The People's Party, led by Aznar, won the most parliamentary seats at the1996 general election, but he failed to obtain a majority in theCongress of Deputies, which forced the PP to seek the support of Basque (EAJ-PNV), Catalan (CiU) and Canarian (CC) regionalists. He was finally sworn in as prime minister on 4 May 1996, and his first term was marked by marketliberalization,deregulation of the economy, cutting of state expenses and privatization of several state-owned companies. During his first term, the economy grew and Spain met the criteria to participate in the creation of theeurozone, but unemployment remained moderately high. Some relevant events in Aznar's first term were the assassination of PP politicianMiguel Ángel Blanco by ETA. Aznar attempted to negotiate with ETA between 1998 and 1999, but the parties did not reach an agreement and violence continued.
Aznar also got the most votes in the2000 general election this time obtaining an absolute majority of 183 deputies (out of 350) in the Congress. The economy kept growing and unemployment finally began to fall during his second term. Inforeign policy, Spain adopted aneoconservative approach and grew closer ties with theUnited States and theBush administration, in the aftermath of theSeptember 11 attacks. Aznar supported the American-led invasions ofAfghanistan andIraq. In 2002, he faced harsh criticisms for the government's response to thePrestige oil spill inGalicia. Support of the PP further declined after the invasion of Iraq, which was not supported by the majority of the Spanish population, but was nevertheless carried out with Spanish support for the U.S. and the UK. A 2003 poll conducted by the public research instituteCIS found that 91% of Spaniards were against theinvasion of Iraq.[1]
In 2004, ageneral election in Spain was scheduled for 14 March, which was not contested by Aznar, but by his successor as lead of the PP,Mariano Rajoy. On 11 March, the2004 Madrid train bombings occurred, which killed 192 people. The government claimed the bombings were perpetrated byETA. In the few days between the bombings and the election, the PP defended this position: however, a major sector of the population rejected the hypothesis that the attacks were perpetrated by ETA and believed the government was lying because of the bombings' possible connection to Spanish support for the invasion of Iraq. This led to a massive drop in support for the PP in the days before the election, and the opposingPSOE'sJosé Luis Rodríguez Zapatero won the election.
Aznar remains active in the private sector, and he sometimes gives his views on current issues. He was a member of theCouncil of State from 2005 to 2006. He is the president of Spanish think tankFAES and is a director ofNews Corp. He held the honorary (symbolic) presidency of the PP until 2016, when he renounced the title. On February 14, 2024, Aznar resigned from his position as a lobbyist for Philip Morris.
He was educated at theColegio del Pilar in Madrid. As a sixteen-year-old, Aznar espoused an independent brand ofFalangism as a member of theFrente de Estudiantes Sindicalistas (FES), a Falangist dissident student organization opposed to the Francoist regime.[3] Primordially a university organization, a teenage Aznar became responsible for the high-school branch set up in the late 1960s, and was tasked with promoting Falangism amongst Spain’s school-going youth along the organisation’s lines.[4][n. 1]
After the death ofFrancisco Franco and the restoration ofdemocracy, Aznar joined theAlianza Popular (AP) in January 1979, a few months after his wife. In March he became the Secretary General of the party inLa Rioja, occupying the post until 1980. In February 1981 he joined the AP's National executive committee. He became Assistant Secretary General in February 1982.
On 26 October 1982 he was elected to parliament, representingÁvila. On 22 June 1985 he was appointed to the presidency of the AP inCastile and León. On 2 December 1986 AP leaderManuel Fraga resigned following fierce internal party fighting in the aftermath of another failure to dislodge the rulingSpanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE). Aznar was not considered senior enough to be a possible successor, and gave his support toMiguel Herrero de Miñón, who lost the leadership bid to Fraga's choice,Antonio Hernández Mancha. As a result, Aznar lost his post as Assistant Secretary General.
In 1989 Aznar was voted by the National Executive Committee of AP to be the new leader of the party, re-founded as thePartido Popular (People's Party, or PP). With Fraga focused on thepresidency of Galicia, Aznar was confirmed as leader of the PP at their 10th National Congress at the end of March 1990. In November the PP moved from the Conservative group in theEuropean Parliament to the more centristChristian DemocraticEuropean People's Party.
On 6 June 1993 the PP again lost thegeneral election, but improved on their previous performance by obtaining 34.8% of the vote. The PSOE lost its absolute majority and needed to form a coalition government with other parties in order to continue governing. The result was a disappointment for the PP as the opinion polls had predicted a victory for them. They did well in the 1994 European and 1995 local elections.
