Joseph of Anchieta | |
|---|---|
 José de Anchieta, by painterBenedito Calixto | |
| Apostle of Brazil Priest, Missionary, Religious | |
| Born | 19 March 1534 San Cristóbal de La Laguna,Tenerife, Canary Islands,Spanish Empire |
| Died | 9 June 1597(1597-06-09) (aged 63) Reritiba, Espírito Santo,Governorate General of Brazil,Iberian Union |
| Venerated in | Catholic Church (Brazil, Canary Islands, and theSociety of Jesus) |
| Beatified | 22 June 1980,Saint Peter's Square,Vatican City, byPope John Paul II |
| Canonized | 3 April 2014 (equivalent canonization), Vatican City, byPope Francis |
| Majorshrine | Cathedral of San Cristóbal de La Laguna (in Canary Islands) andNational Shrine of Saint José de Anchieta (in Brazil) |
| Feast | 9 June |
| Attributes | Gospel Book, Crucifix and Cane |
| Patronage | Catechists, against animal attacks, of those who sufferscoliosis and compatrono of Brazil |
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| Part ofa series on the |
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José de Anchieta y Díaz de Clavijo, SJ (Joseph of Anchieta; 19 March 1534 – 9 June 1597) was aCanarianJesuitmissionary to thePortuguesecolony of Brazil in the second half of the 16th century. A highly influential figure in Brazil's history in the first century after itsEuropean discovery, Anchieta was one of the founders ofSão Paulo in 1554 and ofRio de Janeiro in 1565.[1] He is the first playwright, the firstgrammarian and the first poet born in theCanary Islands, and is considered the father ofBrazilian literature.
Anchieta took part in the religious instruction, evangelization, and conversion to theCatholic faith of theIndian population. His efforts along with those of another Jesuit missionary,Manuel da Nóbrega, at Indian pacification were crucial to the establishment of stable colonial settlements in the colony.
With his bookArte de gramática da língua mais usada na costa do Brasil (1595), Anchieta became the first person to provide anorthography toOld Tupi, the language most commonly spoken along the coast of Brazil.
Anchieta is familiarly known as "the Apostle of Brazil". He was canonized byPope Francis on 3 April 2014. He was the second native of the Canary Islands, afterPeter of Saint Joseph de Betancur[2] – also a missionary to Latin America – to be declared a saint by the Catholic Church, both canonized in the 21st century. Anchieta is also considered the third saint of Brazil.[3]
Anchieta was born on 19 March 1534, inSan Cristóbal de La Laguna onTenerife in theCanary Islands, Spain, to a wealthy family.[4] He was baptized on 7 April 1534 in the Parish of Our Lady of Remedies (nowLa Laguna Cathedral).[5] He lived in his family home, a building now known asCasa Anchieta, in La Laguna until he was 14 years old.[6]
His father, Juan López de Anchieta y Zelayaran, was a landowner from Urrestilla, in theBasque Country. He had escaped to Tenerife in 1525 after participating in an unsuccessfulrebellion against the EmperorCharles V. Through him, Anchieta was related toIgnatius of Loyola, founder of theSociety of Jesus.[4] His mother was Mencia Díaz de Clavijo y Llarena, a descendant of Castillian conquerors of Tenerife. Mencia was the daughter of Sebastián de Llarena, aJew who had converted to Christianity, from thekingdom of Castile, and his wife.
At the age of 14, Anchieta went to study inPortugal at the Royal College of Arts inCoimbra. He was intensely religious and felt he had a vocation to the priesthood. He sought admission to the Jesuit College of theUniversity of Coimbra and was accepted into the Jesuits on 1 May 1551, at the age of 17.[4] While a novice, he nearly ruined his health by his excessive austerity. He had an injury to the spine that made him nearly a hunchback.[7] He learned to writePortuguese andLatin, in addition to Spanish.
