| Joshua Tree National Park | |
|---|---|
 Cyclops and Pee Wee Formations near Hidden Valley Campground at dawn | |
  Location in California Show map of California Location in the United States Show map of the United States | |
| Location | Riverside County andSan Bernardino County, California, United States |
| Nearest city | Twentynine Palms |
| Coordinates | 34°06′N116°16′W / 34.1°N 116.27°W /34.1; -116.27 |
| Area | 795,156 acres (1,242.4 sq mi; 3,217.9 km2)[2] |
| Established | August 10, 1936; 89 years ago (1936-08-10) as a national monument October 31, 1994; 31 years ago (1994-10-31) as a national park |
| Visitors | 3,058,294 (in 2022[3]) |
| Governing body | National Park Service |
| Website | www |
Joshua Tree National Park is aUS National Park located in southeasternCalifornia, straddling north-centralRiverside County and part of southernSan Bernardino County. Named after theendemic Joshua tree (Yucca brevifolia), found in the park and surrounding areas, Joshua Tree is situated some 130 miles (211 km) east of the city ofLos Angeles and roughly 78 mi (125 km) east of the city ofSan Bernardino. Among some of the closest cities to the park areIndio,Palm Desert, andPalm Springs. Originally declared anational monument in 1936, Joshua Tree was redesignated as a national park in 1994 when theU.S. Congress passed theCalifornia Desert Protection Act.[4]
Encompassing a total area of 795,156 acres (1,242.4 sq mi; 3,217.9 km2)[2]—slightly larger than the state ofRhode Island—the park features 429,690 acres (671.4 sq mi; 1,738.9 km2) ofdesignated wilderness. The park encompasses portions of two deserts, each a uniqueecosystem with characteristics determined primarily byelevation—the higherMojave Desert and the lower-lyingColorado Desert. TheLittle San Bernardino Mountains line the park's southwest edge.[5]
The earliest known residents of the land in and around what later became Joshua Tree National Park were the people of the Pinto Culture, who lived and hunted here between 8000 and 4000 BCE.[6] Their stone tools and spear points, discovered in the Pinto Basin in the 1930s, suggest that they hunted game and gathered seasonal plants, but little else is known about them.[6] Later residents included theSerrano, theCahuilla, and theChemehuevi peoples. All three lived in small villages in or near water, particularly the Oasis of Mara in what non-aboriginals later calledTwentynine Palms. They subsisted largely on plant foods supplemented by small game,amphibians, and reptiles while using other plants for making medicines, bows, arrows, baskets, and other articles of daily life.[7]
A fourth group, theMojaves, used the local resources as they traveled along trails between the Colorado River and the Pacific coast. In the 21st century, small numbers of all four peoples live in the region near the park; theTwentynine Palms Band of Mission Indians, descendants of the Chemehuevi, own a reservation in Twentynine Palms.[8]
In 1772, a group of Spaniards led byPedro Fages made the first European sightings of Joshua trees while pursuing native converts to Christianity who had run away from a mission in San Diego. By 1823, the year Mexico achieved independence from Spain, a Mexican expedition from Los Angeles, in what was thenAlta California, is thought to have explored as far east as the Eagle Mountains in what later became the park. Three years later,Jedediah Smith led a group of American fur trappers and explorers along the nearbyMojave Trail, and others soon followed. Two decades after that, the United States defeated Mexico in theMexican–American War (1846–48) and took over about half of Mexico's original territory, including California and the future parkland.[9]
In 1870, white settlers began grazing cattle on the tall grasses that grew in the park. In 1888, a gang ofcattle rustlers moved into the region near the Oasis of Mara. Led by brothers James B. and William S. McHaney, they hid stolen cattle in abox canyon atCow Camp.[10] Throughout the region, ranchers dug wells and built rainwater catchments called "tanks", such as White Tank andBarker Dam.[11]
In 1900,[12] C. O. Barker, a miner and cattleman, built the original Barker Dam, later improved by William "Bill" Keys, a rancher.[13] Grazing continued in the park through 1945.[11] Barker Dam was added to theNational Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1975.[12]
Between the 1860s and the 1940s, miners worked about 300 pit mines, mostly small, in what later became the park.[14] The most successful, theLost Horse Mine, produced gold and silver worth about $5 million in today's currency.[15]Johnny Lang and others, the original owners of the Lost Horse Mine, installed a two-stamp mill to process ore at the site, and the next owner,J.D. Ryan, replaced it with a 10-stamp steam-powered mill. Ryan pumped water from his ranch to the mill and cut timber from the nearby hills to heat water to make steam. Most of the structures associated with the mine fell apart, and for safety reasons, the National Park Service plugged the mine, which had collapsed.[15]