On 19 April 1995, Aznar's armored car prevented him from being assassinated by anETA bomb.[6]
The PP won the 3 March 1996general election with 37.6% of the vote, thus ending 13 years of PSOE rule. With 156 of the 350 seats (the PSOE won 141) Aznar had to reach agreements with two regional nationalist parties,Convergence and Unity (Catalan) and theCanary Islands Coalition, in order to govern with additional support from the Basque Nationalist Party. He was voted in as prime minister with 181 votes in theCortes Generales on 4 May and sworn in the next day by KingJuan Carlos I.
Aznar's government has been described as the first conservative government since 1983,[7][8] or since the death of Francisco Franco.[9][10]
The Aznar Government maintained the commitment of the previous government to join theEuropean Union's single currency and showed itself willing to take political risks in order to meet the requirements for membership. Aznar also announced the sale early in 1997 of the nation's remaining minority stake (golden shares) in theTelefónica telecommunications company and the petroleum groupRepsol. This marked the beginning of a period of privatizations after the previousPSOE government had nationalized parts of the economy.
Spanish voters reelected Aznar in the2000 general election with an outright majority. The PP obtained 44.5% of the vote and 183 seats.[11] The Spanish electorate's participation was the lowest for a general election in Spain in the post-Franco era.[12]
After six years of relative political calm, when political debate was dominated by a consensus within the ruling party on economics, regional nationalism, and terrorism, several issues arose which polarized Spanish public opinion. Like UK Prime MinisterTony Blair, Aznar actively supported the United States'War on Terrorism, despite public opposition. Aznar met with Bush in a private meeting before the2003 invasion of Iraq to discuss the situation in the UN Security Council.El País leaked apartial transcript of the meeting. The government's handling of the wreckage of the GreekPrestige tanker near the Spanish coast, which resulted in a major ecological disaster, also became a divisive issue.
He actively encouraged and supported the Bush administration's foreign policy and the US invasion of Iraq in 2003.[13] He defended it on the basis of secret intelligence allegedly containing evidence of the Iraqi government's nuclear proliferation. On 30 January 2003, Aznar signedThe letter of the eight supportingUS. policy on Iraq.[14] The majority of the Spanish population, including some PP members, were against the war. Spain's major cities were the scene of the largest street demonstrations ever seen in the country as a result of the government's participation in the invasion. Aznar lost some support from those who had voted for the PP in 2000. On a live TV interview aired on the public station while demonstrations were taking place in the streets, he asked the Spanish people to take his word assuring there were weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, of which he had evidence. This is now regarded as incorrect.[15][16]
On the economic front, the government pursued theprivatization of public enterprises and focused its attention ondebt reduction. Investment in research was drastically reduced, and large cuts were also made in social spending.Social housing construction fell by over 30%, and households went into debt in response to the sharp rise in the price of building land.[17]
In January 2004 Aznar called a general election and designated his successor as candidate,Mariano Rajoy, sticking to a pledge of not seeking office for a third term. Despite political tensions, polls suggested that the People's Party was set to win a third consecutive election on the strength of the economy.An opinion poll carried out by the government-run CIS (which had estimated that 92% of the Spanish people did not support the War in Iraq) in February 2004 estimated that the PP would win an election with 42.2% of the vote while thePSOE would only get 35.5%.[18]
Three days before the2004 general election, 10 bombs killed 191 people in the11 March 2004 Madrid train bombings. Initially, the government and the opposition[19][20] stated publicly that it was possible the bombings may have been the work ofETA. However, the PP government continued to blame ETA even after evidence that the attacks may have been the work of an Islamist group emerged, having the minister of foreign affairs,Ana Palacio, instruct all Spanish diplomats to place the blame on ETA at every opportunity.[21][22] The public perception that the government hid information from the general population gave rise to a public outcry. Two days after the Atocha bombings, demonstrations took place across Spain demanding news from the investigation, where chants such as "We want the truth before we vote" and "Who is responsible?" were heard.[23][24]Three days after the train bombings, the oppositionPSOE won the elections. The subsequent investigations held by a Parliamentary Committee were characterized by bitter partisan exchanges between the different political parties, with dispute over who may have been responsible for the bombings. Aznar appeared before the Committee in November 2004 and declared his belief that the authors of the bombings were not to be found "in faraway deserts or remote mountains."[25] Aznar said in 2006 that he thought that the attacks were not exclusively perpetrated by Islamists.