In 1553, the Jesuits included Anchieta among the third group of their members sent to the Portuguese colony of Brazil, believing that the climate would improve his health.[4][7] After a perilous journey and ashipwreck, Anchieta and his small group of survivors arrived inSão Vicente. It was the first village to have been founded by the Portuguese in Brazil. There he made his first contact with theTapuia Indians living in the region.
In late 1553,Manuel da Nóbrega, the firstProvincial of the Jesuits in Brazil, sent 13 Jesuits including Anchieta to climb theSerra do Mar to aplateau along theTietê River that the Indians calledpiratininga (fromTupipira "fish" +tininga "drying" – according to Anchieta, more than 12,000 fish could be found drying along the Tietê Riverfloodplains after one of its customary floods).
There the Jesuits established a small missionary settlement and celebrated Mass for the first time on 25 January 1554, date of theconversion of Saint Paul, according to tradition. That date is now celebrated as the founding of São Paulo.[8] Anchieta and his Jesuit colleagues began their efforts to instruct the native people in the rudiments of Christianity and convert them, while also introducing basic education in other subjects. He taught Latin to the Indians, began to learn their language,Old Tupi, and started compiling adictionary and agrammar. Their mission settlement, theJesuit College of São Paulo of Piratininga, soon developed into a small population center.
Anchieta and Nóbrega had long opposed the way the Portuguese colonists were treating the Indians and had a serious conflict about it withDuarte da Costa. He served as second Governor-General of Brazil from 1553 to 1558. The Jesuits nevertheless supported the Portuguese against their French rivals in establishing claims to Brazil. They welcomed the support of Portuguese authorities against theHuguenot Protestants whom the French at times welcomed to their settlements.
The two Jesuits perceived the French colony as a generally Protestant enterprise, ignoring its Catholic components and making no distinction between Lutherans and Calvinists.[9] Anchieta recognized that violence could be necessary to create the conditions for evangelizing the indigenous inhabitants. He later praised the colony's third Governor General,Mem de Sá (1500–1572), for what he accomplished in eliminating cannibalism, even though it was done by killing large numbers of Amerindians.[10]
Due to the systematic killings and ransacking of their villages by Portuguese colonists, together with attempts toenslave them, the Indian tribes along the coast of the present-day states ofSão Paulo, Rio de Janeiro andEspírito Santo rebelled and formed an alliance, theTamoyo Confederation. They allied with the French colonists who had settled inGuanabara Bay in 1555 under the command of Vice-AdmiralNicolas Durand de Villegaignon.
The conflict was brutal and at once international and inter-religious. In one instance the Portuguese hanged ten Frenchmen in an attempt to intimidate their enemies into submission. In another in 1557, a Protestant named Jacques le Balleur was put to death. By some accounts, Anchieta helped the executioner carry out the sentence,[11] though the facts are much disputed.[12]
The Tamoyo Confederation attacked São Paulo several times between 1562 and 1564 without success. Anchieta and Nóbrega initiated peace negotiations with the Tamoyo in the village ofIperoig in modernUbatuba on the northern coast of São Paulo state. Anchieta's skill with theTupi language was crucial in these efforts. After many incidents and the near massacre of Anchieta and Nóbrega by the Indians, they finally succeeded in gaining the Indians' confidence. Peace was established between the Tamoyo andTupiniquim nations and the Portuguese.
Portuguese-French hostilities were renewed in 1565 whenEstácio de Sá, a nephew of the new Governor-General of Brazil, Mem de Sá, was ordered to expel the French colonists. With the support of Anchieta and Nóbrega, he departed with an army from São Vicente and founded the ramparts ofRio de Janeiro at the foot ofPão de Açúcar. Anchieta was with him and participated in a number of battles between the Portuguese and the French, each side supported by their Indian allies. He acted as a surgeon andinterpreter. He also reported back to the governor-general's headquarters inSalvador, Bahia. Anchieta participated in the final victorious battle against the French in 1567.
