Joseph Leidy | |
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 Leidyc.1870 | |
| Born | (1823-09-09)September 9, 1823 |
| Died | April 30, 1891(1891-04-30) (aged 67) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | University of Pennsylvania |
| Awards | Lyell Medal(1884) |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | paleontology,anatomy,parasitology |
| Institutions | Academy of Natural Sciences University of Pennsylvania Wagner Free Institute of Science |
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Joseph Mellick Leidy (September 9, 1823 – April 30, 1891) was an Americanpaleontologist,parasitologist and anatomist.
Leidy was professor ofanatomy at theUniversity of Pennsylvania, later becoming a professor ofnatural history atSwarthmore College and the director of scientific and educational programs at theWagner Free Institute of Science. His bookExtinct Fauna of Dakota and Nebraska (1869) contained many species not previously described and many previously unknown on the North American continent. At the time, scientific investigation was largely the province of wealthy amateurs.
TheLeidy Glacier in northwest Greenland was named byRobert Peary after him.[1]
Joseph Leidy was born on September 9, 1823, to an establishedPhiladelphia family of PennsylvaniaGermans. His father, Philip, was a hatter; his mother, Catharine, died during childbirth when he was young. His father then married his wife's first cousin, Christiana Mellick. Leidy also had a brother, Thomas Leidy. With the support of his stepmother and after overcoming the opposition of his father, who wanted him to be a sign painter, Leidy studied medicine at theUniversity of Pennsylvania.[2] He graduated with his medical degree in 1844.
He married Anna Harden, a woman who took a serious interest in his work and helped him with it on occasion.[3] Their marriage was childless, and they eventually adopted an orphaned seven-year-old girl,[4] Alwinia, daughter of the late Professor Franks of the University of Pennsylvania.[5]
In 1849, he was elected a member of theAmerican Philosophical Society.[6]
Leidy named theholotype specimen ofHadrosaurus foulkii, which was recovered from themarl pits ofHaddonfield, New Jersey. It was notable for being the first nearly completefossilized skeleton of adinosaur ever recovered.[7] The specimen was originally discovered byWilliam Parker Foulke. Leidy concluded, contrary to the view prevailing at the time, that this dinosaur could adopt abipedal posture. He also described the holotype specimens ofArctodus (A. pristinus), thedire wolf (Aenocyon dirus), and theAmerican lion (Panthera atrox), among many others.[8][9]
Noted American fossil collector and paleontologistE. D. Cope was a student of Leidy's, but theenmity and ruthless competition that developed between him and rival paleontologistO. C. Marsh eventually drove Leidy out of western American vertebrate paleontology, a field that Leidy had helped to found. Marsh claimed Leidy contributed to the falling out of the two by showing Cope in the presence of Marsh that Cope had mistakenly placed the head of a fossilElasmosaurus on the tail, rather than on the neck,[10] and then publishing a correction.[11]
Leidy was an early American supporter ofDarwin's theory ofevolution, and lobbied successfully for Darwin's election to membership in theAcademy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.[12]
In 1852, Leidy referredBison antiquus, the North American fossil bison, to the genusBison,[13][14] the first to do so.[15] Sometimes called the "ancient bison", it was the most common largeherbivore of the North American continent for over 10,000 years, and is a direct ancestor of the livingAmerican bison.
In 1855, Leidy published an influential memoir on fossil ground sloths of North America, the first comprehensive study of North Americanxenarthrans (the group including sloths, armadillos, glyptodonts, and anteaters). The work expanded understanding of the morphology of species known to the time, including details of the skull, and documented the broad geographic range once inhabited by the common speciesMegalonyx jeffersonii.[16]
Leidy dominated vertebrate paleontology research inFlorida during the latter half of the 19th century.[17] He described and published the newly discovered speciesSmilodon floridanus.[17]
In 1875, a woman's body was exhumed from aPhiladelphia cemetery; her body was encased inadipocere. Examining her, Leidy originally reported that she had died in the1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, but X-rays taken in 1987 showed that she had buttons on her body that weren't produced until the 1830s. Similarly, the body didn't have teeth, so Leidy thought the woman had died in middle or old age; however, a new set of X-rays in 2007 suggested that the woman had died in her late 20s.[18][19]
AfterWilliam Wagner's death in 1885, the Wagner Free Institute of Science formed a board of trustees to find a new director.[20] They chose Leidy to lead the institute, and he became president of the institute's faculty and curator of the museum. He held this position while remaining curator at the Academy of Natural Sciences and professor at Penn.[21][22] Under Leidy's direction, the Wagner became a more professional institution for research and education. He formed the institute's professional journal "Transactions of the Wagner Free Institute of Science" and sponsored expeditions to collect specimens.[20] One famed expedition to western Florida led byAngelo Heilprin led to the first discovery of asaber-toothed cat in North America.[20][17] Leidy also led a large renovation to the building and dramatically reorganized the collection. The exhibition he designed opened in 1891, and displayed specimens based on taxonomy andsystematics.[23] Today, the Victorian cases and hand-labelled specimens remain almost unaltered since Leidy's reorganization in the late 19th century.[23]
Leidy was also a renowned parasitologist, and determined as early as 1846 thattrichinosis was caused by a parasite in undercooked meat. He was also a pioneering protozoologist, publishingFresh-waterRhizopods of North America in 1879 – a work that is still referenced today.[24]
Leidy collected gems as well as fossils, and donated his important collection of the former to theSmithsonian before he died. At Swarthmore, he also taught a class on mineralogy and geology.
Leidy served as a surgeon to Satterlee Military Hospital in Philadelphia during theAmerican Civil War.[17]
In 1846, Leidy became the first person to use a microscope to solve a murder mystery.[25] A man accused of killing a Philadelphia farmer had blood on his clothes and hatchet. The suspect claimed the blood was from chickens he had been slaughtering. Using his microscope, Leidy found nonuclei in theseerythrocytes (human erythrocytes areanucleate). Moreover, he found that if he let chick erythrocytes remain outside the body for hours, they did not lose their nuclei. Thus, he concluded that the blood stains could not have been chicken blood. The suspect subsequently confessed.[25]
Leidy died in his home on April 30, 1891.[21] After his death, his brain was donated to theAmerican Anthropometric Society. In 1907,Edward Anthony Spitzka published a paper of his analysis of six brains at the American Anthropometric Society, including Leidy's.[26]
His bibliography includes 553 works.[27]
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