Aznar addressing theMartens Centre Economic Ideas Forum in 2010
After leaving office on 17 April 2004 he presided over theFAESthink tank, which is associated with the PP. After a 2005 reform, promoted by Prime Minister Rodríguez Zapatero, former prime ministers were admitted into theCouncil of State, a position from which he later resigned.
Aznar was appointed Distinguished Scholar in the Practice of Global Leadership atGeorgetown University in Washington, D.C. in April 2004. In this position, he teaches two seminars per semester on contemporary European politics and trans-Atlantic relationships in theEdmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service. Additionally, he teaches a course on political leadership, convened by Professor Carol Lancaster, with former Polish PresidentKwasniewski. Aznar leads public dialogues on pressing contemporary concerns in collaboration with other members of the faculty; he was awarded anhonorary degree atUniversidad Francisco Marroquin.
In 2007, Aznar was appointed to the advisory board of Centaurus Capital, a London-basedhedge fund,[26] an appointment which proved to be short-lived. In 2006, he was appointed to the Board of Directors ofNews Corporation, the media conglomerate ofRupert Murdoch.[27] He is also member of the European Advisory Panel of The European Business Awards and theEuropean Council on Tolerance and Reconciliation.
Aznar is a member of theClub de Madrid,[28] an independent non-profit organization created to promote democracy and change in the international community, composed by more than 100 members: former democratic Heads of State and Government from around the world.
Aznar was also one of the signatories and promoters of thePrague Charter.[29]
Since 2013, Aznar has served on theLeadership Council for Concordia, a nonpartisan, nonprofit based in New York City focused on promoting effective public-private collaboration to create a more prosperous and sustainable future, and is a member of the Board of Directors ofAfiniti, a US based artificial intelligence business.[30]
In October 2008, on the occasion of a visit by the Czech PresidentVáclav Klaus to the Spanish capital, Aznar said that anthropogenic climate change is a "scientifically questionable" theory which had become a religion, and whose followers were "enemies of freedom".[32]These views were similar to those expressed by Klaus in his bookBlue Planet in Green Shackles, which was published in Spanish byFAES.[33] Aznar's speech caused some puzzlement, as his government had been a signatory to theKyoto Protocol in 1998, and it appeared that he had subsequently changed his mind about climate change.In 2009 Aznar was due to speak to aHeartland Institute conference, which was billed as the "world's largest-ever gathering ofglobal warming skeptics". He withdrew at short notice, and in the absence of a public explanation there was speculation that he did so in order to spare his party embarrassment.[34] The People's Party distanced itself from the environmental views of Aznar, classing him among a "sceptical minority" within its membership. However, some People's Party politicians favored Aznar and wanted a public debate on climate change, most notablyEsperanza Aguirre.[35]
In 2010 it was reported that Aznar would chair the Advisory Council of the Global Adaptation Institute, a new body concerned withadaptation to climate change.[36]
In 2010, Aznar founded theFriends of Israel Initiative, with the stated goal to "counter the attempts to delegitimize theState of Israel and its right to live in peace within safe and defensible borders". Referring to the ill-fated takeover of theMavi Marmara by Israeli commandos, Aznar said in 2010 that the world must support Israel because "if it goes down, we all go down". He said that "In an ideal world, the assault by Israeli commandos on theMavi Marmara would not have ended up with nine dead and a score wounded. In an ideal world, the soldiers would have been peacefully welcomed on to the ship."