After the peace settlement, a Jesuit college was founded in Rio under the direction of Nóbrega. Anchieta was invited to remain and succeeded him upon his death in 1570. Despite his frailty and ill health, and the rigors of slow travel by foot and ship, over the next ten years Anchieta traveled extensively among Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, Espírito Santo and São Paulo, consolidating the Jesuit mission in Brazil. In 1577 the fourth superior general of the Jesuits,Everard Mercurian, appointed Anchieta asprovincial superior of the order's members in Brazil.
As his health worsened, Anchieta requested relief from his duties in 1591. He died in Brazil on 9 June 1597, atReritiba, Espírito Santo.
In the tradition of Jesuits, Anchieta was a prolific rapporteur, communicating by letters to his superiors. His reports establish him as an ethnographer, though he focused on Amerindian behavior that did not follow European norms, such as their choice of marriage partners, cannibalism, and the role of sorcerers.[13] His detailed testimony with respect to cannibalism is often cited by anthropologists. He explained, for example, that the Amerindians "believe that true kinship comes from the side of the fathers, who are the agents, and ... that the mothers are nothing more than bags in which the children grow" and therefore treat the children of a captured female and a member of their tribe with respect but sometimes eat the children of a captured male and a female member of their own tribe.[14] He detailed the practice of polygamy and, because it had produced dense networks of interrelations, advocated easing the church'sconsanguinity rules to allow all but brothers and sisters to marry.[10]
Anchieta was a pioneer in transcribing theOld Tupi language and authored the first published work on that language, a "pathbreaking" grammar,Arte de gramática da língua mais usada na costa do Brasil, written in 1555 and published in 1589.[15] According to one assessment, "His grammar and dictionary still rank among the best ever produced of a Brazilian language, nearly 500 years later.... Anchieta was a dedicated linguist whose work can be considered the beginning of Amazonian linguistics (indeed it would not be stretching matters too far to call his work the beginning of linguistics in the Americas)."[16] His written works in the indigenous language span theology, religious instruction, theater and poetry.
He was also a historian, author of a biography of Mem de Sá. Composed of hexameters,De Gestis Mendi de Saa is the first epic about the Americas. It presents de Sá as "a Christian Ulysses determined to oust Satan" who "presides ... over hordes of demonic Amerindians, creatures devoted to dismembering bodies". With the arrival of the Jesuits, "the Cross expels demons" and "shamans lose preternatural power as they move from the wilderness into the civilized missions".[17] His other major poem wasDe Beata Virgine Dei Matre, a poem to theVirgin Mary. Tradition holds that Anchieta composed it while in captivity at Iperoig in 1563 by writing verses in the wet sand of the beach and memorizing each day's lines so that upon his release he could write its 4,900 verses on paper in their entirety.[18]
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His dramas, written in a combination of Tupi, Portuguese, Spanish, and Latin, were not meant for the stage but for performance by local amateurs in village squares and churchyards. They were traditional in form, written in verse with five-line stanzas, a literary form known as theauto, a Portuguese devotional drama, following the tradition the Jesuits had developed of using the theater first in classrooms and then for popular instruction. Casts were all male, both native and European, and both groups were meant to learn from the dramas' instruction in Christian morals. They were written for special occasions like a saint's feast day or to mark the arrival of relics in the colony. Scholars have noted that they contain considerable "contextual information", that is references to local events such as village rivalries. For example, Amerindian cannibalism is juxtaposed with the roasting ofLawrence of Rome.[13] Few of his plays survive, but those that do have been praised, despite being crafted for a local audience with a didactic purpose, for their "remarkable feeling for spectacle, calling for the use of body paint, native costumes, song and dance, fights, torches, and processions".[18] A performance might even call for cannon fire from a nearby ship, though the plays were typically "short on action and long on explanations of doctrine" and characters fall clearly into positive and negative types.[13] Anchieta's "auto da pregação universel" of 1567 and published in 1672 is the first dramatic text in Brazilian letters.[18]
As a keennaturalist, he described several new plants and animals among the novelties of Brazil's wildlife andgeography.[19]
His lucid and detailed reports are still important for understanding the beliefs, manners, and customs of the native peoples and European settlers of the sixteenth century.