TheDesert Queen Mine on Keys'Desert Queen Ranch was another productive gold mine.[14] In the early 1930s, Keys bought a gasoline-powered two-stamp mill, theWall Street Mill, and moved it to his ranch to process ore.[16] The ranch and mill were added to the NRHP in 1975[16][17] and the mine in 1976.[18] Some of the mines in the park yielded copper, zinc, and iron.[14]
On August 10, 1936, afterMinerva Hoyt and others persuaded the state and federal governments to protect the area, PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt used the power of the 1906Antiquities Act to establish Joshua Tree National Monument,[19] protecting about 825,000 acres (1,289.1 sq mi; 3,338.7 km2).[20] In 1950, the size of the park was reduced by about 290,000 acres (453.1 sq mi; 1,173.6 km2) to open the land to more mining.[21] The monument was redesignated as a national park on October 31, 1994, by theDesert Protection Act, which also added 234,000 acres (365.6 sq mi; 947.0 km2).[22] In 2019, the park expanded by 4,518 acres (7.1 sq mi; 18.3 km2) under a provision included in theJohn D. Dingell Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act.[23][24]
The Mojave Desert Land Trust (MDLT) has conserved 10,290 acres (4,160 ha) within the park. These holdings were privately owned within the national park, which they were able to purchase. They also acquire private properties bordering federally protected properties. MDLT has sold 25,801 acres (10,441 ha) of acquired private property to the National Park Service, which is more than any other similar organization.[25]
According to theA. W. Kuchler U.S.Potential natural vegetation types, Joshua Tree National Park has two categories, acreosote bush potential vegetation type with a desertshrubland potential vegetation form in most of the area, and ajuniper/pinyon pine potential vegetation type with aGreat Basin montane forest/southwest forest potential vegetation form on the higher elevations of the western side of the park.[26]
_in_Joshua_Tree_National_Park.jpg)
The higher and coolerMojave Desert is the special habitat ofYucca brevifolia, the Joshua tree for which the park is named. It occurs in patterns from dense forests to distantly spaced specimens. In addition to Joshua tree forests, the western part of the park includes some of the most interesting geologic displays found in California's deserts. The dominant geologic features of this landscape are hills of bare rock, usually broken up into loose boulders. These hills are popular amongrock climbing andscrambling enthusiasts. The flatland between these hills is sparsely forested with Joshua trees. Together with the boulder piles and Skull Rock, the trees make the landscape otherworldly. Temperatures are most comfortable in the spring and fall, with an average high/low of 85 and 50 °F (29 and 10 °C), respectively. Winter brings cooler days, around 60 °F (16 °C), and freezing nights. Snows occur occasionally at higher elevations. Summers are hot, over 100 °F (38 °C) during the day and not cooling much below 75 °F (24 °C) until the early hours of the morning.[27]
Joshua trees dominate the open spaces of the park, but in among the rock outcroppings arepiñon pine, California juniper (Juniperus californica),Quercus turbinella (desert scrub oak),Quercus john-tuckeri (Tucker's oak),Quercus cornelius-mulleri (Muller's oak),[28]Cylindropuntia chuckwallensis (chuckwalla cholla), andOpuntia chlorotica (dollarjoint pricklypear).[29]
These communities are under some stress, however, as the climate was wetter until the 1930s, with the same hot and dry conditions that provoked theDust Bowl affecting the local climate. These cycles were nothing new, but the original vegetation did not prosper when wetter cycles returned. The difference may have been human development. Cattle grazing took out some of the natural cover and made it less resistant to the changes.[citation needed]
Fewer Joshua tree seedlings are surviving in the park.[30] It is forecasted that by 2099, under the high emission scenario, the park will increase in temperature by 8 °F. This would make most of the national park unsuitable for Joshua tree growth. Under the low emission scenario, 80% of suitable Joshua tree habitat could be lost.[30]
The desert tortoise population has decreased due to habitat loss and climate change. Lizards in the park are also at risk. Bird species have declined 43% according to studies conducted in 1908–1968 and 2013–2016.[30]
Below 3,000 feet (910 m), theColorado Desert encompasses the eastern part of the park and features habitats ofcreosote bush scrub,ocotillo, desertsaltbush, and mixedscrub includingyucca andcholla cactus (Cylindropuntia bigelovii). Some areas of such cactus are dense enough to appear as natural gardens. The lowerCoachella Valley is on the southeastern side of the park with sandy soilgrasslands and desertdunes.
