José María Castro Madriz | |
|---|---|
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| 1st and 5thPresident of Costa Rica | |
| In office 31 August 1848 – 16 November 1849 | |
| Vice President | José María Alfaro Zamora Juan Rafael Mora Manuel José Carazo Bonilla |
| Preceded by | José María Alfaro Zamora |
| Succeeded by | Miguel Mora Porras |
| In office 8 May 1866 – 1 November 1868 | |
| Preceded by | Jesús Jiménez (first term) |
| Succeeded by | Jesús Jiménez (second term) |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1 September 1818 San José, New Spain |
| Died | 4 April 1892 (age 73) San José,Costa Rica |
| Political party | Liberal |
José María Castro Madriz (1 September 1818 – 4 April 1892) was a Costa Ricanlawyer, academic,diplomat, andpolitician. He served twice asPresident of Costa Rica, from 1848 to 1849, and from 1866 to 1868.[1] On both occasions he was prevented from completing his term of office bymilitary coups. During his first administration, on 31 August 1848, he formally declared Costa Rica an independent republic, definitively severing Costa Rica's ties to the moribundFederal Republic of Central America.
Castro was born inSan José. He was the son ofRamón Castro y Ramírez and Lorenza Madriz Cervantes.[2] He was educated at theUniversity of León inNicaragua, where he graduated as bachelor of philosophy and doctor of law. He occupied many public offices throughout his life, both before and after serving as President. He was therector of the nationalUniversity (which he had helped to create) for sixteen years, and served several administrations as cabinet minister and ambassador. He also presided over the judiciary (aschief judge of theSupreme Court of Justice from 1860 to 1866 and from 1870 to 1873) and thelegislature (as president of the Congress of Deputies in 1844-1845 and of the fourth Constitutional Convention in 1859), making him the only other Costa Rican besidesRicardo Jiménez to have headed all three branches of the government.
An activeFreemason, Castro was consistently critical of the political influence of theRoman Catholic Church. He was also a strong defender offreedom of the press at a time when many Costa Rican governments practiced widespreadcensorship. His constitutional reform of 1848, however, established the most restrictedsuffrage that ever existed in independent Costa Rica. As president his lack of a committed political base made him an easy target for overthrow by the military. As the minister of foreign affairs, education, justice, public aid, and religious affairs, Castro was the most influential figure in the government of his brother-in-law, PresidentPróspero Fernández (1882–1885), and he was largely responsible for theanti-clerical legislation adopted by that government.
He was married toPacífica Fernández, who designed the 1848 version of theCosta Rican flag. His daughter Cristina Fernández Castro marriedMinor C. Keith in 1883. Their grandson,Rafael Yglesias, served as President of Costa Rica from 1894 to 1902.
Inaugurated at age 29, he was the youngest person to ever serve as President of Costa Rica.
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | President of Costa Rica 1847–1849 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | President of Costa Rica 1866–1868 | Succeeded by |
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| National | |