He was also an excellent surgeon and physician.
His manuscripts were gathered from archives in Portugal and Brazil in the 1730s as part of the process for his beatification and deposited in Rome.[13] His works have been published asCartas, Informações, Fragmentos Históricos e Sermões (Letters, Reports, Historical Fragments and Sermons).
José de Anchieta is celebrated as the founder of Brazilian letters and, with Nóbrega, Apostle of Brazil.[7] He has given his name to two cities,Anchieta, in the State ofEspírito Santo (formerly called Reritiba, the place where he died), andAnchieta, in the state ofSanta Catarina, as well as many other places, roads, institutions, hospitals, and schools. The French botanistA.St.-Hil., who explored Brasil in the 19th century, named a climbing vine of theViolaceae family for the late Jesuit:Anchietea.[19]
In 1965, the Spanish postal service issued a stamp with the image of Anchieta, in a series called "Los Forjadores de América".[20]
Ney Latorraca starred in the Brazilian biographical film,Anchieta, José do Brasil, which was released in 1977.[21][22]
Anchieta's cause was formally opened on 22 June 1624, granting him the title ofServant of God. His spiritual writings were approved by theologians on 11 December 1734, andPope Benedict XI declared himVenerable on 10 August 1736.[23]
Whenbeatified by PopeJohn Paul II in 1980, Anchieta acquired the title "Blessed José de Anchieta."Pope Francis announced his canonization as asaint on 3 April 2014. The announcement was first communicated to three priests from the Canary Islands[24] (hometown of Anchieta) who attended the Mass of the Pope in his residence inSanta Marta, who communicated it to theBishop of Tenerife,Bernardo Álvarez Afonso.[25]
He used a process known asequivalent canonization that dispenses with the standard judicial procedures and ceremonies in the case of someone long venerated.[26] Anchieta was the first Spaniard canonized by Pope Francis.[27]
During and after his life, José de Anchieta was considered almost asupernatural being. Many legends formed around him, such as that he once preached to and calmed an attackingjaguar. To this day, a popular devotion holds that praying to Anchieta protects against animal attacks.
José de Anchieta is highly revered in theCanary Islands. A bronze statue by Brazilian artistBruno Giorgi in the city of San Cristóbal de La Laguna depicts José de Anchieta departing for Portugal. It was a gift from theGovernment of Brazil to Anchieta's hometown, where a wooden image of him is also venerated in theCathedral of La Laguna and carried in procession through the streets every 9 June. In theBasilica of Our Lady of Candelaria (patron saint of the Canary Islands), there is a painting of José de Anchieta founding the city of São Paulo. In 1997, a biographical comic book was published.
José de Anchieta is the patron saint and model of catechists. He was also declared byPope Benedict XVI as one of the thirteen Intercessors of theWorld Youth Day 2013, held inRio de Janeiro.[28]
In April 2015 he was declared by theNational Conference of Bishops of Brazil a copatron of Brazil,[29] whose patron saint isOur Lady of Aparecida.
The main shrines dedicated to Saint José de Anchieta in Brazil and the Canary Islands are those that are directly related to his life:
Spain (Canary Islands): In the city ofSan Cristóbal de La Laguna, his place of birth, the main diocesan shrine is theCathedral of San Cristóbal de La Laguna, where he was baptized in 1534 and where his image is venerated.[30] Each 9 June in this city flowers are strewn at the large bronze statue of the saint[31] and a solemn Mass is held in the cathedral with theBishop of Tenerife presiding, followed by a procession with his image through the streets to his birthplace, where flowers are again strewn.[31]
Brazil: TheNational Shrine of San José de Anchieta is located in the town ofReritiba (now calledAnchieta) in thestate of Espírito Santo. The sanctuary has an important museum of sacred art and is built in the place where he lived the last years of his life and died.[32] Here the national holiday dedicated to the saint is celebrated with pilgrimages of faithful from throughout Brazil. Following the declaration of Anchieta as copatron of Brazil in 2015, the church was declared aNational Shrine.[33]