The only palm native to California, the California fan palm (Washingtonia filifera), occurs naturally in fiveoases in the park, rare areas where water occurs naturally year-round, and all forms of wildlife abound.[5]
Invasive plants such ascheat grass andred brome contribute to the worsening of wildfires. During wetter periods fill in below and among the pines and oak. In drier times, they die back but do not quickly decompose. This makeswildfires hotter and more destructive, which kills some of the trees that would have otherwise survived. When the area regenerates, these non-native grasses form a thick layer of turf that makes getting a foothold harder for the pine and oak seedlings.
Fountain grass was introduced to the park in the 1990s. This grass competes with native grasses for water and nutrients.[31]
According to theKöppen climate classification system, Joshua Tree National Park has ahot desert climate (BWh). According to theUnited States Department of Agriculture, the planthardiness zone at the Cottonwood Visitor Center at 3081 ft (939 m) elevation is 8b, with an average annual extreme minimum temperature of 19.8 °F (−6.8 °C).[32]
| Climate data for Cottonwood Visitor Center, Joshua Tree National Park. Elev: 3104 ft (946 m) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 59.2 (15.1) | 61.1 (16.2) | 66.4 (19.1) | 75.3 (24.1) | 84.3 (29.1) | 92.8 (33.8) | 97.7 (36.5) | 96.7 (35.9) | 91.3 (32.9) | 80.0 (26.7) | 67.2 (19.6) | 58.6 (14.8) | 77.6 (25.3) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 47.2 (8.4) | 48.9 (9.4) | 53.3 (11.8) | 59.9 (15.5) | 68.2 (20.1) | 76.4 (24.7) | 82.4 (28.0) | 81.7 (27.6) | 75.7 (24.3) | 64.7 (18.2) | 53.7 (12.1) | 46.5 (8.1) | 63.3 (17.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 35.1 (1.7) | 36.7 (2.6) | 40.3 (4.6) | 44.6 (7.0) | 52.1 (11.2) | 60.0 (15.6) | 67.0 (19.4) | 66.8 (19.3) | 60.1 (15.6) | 49.4 (9.7) | 40.1 (4.5) | 34.5 (1.4) | 49.0 (9.4) |
| Averageprecipitation inches (mm) | 0.88 (22) | 0.84 (21) | 0.66 (17) | 0.19 (4.8) | 0.07 (1.8) | 0.01 (0.25) | 0.32 (8.1) | 0.82 (21) | 0.26 (6.6) | 0.30 (7.6) | 0.32 (8.1) | 0.78 (20) | 5.45 (138) |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 40.7 | 43.0 | 42.9 | 37.4 | 35.1 | 26.2 | 28.6 | 31.0 | 30.1 | 31.4 | 34.6 | 37.9 | 34.9 |
| Averagedew point °F (°C) | 24.5 (−4.2) | 27.4 (−2.6) | 31.3 (−0.4) | 33.8 (1.0) | 39.6 (4.2) | 39.2 (4.0) | 46.6 (8.1) | 48.1 (8.9) | 42.2 (5.7) | 33.7 (0.9) | 26.4 (−3.1) | 22.2 (−5.4) | 34.6 (1.4) |
| Source: PRISM Climate Group[33] | |||||||||||||
Joshua Tree is becoming hotter and drier due to climate change.[30] From 1895 to 2016, the annual precipitation has dropped by 39% and the annual temperature has increased by 3 °F.[30] Because of the hotter and drier conditions, there are more wildfires in the park.
