cadet, where he was s student at theUniversity of Berlin under historianLeopold von Ranke. In 1852 Ristić obtained a doctorate degree fromHeidelberg University, after which he went toParis in where he was until 1854, studying French and attending courses at theSorbonne University and examining old Serbian manuscripts at theNational Library of France upon the invitation of the Society of Serbian Literature.[1] Upon his return to Belgrade Ristić failed to obtain a professorship atBelgrade's Grandes écoles, he received a position in the Ministry of Education, from where he was later transferred to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and then to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, where he held various positions from a protocol clerk to a department head.[1]
He was appointed in 1861 Serbian diplomatic agent atConstantinople. On his return from Constantinople, his brilliant intellectual qualities attracted the attention of the government. He soon became known as the most competent of the government officials. He was immediately offered a ministerial post byPrince Mihailo, who described him as his "right arm", but declined office, being opposed to the reactionary methods adopted by the prince's government. He had already become the recognized leader of theLiberal Party.[2] As a politician, he saw all the dangers that would have to be faced should Serbia embark on a policy of land redemption. The Turkish army, always a formidable fighting force, would overwhelm the Serbs, if it could be wholly massed against them. A Serbian invasion of the rebellious provinces would also, if successful, mean a conflict with Austria-Hungary, in which Russia would probably not interfere, while France was then in no condition to support other nations' plights for freedom.[citation needed] Ristić's reputation was enhanced by the series of negotiations which ended in the peaceful withdrawal of theTurkish troops from the Serbian fortresses in 1867. After the assassination of Prince Mihailo in 1868, he was nominated member of the council of regency, and on 2 January 1869 the third Serbian constitution, which was mainly his creation, was promulgated. When the regency came to an end, andPrince Milan attained his majority in 1872, Ristić became foreign minister; a few months later he was appointed prime minister, but resigned in the following autumn (1873).[2] Later,Old Serbia broke into rebellion, and this was followed by a similar movement inBulgaria. Ristić again became prime minister in April 1876, and was faced with a dilemma. If Serbia could only act quickly and establish herself inBosnia-Herzegovina and Old Serbia, it would take time to dislodge her, and meanwhile the example of insurrection would probably spread far and wide over the whole of Turkey in Europe. Also Ristić,Stevča Mihailović,Ilija Garašanin,Nikola Hristić, Miloje Lješanin,Ljubomir Kaljević,Milivoje Petrović Blaznavac,Jovan Marinović,Milan Piroćanac,Sava Grujić, and other distinguished Serbian statesmen have been taught by long experience that with the Powers nothing succeeds like self-help. Possession is nine points of the law. Ristić was able to deduct, if Serbia could maintain a position, however precarious, in theunredeemed Serbian lands, the Serbs could look forward with confidence to being ultimately supported by Russia. Ristić therefore decided to act, and all Serbia was behind him. In that way he gained an international reputation as foreign minister on two important occasions (while prosecuting two wars against Turkey: July 1876; and March 1877 and December 1877; March 1878) by promoting an expansionist policy that he hoped would make Serbia the nucleus for a strong South Slav state.
At theCongress of Berlin Ristić labored with some success to obtain greater advantages for Serbia than had been accorded to her by theTreaty of San Stefano. His personal secretary at the congress was poet and attorneyLaza Kostić. The provisions of theTreaty of Berlin provided Serbia with no more than 3,860 square miles (10,000 km2) of new territory and a proclamation of complete independence from Turkey. This, however, disappointed the Serbians, owing to the obstacles now raised to the realization of the national program.[2] The Ristić government became unpopular. He was forced to resign when he refused to sign a trade agreement withAustria-Hungary that he believed would make Serbia economically dependent on that country.
In 1887 King Milan I (who had assumed the royal title in 1882), alarmed at the threatening attitude of the Radical party, recalled Ristić to power at the head of a coalition cabinet; a new constitution was granted in 1889, and later that year the king abdicated in favor of his son,Prince Alexander. Ristić now became head of a council of regency, entrusted with power during the minority of the young king, and a Radical ministry was formed.[2]
In 1892, however, Ristić transferred the government to the Liberal party, with which he had always been connected. This step and the subsequent conduct of the Liberal politicians caused serious discontent in the country. On 1 (13) April 1893 King Alexander, by a successful stratagem, imprisoned the regents and ministers in the palace, and, declaring himself of age, recalled the Radicals to office.[3]
Ristić now retired into private life. He died in Belgrade on September 4, 1899. Though cautious and deliberate by temperament, he was a man of strong will and firm character.[4]
He was awardedOrder of the White Eagle and a number of other decorations.[5]
He was the author of several major historical works:
Jovan Ristić was a member of theSerbian Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences and theSerbian Learned Society in Belgrade.
The character of Ristich-Kudzhitsky in the novelAnna Karenina byLeo Tolstoy was based on Jovan Ristić.
He is included inThe 100 most prominent Serbs.
Attribution:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Bourchier, James David (1911). "Ristitch, Jovan". InChisholm, Hugh (ed.).Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 366–367.| Government offices | ||
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| Preceded by | Prime Minister of Serbia 1873 | Succeeded by Jovan Marinović |
| Preceded by | Prime Minister of Serbia 1878–1880 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Prime Minister of Serbia 1887–1888 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Prime Minister of Serbia 1909 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Minister of Foreign Affairs 1867 | Succeeded by Milan Petronijević |
| Preceded by Dimitrije Matić | Minister of Foreign Affairs 1872–1873 | Succeeded by Jovan Marinović |
| Preceded by Milan Bogićević | Minister of Foreign Affairs 1875 | Succeeded by Đorđe Pavlović |
| Preceded by Đorđe Pavlović | Minister of Foreign Affairs 1876–1880 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by Dragutin Franasović | Minister of Foreign Affairs 1887 | Succeeded by Dragutin Franasović |
| Academic offices | ||
| Preceded by | President of Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts 1899 | Succeeded by |
 Revolutionary Serbia(1804–1813) |  | |
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 Principality of Serbia(1815–1882) |
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 Kingdom of Serbia(1882–1918) | ||
 PR Serbia / SR Serbia(constituent republic ofFPR Yugoslavia / SFR Yugoslavia) (1945–1992) | ||
 Republic of Serbia(constituent republic ofFR Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro) (1992–2006) |
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 Republic of Serbia(since 2006) |
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Regents or interimpresidents are initalics | ||
| Revolutionary Serbia (1804–1813) | |
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| Principality of Serbia (1815–1882) |
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| Kingdom of Serbia (1882–1918) | |
| PR Serbia/SR Serbia (constituent republic ofFPR Yugoslavia/SFR Yugoslavia) (1945–1992) | |
| Republic of Serbia (constituent republic ofFR Yugoslavia/Serbia and Montenegro) (1992–2006) | |
| Republic of Serbia (since 2006) | |
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