He criticizedTurkey for placing Israel "in an impossible situation" in which it would have to either give up its security or face world condemnation. Aznar concluded that Israel is the West's first line of defense, and must be protected.[37]In 2014, in an address at theBritish House of Commons Aznar said Israel is needed by the European Union. He said his report recommends that due to its Western culture and the benefits it brings the European Union, Israel should become a full member of the EU without pre-conditions.[38]
After the 2004 elections it was revealed that Aznar and his government secretly channeled public funds to a United States legal firm to lobby for the bestowment of theCongressional Gold Medal on Aznar. The contract consisted in a first payment of US$700,000 for the first seven months, followed by $100,000 monthly payments until it reached the sum of $2 million.[40]
In an interview with BBC World on 27 July 2006 he voiced doubts aboutIslamists being the sole culprits of the disputed2004 Madrid train bombings, "You know in this moment some perpetrators of the attacks, but you do not know who imagined the attack, who is the leader of the attack, who is the idea (sic) of the attack, who established and supported means for the attacks, who defined the logistics of the attacks, who established the strategies of the attack. Nothing...I think that one part of the perpetrators are Islamists, but I think that this is not only an Islamist attack."[41]
During a Washington, D.C. conference at theHudson Institute, a conservative U.S.think tank, on 23 September 2006, referring toPope Benedict XVI'scomments on Islam and violence, Aznar asked why Muslims had not apologized for occupying Spain for 800 years asAl-Andalus. He then called theAlliance of Civilizations initiative "stupid." His reference to apologies was a response to the demonstrations asking the Pope to apologize. OnePP official clarified Aznar's speech by saying the prime minister thought it is pointless to apologize for historical events.[42][43]
The American magazineForeign Policy ranks him among the "five worst ex-presidents of the world" for his post-presidency behavior. According to the magazine, Aznar distinguished himself by his "extreme rhetoric" for his negationist positions on the issue of global warming, his rejection of the efforts of inter-religious dialogue or for having declared that the election of an African-American to the presidency of theUnited States would lead to a "foreseeable economic disaster".[44][45]
In 2015, after a series of cases spread over several years, 11 of the 14 members of José María Aznar's government from 2002 to 2003 were imprisoned or prosecuted for influence peddling, money laundering and tax fraud. Aznar himself is suspected by the Spanish justice system of having benefited from a party slush fund between 1990 and 1996 for an amount of 782,695 euros.[46]
He was summoned by the courts in March 2021 to explain the 'B fund' that the PP had allegedly maintained for more than twenty years. This was allegedly used to receive anonymous donations from business leaders in order to pay "salary supplements" to party officials.[47]
Aznar and Botella during the burial ofManuel Fraga in 2012.
In 1977 Aznar marriedAna Botella, by whom he has three children: José María, Ana and Alonso. Their daughter marriedAlejandro Agag atEl Escorial on 5 September 2002, and they have four children.[48]
In 2008 in response to rumours, Aznar denied being the father of Zohra Dati, daughter ofRachida Dati, the then French minister for justice.[49] Dati subsequently claimed that another individual,Dominique Desseigne, was the father of her child.[citation needed]
In December 2012, a French court ordered Desseigne to undergo apaternity test to see if he fathered Dati's child. A French court decision of 7 January 2016 ruled that Desseigne was indeed the father.[citation needed]
^David Pujante and Esperanza Morales-López, "A political action against popular opinion: Aznar's final speech before the Spanish Parliament justifying the war in Iraq (December 2003)."Journal of Language and Politics 7.1 (2008): 71-98online[dead link].
^Crecimiento económico, regresión social, crispación política, José Vidal-Beneyto, april 2004
^David Pujante and Esperanza Morales-López, "A political action against popular opinion: Aznar's final speech before the Spanish Parliament justifying the war in Iraq (December 2003)."Journal of Language and Politics 7.1 (2008): 71-98online[dead link].
^Tarín Sanz, Adrián, and José Manuel Rivas Otero. "Leadership Styles and War and Peace Policies in the Spanish–Basque Conflict: A Discourse Analysis of José María Aznar and José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero."Social Sciences 7.4 (2018): 68.
^Club de Madrid is an independent non-profit organization created to promote "Democracy that Delivers". It is composed of more than 100 Members, all democratic former presidents and prime ministers from around the world.
Aznar, José María.Eight Years as Prime Minister: A Personal Vision of Spain 1996-2004 (Barcelona: Planeta, 2005).
Jones, Nathan. "The importance of the pre September 11 period in explaining Aznar and Blair’s adoption of a pro-US foreign policy."International Journal of Iberian Studies 30.1 (2017): 3-19.online
Lorda, Clara Ubaldina, and Elisabeth Miche. "Two institutional interviews: José María Aznar and Jacques Chirac on the Iraq conflict."Discourse & Society 17.4 (2006): 447-472online.
Tarín Sanz, Adrián, and José Manuel Rivas Otero. "Leadership Styles and War and Peace Policies in the Spanish–Basque Conflict: A Discourse Analysis of José María Aznar and José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero."Social Sciences 7.4 (2018): 68+online
Van Dijk, T.A. "War Rhetoric of a Little Ally. Political Implicatures and Aznar’s Legitimization of the War in Iraq"Journal of Language and Politics (2005) 4(1): 65–91.
.jpg)