The park's oldest rocks, Pinto Gneiss among them, are 1.7 billion years old. They are exposed in places on the park's surface in theCottonwood,Pinto, andEagle Mountains. Much later, from 250 to 75 million years ago, tectonic plate movements forced volcanic material toward the surface at this location and formed granites, includingmonzogranite common to the Wonderland of Rocks, parts of the Pinto, Eagle, andCoxcomb Mountains, and elsewhere. Erosion eventually exposed the harder rocks, gneiss and granite, in the uplands and reduced the softer rocks to debris that filled the canyons and basins between the ranges. The debris, moved by gravity and water, formedalluvial fans at the mouths of canyons, andbajadas, where the alluvial fans overlapped.[34]
The rockformations of Joshua Tree National Park owe their shape partly togroundwater, which filtered through the roughly rectangular joints of the monzonite anderoded the corners and edges of blocks of stone, and toflash floods, which washed away covering ground and left piles of rounded boulders.[35] These prominent outcrops are known asinselbergs.[36]
Of the park's six blocks of mountains, five—theLittle San Bernardino,Hexie, Pinto, Cottonwood, and Eagle—are among theTransverse Ranges, which trend generally east–west in locations between the Eagle Mountains on the east and the northernChannel Islands, in the Pacific Ocean west ofSanta Barbara, on the west. Tectonic forces along theSan Andreas Fault system compressed and lifted the crust material that formed these ranges. The San Andreas Fault itself passes southwest of the park, but related parallel faults, including the Dillon, Blue Cut, and Pinto, run through the park, and movements along them have caused earthquakes. The easternmost range in the park, the Coxcomb Mountains, runs generally north–south and is part of theBasin and Range Province.[34]
There are nine establishedcampgrounds in the park.[37]
Several hiking trails are within the park, many of which connect to campgrounds. A section of the California Riding and Hiking Trail meanders for 35 miles (56 km) through the western side of the park.[38] The lookout point at Keys View, towards the south of the park looks over the Coachella Valley, theSalton Sea, the San Andreas Fault, theSanta Rosa Mountains, and the city ofPalm Springs.[39]
Nature walks inside the park include:
Longer trails include:
Due tograffiti on at least 17 sites on trails, officials have closed them to the public. The closed sites include Native American sites, Rattlesnake Canyon, andBarker Dam. They blame the increase in vandalism on the increased use ofsocial media.[40]
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The park is popular with rock climbers and was originally a winter practice area whileYosemite Valley and other parts of theSierra Nevada were snowbound, but later became an area of interest in its own right. Its thousands of namedclimbing routes contain all levels of difficulty. The routes are typically short, the rocks being rarely more than 230 ft (70 m) in height, but access is usually a short, easy walk through the desert, and doing several interesting climbs in a single day is possible. The rocks are all composed ofquartz monzonite, a very rough type ofgranite, made even more so as no snow or ice polishes it, as in places such as Yosemite.
Some routes are permanently closed, while others are closed temporarily to protect sensitive wildlife in certain seasons. Climbing and bouldering routes that are permanently closed include Energy Crisis, the Schwarzenegger Wall, Zombie Woof Rock, the Maverick Boulder formation, Pictograph Boulder, Shindig, Lonely Stones Area #3, and the Shipwreck formation, Indian Wave Boulders (except for Native Arete), and Wormholes.[41]
The total visitors more than doubled from 2013 to 2019. Awareness of the wildflower bloom in the spring has brought increased visitation.[42]
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More than 250 birdspecies inhabit or visit the park, including resident desert birds such as thegreater roadrunner,cactus wren,northern mockingbird,LeConte's thrasher,verdin, andGambel's quail. About 78 species nest and raise their young within the park. Many migrating species spend only a short time feeding and resting at Joshua Tree, mainly in the winter, as the park lies along an inland stretch of thePacific Flyway. Other species descend from their usual habitats in the mountains to escape winter snow.[43]
AUSGS bird checklist from 2006 contained 239 species in the park.[44]
Joshua Tree is a popular observing site inSouthern California foramateur astronomy and stargazing.[45]
The park is well known for its naturally darknight skies, which are far away from and largely free of thelight pollution typical in urban areas. In 2017, theInternational Dark-Sky Association designated Joshua Tree aDark Sky Park.[46]
_at_burrow_-_12938853164.jpg)
Around 2,145 combinedplant,fungi andanimal species have been documented within Joshua Tree National Park, according to thebiodiversity databaseiNaturalist,[47] with over 250avian, 50mammalian, 40reptilian andamphibian, and nearly 1,000invertebrate species known to inhabit the park boundaries and its immediate vicinities. In addition to the many birds, such asGambel's quail and thegreater roadrunner, numerouslizards,snakes,chipmunks, andCalifornia ground squirrels are the animals most likely to be seen by daytime visitors to the area.[43]Golden eagles,ravens,red-tailed hawks,burrowing owls andturkey vultures are among the diurnalraptors and predatory birds that can be seen in the park, as they hunt, sun themselves on rocks, or scan the grounds forcarrion.[43] After dark, moreowls emerge from their daytime respite to hunt the manyrodents and small animals of the park, including theAmerican barn owl,great horned owl,long-eared owl, and thenorthern saw-whet owl.[48] Additionally, nighttime sees severalbat species take-flight, sometimes by the thousands, as they hunt the swarms of various flying insects in the park, or, dependent on species, feed oncactus blossoms and other sources ofnectar, thus making the flying mammals vital insect controllers and plantpollinators. Known from Joshua Tree are thebig brown bat,California myotis,canyon bats,little brown bats,Mexican free-tailed bats,Nyctinomops bats,pallid bats,Townsend's big-eared bat, and thewestern bonneted (mastiff) andwestern yellow bat.[49]
Many of the park's larger mammals prefer to rest in burrows, caves, or other protected hiding spots during the hottest portions of the day, with many beingcrepuscular in their habits (i.e. most active at sunset and sunrise) and resting sporadically throughout the day and night. Reclusive, but nocturnally-active, mammalian species include theAmerican badger,black-tailed jackrabbit,bobcat,coyote,desert bighorn sheep,gray fox,kangaroo rat,mountain lion,mule deer andringtail.[50] Occasional sightings (orscat observations) ofAmerican black bear have occurred, with the bears likely roaming or exploring from the nearbySan Gabriel Mountains (where they are more common). However, no known breeding population of black bear is known to exist permanently within park bounds, as it is likely that Joshua Tree's lower elevation and desert environment is simply unable to support bears long-term.[51]
Herpetiles are very plentiful in the park; among the many snakes are several species ofrattlesnake (Crotalus sp.),kingsnake (Lampropeltis sp.),coastal rosy boa (Lichanura orcutti),ground snakes andshovelnose snakes (Sonora sp.),desert nightsnakes (Hypsigiena sp.) and racers and coachwhips (Masticophis sp.), among others. Other species most active at night includebanded geckos (Coleonyx sp).[52] Thedesert tortoise, athreatened reptile species that inhabits thecreosote (Larrea tridentata)-studded lowlands of the Mojave Desert, is well-adapted to arid conditions; instead of drinking water directly, most of the tortoise's water is obtained from consuming the creosote bush as well as prickly pear (Opuntia sp.) pads and fruits, amongst other desert plants.[53] The creosote is not only a favorite food for the desert tortoise, but is also one of the primary plants eaten by thechuckwalla, a large, diurnal lizard species. Amphibians, though few, are still present near water sources; theCalifornia tree frog (Pseudacris cadaverina) is found in greener, lush areas adjacent to permanent water sources (often created by the Pinto Fault), such as along the northern edge of the park, as well as near naturalseeps and rocky areas that collect pooled water.[54] Thered-spotted toad (Bufo punctatus) is a true denizen of the desert, as it spends most of its life buried underground in a state oftorpor, awaiting seasonal rains to emerge and breed en masse.[54]
Thetarantula speciesAphonopelma iodium, thegreen darner (Anax junius) and the giant desert scorpion (Hadrurus arizonensis) are three largerarthropods that can grow to be more than 4 inches (10 cm) long.[55] The yucca moth (Tegeticula synthetica) is responsible for pollinating the Joshua trees after which the park is named.[55]
Animals that thrive in Joshua Tree often have specialadaptations for dealing with limited water and high summer temperatures. The smaller mammals and all reptiles take refuge from the heat underground. Desert mammals make more efficient use of their bodies' water supply than the human body. Reptiles are physiologically adapted to thrive with little water, while most birds can fly to water when they most need to drink. Nevertheless, the many hidden springs and seeps in the park are vital for the survival of all resident animals. The majority of reptiles, amphibians, invertebrates, and many small mammals go into an inactive state ofhibernation (or torpor) during the colder months. By comparison, winter is the time of greatest birdwatching opportunities in the park, with the region being a prime "rest-stop" for many migratory species on their annual flights to warmer locales.[50]
Of the park's total land area of 790,636 acres (1,235.4 sq mi; 3,199.6 km2), 429,690 acres (671.4 sq mi; 1,738.9 km2) are designated wilderness and managed by the National Park Service (NPS) per theWilderness Act.[56] The NPS requires registration for overnight camping at specific locations called registration boards. Other requirements include the use of a camp stove (since opencampfires are prohibited) and employingLeave No Trace camping techniques (also known as "pack it in, pack it out").[57] Although bicycles are not allowed in wilderness areas, horses are, but a permit must be obtained in advance for travel in the backcountry. Cellular signals are weak to non-existent and should not be depended on while visiting the park.
On April 1, 2015, graffiti artistAndré was convicted and fined forvandalizing a boulder in the park.[58] André had posted photos of his "artwork" on social media.Casey Schreiner (of the hiking blog Modern Hiker) and some of his followers aided theNational Park Service in locating and identifying André's vandalism.[59] Before his conviction, André had attempted to silence reporting with legal threats.[60]
During the2018–2019 federal government shutdown, only eight park rangers were on duty;[61] during this time, reports of vandalism spiked, as park visitors reportedly felled Joshua trees for firewood, set illegal campfires, drove off-road, and spray-painted rocks.[62][63][64] Park botanists subsequently determined that one of three Joshua trees reported to have been cut-down or otherwise damaged during the shutdown had been felled prior to the shutdown.[65]
This article incorporatespublic domain material from websites or documents of theNational Park Service.
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